Manner in which the written and spoken language is routinely employed by its speakers
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Theusage of alanguage is the ways in which itswritten andspoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers",[1] as opposed to idealized models of how a language works (or should work) in the abstract. For instance,Fowler characterized usage as "the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used" and as the "points ofgrammar,syntax,style, and the choice of words."[2] In everyday usage, language is used differently, depending on the situation and individual.[3] Individual language users can shape language structures and language usage based on their community.[4]
In thedescriptive tradition of language analysis, by way of contrast, "correct" tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it, and adequatelyidiomatic to be accepted by the listener or reader; usage is also, however, a concern for theprescriptive tradition, for which "correctness" is a matter of arbitrating style.[5][6]
Everyday language users, including editors and writers, look at dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published authoritative works to help inform their language decisions. This takes place because of the perception that Standard English is determined by language authorities.[8] For many language users, the dictionary is the source of correct language use, as far as accurate vocabulary and spelling go.[9] Moderndictionaries are not generally prescriptive, but they often include "usage notes" which may describe words as "formal", "informal", "slang", and so on.[10] "Despite occasional usage notes,lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage."[1]
According to Jeremy Butterfield, "The first person we know of who madeusage refer to language wasDaniel Defoe, at the end of the seventeenth century". Defoe proposed the creation of alanguage society of 36 individuals who would setprescriptive language rules for the approximately six million English speakers.[5]
The Latin equivalentusus was a crucial term in the research of Danish linguistsOtto Jespersen andLouis Hjelmslev.[11] In Polish linguistics, the termusus (uzus językowy) is used to designate usage that has widespread or significant acceptance among speakers of the Polish language, regardless of its conformity to what is prescribed as correct.[12]
