The Bronx (/brɒŋks/BRONKS) is the northernmost of the fiveboroughs ofNew York City, coextensive withBronx County, in theU.S. state ofNew York. It shares a land border withWestchester County to its north; to its south and west, the New York City borough ofManhattan is across theHarlem River; and to its south and east is the borough ofQueens, across theEast River. The Bronx, the only New York City borough not primarily located on an island, has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,472,654 at the2020 census.[1] It has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highestpopulation density of the boroughs.[4]
The Bronx is divided by theBronx River into a hillier section in thewest, and a flattereastern section. East and west street names are divided byJerome Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[5] Bronx County was separated from New York County (modern-day Manhattan) in 1914.[6] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[7] includingWoodlawn Cemetery,Van Cortlandt Park,Pelham Bay Park, theNew York Botanical Garden, and theBronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. TheThain Family Forest at the New York Botanical Garden is thousands of years old and is New York City's largest remaining tract of the original forest that once covered the city.[8] These open spaces are primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The Bronx is also home toYankee Stadium ofMajor League Baseball.
Map of southern Westchester County in 1867. This, along with the southern part of the former Town ofYonkers, became the Bronx.
The Bronx was calledRananchqua[18] by the nativeSiwanoy[19] band ofLenape (also known historically asthe Delawares), while otherNative Americans knew the Bronx asKeskeskeck.[20] It was divided by the Aquahung River (now known in English as theBronx River).
The Bronx was named afterJonas Bronck (c. 1600–1643), a European settler whose precise origins are disputed. Documents indicate he was a Swedish-born immigrant fromKomstad, Norra Ljunga parish inSmåland, Sweden, who arrived inNew Netherland during the spring of 1639.[11][21][22][23][24][25] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the present-day Bronx and built a farm named "Emmaus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street inMott Haven.[26] He leased land from theDutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement ofNew Haarlem (onManhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between theHarlem River and the Aquahung, which became known asBronck's River ortheBronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area asBronck's Land.[21] The American poetWilliam Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, probably Jonas Bronck's nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.[27] Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of New York City's Department of Records, who helped organize a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.[28]
The Bronx is referred to with thedefinite article as "the Bronx" or "The Bronx", both legally and colloquially.[29][30] The "County of the Bronx" also takes "the" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, like the coextensive "Borough of the Bronx". TheUnited States Postal Service uses "Bronx, NY" for mailing addresses.[31] The region was apparently named after theBronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx", created in 1874 out of part ofWestchester County. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", created in 1898, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1895. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[32][33] A time-worn story purportedly explaining the use of the definite article in the borough's name says it stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[34]
The capitalization of the borough's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in some official references. The definite article is capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[35] However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Bronx Borough HistorianLloyd Ultan,[36]The Bronx County Historical Society, and the Bronx-based organization Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, arguing the definite article is part of the proper name.[37][38] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in the Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island'".[38]
The first published book of Bronx history:History of Bronx Borough, City of New York by Randall Comfort
European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part ofWestchester County, but it was ceded toNew York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 andEast Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of theLenape'sLenapehoking territory inhabited bySiwanoy of theWappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands.
The Bronx's development is directly connected to its strategic location betweenNew England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 whereBroadway reached theSpuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession ofFrederick Philipse, lord ofPhilipse Manor.[39] Local farmers on both sides of the creek resented the tolls, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them in building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[40] After theAmerican Revolutionary War, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[39][41]
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part ofWestchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the EnglishProvince of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns inYonkers,Eastchester, andPelham. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town ofMorrisania was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town ofKingsbridge was established within the former borders of the town of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge,Riverdale, andWoodlawn Heights, and includedWoodlawn Cemetery.
Among the famous people who settled in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were authorWilla Cather, tobacco merchantPierre Lorillard, and inventorJordan L. Mott, who establishedMott Haven to house the workers at his iron works.[42]
The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[43][44]
The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation withBrooklyn,Queens, andStaten Island. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and parts of Eastchester and Pelham.[5][43][45][46][47] The maritime community ofCity Island voted to join the city in 1896.[48]
Following these two annexations, the Bronx's territory had moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already included Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.
On January 1, 1898, the consolidatedCity of New York was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinctboroughs. However, it remained part of New York County until Bronx County was created in 1914.[49]
On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in previous decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.[43][50] Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day thatJohn P. Mitchel started work asMayor of New York City).[6]Marble Hill, Manhattan, was now connected to the Bronx by filling in the former waterway, but it is not part of the borough or county.[51]
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. TheGreat Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx changed during 1950–1985 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty in some areas. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[52]
Grand Concourse and161st Street as they appeared around 1900TheSimpson Street elevated station was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.
The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, with small farms supplying the city markets. In the late 19th century, however, it grew into a railroad suburb. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[52]
The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center ofpiano manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[53]
The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of theNew York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction.[55] Among these groups, manyIrish Americans,Italian Americans, and especiallyJewish Americans settled here. In addition,French,German,Polish, and other immigrants moved into the borough. As evidence of the change in population, by 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in the Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[56] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Manysynagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[57]
Bootleggers and gangs were active in the Bronx duringProhibition (1920–1933). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.[58] Police Commissioner Richard Enright said that speakeasies provided a place for "the vicious elements, bootleggers, gamblers and their friends in all walks of life" to cooperate and to "evade the law, escape punishment for their crimes, [and] to deter the police from doing their duty".[59]
Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began torelocate from the borough's southwestern neighborhoods. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largelyPuerto Rican) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction ofCo-op City, built to house middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities todayare in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough.[60]
From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, thequality of life changed for some Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory thatRobert Moses'Cross Bronx Expressway destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward inRobert Caro's biographyThe Power Broker.[61] Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development ofhigh-risehousing projects, particularly in theSouth Bronx.[62] Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such asmortgage loans or insurance policies—a process known asredlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.[63][64][65] There was also much debate as to whetherrent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[citation needed]
In the 1970s, parts of the Bronx were plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of this event was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was easier for them to get insurance money than to try to refurbish a dilapidated building or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[66] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[67] There were cases where tenants set fire to the building they lived in so they could qualify for emergency relocations by city social service agencies to better residences, sometimes being relocated to other parts of the city.
Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to arson and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the Bronx was considered the most blighted urban area in the country, particularly the South Bronx which experienced a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many of the burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by new housing units.[67]
In May 1984,New York Supreme Court justicePeter J. McQuillan ruled thatMarble Hill, Manhattan, was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)[68] and the matter was definitively settled later that year when theNew York Legislature overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.[69][70][71]
Row houses on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has since seen revitalization.
Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[72][73] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creatingaffordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[74][75][76] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[77] TheIRT White Plains Road Line (2 and 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such asMarshalls,Staples, andTarget opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[78][79][80][full citation needed][81]
The Bronx – All-America City sign
In 1997, the Bronx was designated anAll America City by theNational Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[82] In 2006,The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[83] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[84]
In addition there came a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[85] Several boutique and chain hotels opened in the 2010s in theSouth Bronx.[86]
New developments are underway. TheBronx General Post Office[87][88] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[89] TheKingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is currently slated for redevelopment.Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over theNew York City Subway'sConcourse Yard adjacent toLehman College. The construction permitted approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and costUS$350–500 million.[90]
Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, overcrowding, and substandard housing conditions.[91][92][93][94] The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.[95][96]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[97]
The Bronx is New York City's northernmost borough, New York State's southernmost mainland county and the only part of New York City that is almost entirely on the North American mainland, unlike the other four boroughs that are either islands or located on islands.[98] Thebedrock of theWest Bronx is primarilyFordhamgneiss, a high-grade heavily bandedmetamorphic rock containing significant amounts ofpink feldspar.[99] Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation ofInwood marble there as well as inInwood, Manhattan, and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County.
TheBronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirelyfreshwater river in New York City.[100] It separates the West Bronx from the schist of theEast Bronx. A smaller river, theHutchinson River (named after the religious leaderAnne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties intoEastchester Bay.
The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west ofVan Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near theRiverdale Country School.[101] The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were oncesalt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck andThroggs Neck. Further up the coastline,Rodman's Neck lies betweenPelham Bay Park in the northeast andCity Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[102]
Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation[105]
Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States in 2022 (afterManhattan andBrooklyn),[106] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one fifth of the Bronx's area, and one quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[7][107] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed toJohn Mullaly.
Woodlawn Cemetery, located on 400 acres (160 ha) and one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of theBronx River nearYonkers. It opened in 1863, in what was then the town of Yonkers, at the time a rural area. Since the first burial in 1865, more than 300,000 people have been interred there.[108]
The borough's northern side includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includesOrchard Beach—and the third-largest,Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and bordersYonkers.[109] Also in the northern Bronx,Wave Hill, the former estate ofGeorge W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks theNew Jersey Palisades from a promontory on theHudson inRiverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along theBronx River, isBronx Park; its northern end houses theNew York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the originalhemlock forest that once covered the county, and its southern end theBronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.[110] In 1904 the Chestnut Blight pathogen (Cryphonectria parasitica) was found for the first time outside ofAsia, at the Bronx Zoo.[111] Over the next 40 years it spread throughouteastern North America and killed back essentially every American Chestnut (Castanea dentata), causing ecological and economic devastation.[111]
Just south ofVan Cortlandt Park is theJerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in theBedford Park neighborhood; thereservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the formerJerome Park Racetrack.[112] Further south isCrotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[113] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[114]
In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed awater filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of theBronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state.[115]
There are two primary systems for dividing the Bronx into regions, which do not necessarily agree with one another. One system is based on theBronx River, while the other strictly separatesSouth Bronx from the rest of the borough.
TheBronx River divides the borough nearly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the western lobe and the newer, more suburban coastal sections in the eastern lobe. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River.[citation needed] In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.[117]
West Bronx: all parts of the Bronx west of theBronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west". As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)[118]
East Bronx: all parts of the Bronx east of theBronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)[118][119]
Under this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions:
Northwest Bronx: the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
Southwest Bronx: the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
Northeast Bronx: the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River
Southeast Bronx: the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River
A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections:
North Bronx: all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx
South Bronx: the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx.
The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. Even city officials do not necessarily agree. In a 2006 article forThe New York Times, Manny Fernandez described the disagreement:
The neighborhood ofCo-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world.
East of theBronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) andThrogs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park:Pelham Bay Park along theWestchester-Bronx border.
City Island is east ofPelham Bay Park inLong Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[122] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected toRodman's Neck on the mainland by theCity Island Bridge.
East of City Island isHart Island, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City'spotter's field for unclaimed bodies.[123]
The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such asRiverdale andFieldston.[124] It includes New York City's third-largest park:Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. TheGrand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.
Like otherneighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s,Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. TheBronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to theBronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well asYankee Stadium. TheCross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.
The borough's most populous racial group, White, declined from 99.3% in 1920 to 14.9% in 2018.[133]
The Bronx has 532,487 housing units, with a median value of $371,800, and with an owner-occupancy rate of 19.7%, the lowest of the five boroughs. There are 495,356 households, with 2.85 persons per household. 59.3% of residents speak a language besides English at home, the highest rate of the five boroughs.
In the Bronx, the population is 7.2% under 5, 17.6% 6–18, 62.4% 19–64, and 12.8% over 65. 52.9% of the population is female. 35.3% of residents are foreign born.
The per capita income is $19,721, while the median household income is $36,593, both being the lowest of the five boroughs. 27.9% of residents live below the poverty line, the highest of the five boroughs.
According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic), and 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic).
As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spokeSpanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spokeEnglish, 2.48% (31,361)African languages, 0.91% (11,455)French, 0.90% (11,355)Italian, 0.87% (10,946)various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836)other Indo-European languages, andChinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[135] AGarifuna-speaking community fromHonduras andGuatemala also makes the Bronx its home.[136]
Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:White,Black,Asian,Hispanic, orOther (yellow)
The Bronx is the only New York City borough with aHispanic majority,[137] many of whom arePuerto Ricans andDominicans.[138] According to the 2009 American Community Survey,Black Americans were the second largestracial/ethnic group in the Bronx. Black people of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Black people of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 Black people resided in the borough, of whom 87% were non-Hispanic. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as Sub-Saharan African in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.[139]
Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixedAfrican American andEuropean American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixedNative American and European heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixedAsian and European heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.[139]
Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and proportion of white residents. As of 2009,White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, or 320,640 people.Non-Hispanic White people accounted for one-eighth of the population (12.1%, or 168,570 12.1%). This is in contrast to a century ago, when almost all Bronx residents were white (99.3% in 1920). That share fell to about one-third by 1980 (34.4%).[140] As of 2009, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population, but counting non-Hispanic White people the proportion was under one-eighth (12.1%). The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent.People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population.People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population.German Americans andPolish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The Bronx has the largestAlbanian community in the United States.[141] As of 2018, non-Hispanic White people account for about one in seven residents (14.9% in 2018).[133]
Thecensus of 1930 counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).[142]
Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000
Poverty concentrations within the Bronx, by Census Tract
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,385,108 people living in the Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000.
As of the2000 United States census,[132] there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. Thepopulation density was 31,709.3 inhabitants per square mile (12,243.0 inhabitants/km2). There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 units per square mile (4,507.7 units/km2).[132] Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.[144]
There were 463,212 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.[132]
The age distribution of the population in the Bronx were as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.[132]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2017)
The 1999median income for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median family income was $30,682. Men had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for women. Theper capita income for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. More than half of the neighborhoods in the Bronx are high poverty or extreme poverty areas.[145][146]
From 2015 census data, themedian income for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299.Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, themedian income for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.[147][148]
The Bronx has had a long association with music. In the early 20th century, it was a center for the evolution ofLatin jazz.[161][162][163] TheBronx Opera was established in 1967.[164]
The Bronx is home to severalOff-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. ThePregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However, rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.
TheBronx Academy of Arts and Dance, founded in 1998 byArthur Aviles and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The academy was formerly in theAmerican Bank Note Company Building before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.[168]
TheBronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent an expansion designed by the architectural firmArquitectonica that would double the museum's size to 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2).[169]
The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "Heinrich Heine Memorial", better known as theLorelei Fountain. After Heine's German birthplace ofDüsseldorf had rejected, allegedly forantisemitic motives, a centennial monument to the radicalGerman-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensedGerman-American admirers, includingCarl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead inMidtown Manhattan, atFifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.[170] In 1899, the memorial byErnst Gustav Herter was placed inJoyce Kilmer Park, near theYankee Stadium. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.
TheBronx Zoo is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.
Thepeninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways. The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architectC. B. J. Snyder. The state'sMaritime College inFort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses theMaritime Industry Museum.[171] In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as"Scullers' Row"[172] due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,[173] a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department.Canoeing andkayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by theNew York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, theBronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.[174]
"Bronx Week", traditionally held in May, began as a one-day celebration. Begun by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball", was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame".[175]
Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.[176]Hunts Point hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.[177]Edgewater Park hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.[178] There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.[179] Albanian Independence Day is also observed.[180]
There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.[181][182][183]
The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper,The Bronx Home News, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into theNew York Post in 1948. It became a special section of thePost, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view.
One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters isWFUV, aNational Public Radio-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting fromFordham University's Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna was relocated to the top of an apartment building owned byMontefiore Medical Center, which expanded the reach of the station's signal.[185]
The Bronx has three primary shopping centers: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), inThe Hub, is the retail heart of theSouth Bronx, where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.[187] It is primarily inside the neighborhood ofMelrose but also lines the northern border ofMott Haven.[188] The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened tothe real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.[189] It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniatureTimes Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.[190] The Hub is part ofBronx Community Board 1.
TheBronx Terminal Market, in theWest Bronx, formerly known as Gateway Center, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held a wholesale fruit and vegetable market also named Bronx Terminal Market as well as the formerBronx House of Detention, south ofYankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center's design has earned it aLEED "Silver" designation.[191]
Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong"mayor–council system has governed the Bronx. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx.
† Terms begin and end in January where the month is not specified.
The office ofBorough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on theNew York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 theSupreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds thatBrooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board thanStaten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of theFourteenth Amendment'sEqual Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[192]
Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, theCity Council, the New York state government, and corporations.
Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx wasAdolfo Carrión Jr., elected as aDemocrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct theWhite House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, DemocraticNew York State Assembly memberRubén Díaz, Jr. — after winning a special election on April 21, 2009, by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,[193][194] — became Borough President on May 1, 2009. In 2021, Rubén Díaz's Democratic successor,Vanessa Gibson was elected (to begin serving in 2022) with 79.9% of the vote against 13.4% for Janell King (Republican) and 6.5% for Sammy Ravelo (Conservative).
All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of theDemocratic Party (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for newYankee Stadium.[195]
Since its separation fromNew York County on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system[6] andDistrict Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote.Darcel D. Clark has been theBronx County District Attorney since 2016. Her predecessor wasRobert T. Johnson, the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.[196]
The Bronx also has twelveCommunity Boards, appointed bodies that advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions.
After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning RepublicanWarren G. Harding in1920, but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successorCalvin Coolidge in1924 (Coolidge 79,562;John W. Davis, Dem., 72,834;Robert La Follette, 62,202 equally divided between theProgressive andSocialist lines).
Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for president, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessfulAl Smith in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successfulFranklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov.Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres.Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% forHenry A. Wallace of theProgressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency,Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic PresidentWoodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidateAllan Benson's 7.3%.)[201]Donald Trump improved on the Republican Party's performance from a historic low of 8% in 2012 to 27% in 2024 over the course of his three runs for president, the highest for Republicans since1984.
The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs inelections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 wasFiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937, and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on theAmerican Labor Party line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).[203] The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of MayorsRudy Giuliani in 1997 andMichael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-warSocialist campaign ofMorris Hillquit in the1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion MayorJohn Purroy Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.[204]
Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. TheNew York City Department of Education manages the borough's public noncharter schools.[205] In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over three years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).[206][needs update] There are also several publiccharter schools. Private schools range from eliteindependent schools to religiously affiliatedschools run by theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.
A small portion of land between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the county boundaries; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go toPelham Union Free School District schools, includingPelham Memorial High School, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.[207]
In 2000, according to the United States census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were[NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and[US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)[208][needs update]
In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.[206]
Several colleges and universities are in the Bronx.
Fordham University was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by theDiocese of New York as the first Catholic institution of higher education in thenortheast. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces itsJesuit heritage. The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are in Manhattan and Westchester County).[110]
TheCollege of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic liberal arts college inRiverdale under the direction of theSisters of Charity of New York. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to theAcademy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school.
Manhattan University is a Catholic college inRiverdale which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering.
In addition, the private, proprietaryMonroe College, focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 and now has a campus inNew Rochelle (Westchester County) as well the Bronx'sFordham neighborhood.[211]
The Bronxstreet grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part ofupper Manhattan, theWest Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area ofWestchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.
TheEast Bronx is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only theWakefield neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield.
Most east–west streets are prefixed with eitherEast orWest, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which usesFifth Avenue as the dividing line).[212]
The historicBoston Post Road, part of the long pre-revolutionary road connectingBoston with other northeastern cities, runs east–west in some places, and sometimes northeast–southwest.
As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.[213]
In 2018,NYC Ferry's Soundview line opened, connecting theSoundview landing inClason Point Park to threeEast River locations in Manhattan. On December 28, 2021; the Throgs Neck Ferry landing at Ferry Point Park inThrogs Neck was opened providing an additional stop on the Soundview line.[217] The ferry is operated byHornblower Cruises.[218]
The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "Bronx cheer", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made byNew York Yankees fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on theSpike Jones and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942Disneyanimated film of thesame name), repeatedly lambastingAdolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[221][222]
Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both an editorial inThe New York Times and aBBCdocumentary film.[223] The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the1977 World Series, when a fire broke out nearYankee Stadium as the team was playing theLos Angeles Dodgers. As the fire was captured on live television, announcerHoward Cosellis wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City often point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[224] A feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagán calledBronx Burning chronicled what led up to the many arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.[225][226]
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novelThe Wanderers by Bronx nativeRichard Price and the1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 filmThe Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting inVan Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back toConey Island inBrooklyn.A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in theBelmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the nameGun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title ofThe Bronx Is Burning, an eight-partESPN TV mini-series (2007) about theNew York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the team's boisterous nature, led by managerBilly Martin, catcherThurman Munson and outfielderReggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election ofEd Koch as mayor.
The 1981 filmFort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror filmWolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures.Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 filmFuga dal Bronx, also known asBronx Warriors 2 andEscape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television seriesMystery Science Theater 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed inQueens, substituting as the Bronx.Rumble in the Bronx, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995Jackie Chankung-fu film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences.Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. The 2016Netflix seriesThe Get Down is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[227]
The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters inHerman Wouk'sCity Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there.Kate Simon'sBronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood (1982) is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living nearArthur Avenue andTremont Avenue.[228] In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),[229] a woman who grew up in the iconicLewis Morris Building returns to theMorrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, inAvery Corman's bookThe Old Neighborhood (1980),[230] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and theGrand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.
By contrast,Tom Wolfe'sBonfire of the Vanities (1987)[231] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off theBruckner Expressway in theSouth Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007,The New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the ReverendAl Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism ofThe Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style asTom Wolfe's wardrobe."[232]
Don DeLillo'sUnderworld (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the area from the 1950s onward.[233]
I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them.
Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"[83]
In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez publishedBronx Trilogy—consisting ofthe shoe shine parlor poems et al.,concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, andfrom the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events.DeWitt Clinton High School,St. Mary's Park, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[235]
Nash's couplet "The Bronx? No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned inBronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection fromAllen Ginsberg'sKaddish, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such asSandra María Esteves,Milton Kessler, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, andTerence Wynch.[236]
"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[237][238]
In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" inThe Encyclopedia of New York City (1995),[245] only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), byWilliam LeBaron &Victor Jacobi; "Bronx Express" (1922), byHenry Creamer, Ossip Dymow &Turner Layton; "TheTremont Avenue Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), byJerry Livingston & Mark David; and "I Love theNew York Yankees" (1987), by Paula Lindstrom.
Clifford Odets's playAwake and Sing! is set in 1933 in the Bronx. The play, first produced at theBelasco Theater in 1935, concerns a poor family living in small quarters, the struggles of the controlling parents and the aspirations of their children.[246]
René Marqués'The Oxcart (1959) concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to the Bronx for a better life.[247]
A Bronx Tale is an autobiographicalone-man show written and performed byChazz Palminteri. It is a coming-of-age story set in the Bronx. It premiered in Los Angeles in the 1980s and then played on Off-Broadway. After a film version involving Palminteri and Robert De Niro, Palminteri performed his one-man show on Broadway and on tour in 2007.[248]
^Moynihan, Colin."F.Y.I.",The New York Times, September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"
"Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..."
"Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..."
"There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed."
"Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."
^Wylie, Jonathon (1987).The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209.ISBN978-0-8131-1578-8.Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.
^*"Jonas Bronx".Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived fromthe original on May 9, 2008. RetrievedJanuary 20, 2012.
van Laer, A.J.F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674".The American Historical Review.22 (1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association:164–166.doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164.ISSN0002-8762.JSTOR1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...
Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999).Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37.ISBN0-19-511634-8.... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
^abVan Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909).History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. Vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161.OCLC649654938.
^van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674".The American Historical Review.22 (1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association:164–166.doi:10.2307/1836219.JSTOR1836219.... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...
^Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999).Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. Vol. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37.ISBN0-19-511634-8.…many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
^"The first Bronxite".The Advocate.24. Bronx County Bar Association: 59. 1977.It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.
^Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.
^"3. Capitalization Rules"(PDF).gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. RetrievedJuly 26, 2016.
^abcThorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). Long, John H. (ed.).New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33,118–133.ISBN0-13-051962-6.
^New York.Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928.
^Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) inThe Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995
^New York.Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948.
^Peck, Richard."In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On",The New York Times, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895.
^History of City Island, CityIsland.com. Accessed January 2, 2024. "In 1896, residents of City Island voted to detach themselves from Westchester County and to become part of New York City proper."
^New York.Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352.
^abSteinhauer, Jennifer."F.Y.I.",The New York Times, October 10, 1993. Accessed August 23, 2021. "Marble Hill's Exile Q. Why is there a small piece of Manhattan in the Bronx?. ... A. Marble Hill was originally attached to the northern part of Manhattan, but was severed in 1895 when the city deepened and straightened the waterway that connected the Hudson River to what was known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Dutch for 'in Spite of the Devil', thought to be a reference to the trouble it took to cross it). ... Around 1914, Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and the area became physically a part of the Bronx, but it remained politically part of Manhattan."
^Tarver, Denton."The New Bronx A Quick History of the Iconic Borough",Cooperator News, April 2007. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The urbanization of the Bronx truly began with the entrance of the subway into the area in 1904. As the rapid transit came in spurts: 1905, 1910, 1918, and 1920, the subway and elevated train access to Manhattan caused the population of the Bronx to surge, as these rail lines built their tracks into the still-green fields and meadows."
^Roderick Wallace (1990)."Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx",Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813. Retrieved July 18, 2022. "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability."
^Issues such asredlining, hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked thePuerto Rican activists known as theYoung Lords. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as theBlack Panthers, to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to"¡Palante Siempre Palante! The Young Lords"Archived March 26, 2009, at theWayback Machine, a "point of view" documentary onPBS.
^Chambers, Marcia."Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill",The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."
^"Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status",The New York Times, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."
^Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth., Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."
^"Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast", June 15, 2007Archived January 9, 2009, at theWayback Machine. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate.Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12."
^On June 30, 2005, there were 129 federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more densely populated area).U.S. Census Bureau,"Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services",City and County Data Book, 2007. For 1997 and 2007,Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,"Summary of Deposits; summary tables",Archived December 18, 2008, at theWayback Machine. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008.
^Woodlawn Cemetery,Lehman College. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Woodlawn Cemetery, first called Wood-Lawn, is located at the northern border of the Bronx. In 1863 Reverend Absalom Peters and the cemetery trustees bought 313 acres (now 400 acres) of farmland for a rural cemetery which New Yorkers could reach by a special Harlem River Railroad train. The first burial to take place at Wood-Lawn was in 1865 and since then it has become the final resting place of more than 300,000 people."
^abIn September 2008,Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates theBronx Zoo, will begin a joint program leading to aMaster of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12).
^abHistorical Census BrowserArchived August 15, 2007, at theWayback MachineUniversity of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing."
^Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop",History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found atPBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009.
^"About".BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. Archived fromthe original on August 27, 2017. RetrievedAugust 26, 2017.
^"New and Improved Bronx Museum",The Architect's Newspaper, October 20, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "One of the first and most notable additions is a $19 million expansion of the Bronx Museum of Art, designed by Bernardo Fort-Brescia and his firm Arquitectonica. Rising three towering stories above the busy street, the northern wing of the museum is the first phase of a project that will literally unfold to the corner, eventually replacing the squat former-synagogue the museum has occupied since 1982. It adds 16,700 square feet to an existing 33,000."
^Ramirez, Anthony."Radio Tower in Bronx Falls; Botanical Garden Hears It, Happily",The New York Times, April 29, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "Under the 2002 deal, the Fordham tower was to come down, ridding the blight for the botanical garden, and a new Fordham radio antenna, for WFUV-FM (90.7), was to be built atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore. The elevation and the location of the Montefiore building, a mile from the old site, mean that the Fordham radio signal can reach far more listeners than the old one could."
^Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressedAIFF format) fromBronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-presscompact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx.Archived August 13, 2007, at theWayback Machine
^"Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps",WNET, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off."
^Bronx factsheet, Tri‐State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016.
^O'Connor, John J."TV: CBS on C.I.A., and BBC'sBronx is Burning",The New York Times, June 13, 1975. Accessed March 10, 2023. "This Sunday at 9 P.M., WNEW/Channel 5 will offer an hour‐long documentary calledThe Bronx is Burning. Documenting the daily routines of Engine. Company 82 in the South Bronx, the program captures some of the peculiar ingredients that constitute 'perhaps the toughest square mile in the city.'""
^Conde, Ed Garcia."Bronx Burning: A Documentary By Edwin Pagán", Welcome2TheBronx, May 6, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2023. "Edwin Pagán, a "New York-based filmmaker, Photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and cultural activist," will begin filming Bronx Burning this June and is seeking individuals who lived those terrible years of our borough and have any personal, unique, or little known stories they'd like to share."
^This Is Me... Then (liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2003.
^Cartlidge, Cherese (2012). Jennifer Lopez. Lucent Books. p. 13.ISBN978-1-4205-0755-3. Jennifer Lynn Lopez's parents, David and Guadalupe, were both born in Ponce, the second-largest city in Puerto Rico.
^"Jennifer Lopez: Actress, Reality Television Star, Dancer, Singer (1969–)"
Baver, Sherrie L. (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community".Bronx County Historical Society Journal.25 (1):1–9.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. "CCRP in the South Bronx".Planners' Casebook, Winter 1996.
Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir". Barricade Books (2014)
Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s".The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59.
Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx".The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24.
de Kadt, Maarten.The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History. The History Press (2011)
DiBrino, Nicholas.The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977)
Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace.Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999)
Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community".Bronx County Historical Society Journal.25 (1):1–9.
Federal Writers' Project.New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939)online editionArchived June 26, 2012, at theWayback Machine
Fitzpatrick Benedict.The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927 (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens
Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century",Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99
Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900",Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and theNew-York Historical Society, (1995)ISBN0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
Jonnes, Jull.South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002)online editionArchived June 26, 2012, at theWayback Machine
Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx".Bronx County Historical Society Journal.26 (2):68–91.
Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx".Bronx County Historical Society Journal.35 (2):166–180.
Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)".Afro-Americans in New York Life and History.33:47–78.
Purnell, Brian; LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities".Afro-Americans in New York Life and History.33:7–23.
Rodríguez, Clara E.Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991)online edition
Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson.The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999)online review, nostalgia
Ultan, Lloyd.The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history
Ultan, Lloyd.The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994)
.svg)
_-_re-tinted.png)
.png)
_by_David_Shankbone_copy.jpg)
