| Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA number | 150 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʋ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Avoiced labiodental approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. It is something between anEnglish /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letterV. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, aletterv with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter. In some sources, this letter indicates abilabial approximant,[1][2] though this is more accurately transcribed with anadvanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩.
A labiodental approximant is the typical realization of/v/ in theIndian South African variety of English. As the voiceless/f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[3]
Features of a voiced labiodental approximant:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Äiwoo | nyiveli | [ɲiʋeli] | 'garden land'[4] | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
| Assyrian | ܗܘܐ / hawa | [hɑːʋɑ] | 'wind' | Predominant in theUrmia dialects. For some speakers,[v] is used. Corresponds to[w] in the other varieties. | |
| Catalan | Balearic | fava | [ˈfɑʋɐ] | 'bean' | Allophone of/v/.[6] SeeCatalan phonology |
| Valencian[6] | |||||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 為 | [we̞i] [ʋêi] | 'for' | Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to/w/ in other varieties. |
| Chuvash | аван | [aʋ'an] | 'good, well' | Corresponds to/w/ in other varieties. | |
| Dhivehi | ވަޅު /valhu | [ʋaɭu] | 'well' (noun) | ||
| Danish | Standard[7] | véd | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Realization of the phoneme/v/; may also be realized as[ʊ̯].[8] SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard | wang | [ʋɑŋ]ⓘ | 'cheek' | Realised as bilabial in southern european dialects[β̞]. SeeDutch phonology |
| English | Indian[3] | vine | [ʋaɪ̯n] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative[v] in other accents. |
| SomeCockney speakers | rine | 'rine' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[9] (especially inLondon andSouth East England). SeeEnglish phonology andR-labialization | ||
| Faroese[10] | røða | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of/v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative[v].[10] SeeFaroese phonology | |
| Finnish | vauva | [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ] | 'baby' | SeeFinnish phonology | |
| German | Swiss | was | [ʋas] | 'what' | Corresponds to/v/ in Standard German[11] |
| Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with/w/ and/ɰ/ | |
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as[w] or[v]. SeeHawaiian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | वाला | [ʋɑːlɑː] | (the) 'one' | Also an allophone of /v/ and/w/. SeeHindustani phonology. |
| Urdu | والا | ||||
| Italian | Some speakers[12] | raro | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italianalveolar trill[r], due to individualorthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably inSouth Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority),Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of theParma province, more markedly aroundFidenza. Other alternative sounds may be auvular trill[ʀ] or avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ].[12] SeeItalian phonology. |
| Icelandic[13] | lofa | [lo̝͡ɔ(ː)ʋä]ⓘ | 'intr. to promise/tr. to praise' | Weakly articulated, traditionally described as a fricative/v/ (which it is in free variation with).[13][14] SeeIcelandic phonology | |
| Lao | ວີ /wi | [ʋíː] | 'hand fan' | May also be realized as [w]. SeeLao phonology. | |
| Khmer | អាវុធ /avŭth | [ʔɑːʋut] | 'weapon' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | SeeMarathi phonology | |
| Miyako[15] | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May besyllabic. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[16][17] | [a]verbo | [ˈʋæ̀ɾbǒ]ⓘ | 'verb's principal parts' | Sometimes realized as a fricative[v].[17][18] SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Nsenga | ŵanthu | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. |
| Shahmukhi | وال | ||||
| Russian[19] | вольно | [ʋʷɐlʲˈnɔ]ⓘ | 'free, available' | Common realization of/v/; contrasts withpalatalized form.[19] SeeRussian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | црква /crkva | [ˈt̪͡s̪ə́rˌkʋɐ̞̀]ⓘ | '(C/c)hurch' | /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than/f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically asonorant (approximant).[20][21] | |
| Shona | vanhu | [ʋan̤u] | 'people' | Contrasts with/v/ and/w/. | |
| Sinhala | වතුර | [ʋat̪urə] | 'water' | ||
| Slovak[22] | voda | [ˈʋo̞dɐ]ⓘ | 'water' | Usual realization of/v/.[22] SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene[23] | veter | [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative[v].[24][25] SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish[26] | Chilean | hablar | [äʋˈläɾ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. SeeSpanish phonology |
| Swedish | Some speakers | valvet | [ˈʋal̪ˑ˨˥˩ʋɛ̰t̪ʰ]ⓘ | 'the vault' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | SeeTamil phonology | |
| Telugu | వల | [ʋala] | 'net' | ||
| Ukrainian[27] | Барвінкове | [bɐɾˈʋʲinko̰˕βḛ˕]ⓘ | 'Barvinkove' | Possible prevocalic realization of/w/, most commonly before/i/.[27] SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| West Frisian | wêr | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
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