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Populus × canadensis f.marilandica(Bosc ex Poir.) Geerinck
Populus × canadensis var.marilandica(Rehder) Rehder
Populus × canadensis var.regenerata(A.Henry) Rehder
Populus × canadensis var.robusta(Simon-Louis ex Schelle) Hyl.
Populus × canadensis var.serotina(Hartig) Rehder
Populus × carolinianaMcMinn & Maino
Populus × euramericana(Dode) Guinier
Populus × gelricaHoutz.
Populus × robusta(Simon-Louis ex Schelle) C.K.Schneid.
Populus × serotinaHartig
Populus × serotina var.aureaA.Henry
Populus ×canadensis, known as thehybrid black poplar,Canadian poplar orCarolina poplar, is an artificialhybrid betweenPopulus nigra from Europe andPopulus deltoides from North America, which arose when the two parent species were first brought together in cultivation in France soon after 1700.[2][3] It is a vigorous, broadly columnar,deciduous tree growing to 40–45 m (131–148 ft), which is commonly used inplantation forestry and by landscape architects. The tallest reliably measured, near theWeltenburg Abbey inKelheim, Germany, is 47 metres tall, and the stoutest, inBaak in the Netherlands, is 8.5 metres girth.[4]
It is intermediate between its parents in characters, with leaves deltoid (triangular) but with a less broad base thanP. deltoides and often somewhat acute at the base, as inP. nigra; the leaves are 8–14 cm long and 8–11 cm wide. As with all poplars, it isdioecious, with separate male and female trees; the sex of an individual is often an important clue to identifying whichcultivar it is. The pollen catkins are red, the seed catkins green, and opening when mature to shed their small seeds embedded in cotton-like fluff.[5]
Numerouscultivars have been selected, mostly for forestry use; the most significant listed below in order of naming:[2][5]
'Serotina' 1750, France. From Latin, "late", named from its late leaf bud opening, not until late May or June; the first produced, it is very vigorous, and easily recognised by its slanting trunk and few, large branches. Male. To 42 m tall.[2]
'Marilandica' 1800. An early clone, now rarely found. Female. To 40 m tall.[2]
'Regenerata' (railway poplar) 1814, France. From Latin, "regenerating", as itpollards well; the English name from being much planted along railway lines in England in the 20th century. Leafs out a month earlier than 'Serotina', but similar in crown shape. Female. To 40 m tall.[2][5]
'Eugenei' 1832, Metz, France. One parent wasPopulus nigra 'Italica' (Lombardy poplar), and it inherits a narrow crown from this, though much less obvious than its parent. Male.[5]
'Serotina Aurea' (syn. 'Aurea';golden poplar[6]) 1871, Belgium. From Latin, "gold", referring to the yellowish foliage. Slower-growing, and only reaching around 30 m.[5] It has won theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit.[7][8]
'Robusta' 1895, France. From Latin, "robust, fast-growing". A much straighter tree than 'Serotina', growing vertical, and with more numerous but smaller and more regular branching and narrow-crowned; very vigorous when young (2–2.5 m per year). Important in forestry. Male.[2][9]
'Gelrica' c.1900, Netherlands. Male. Particularly vigorous in trunk diameter growth; the stoutest known specimen is this cultivar.[4]
Hybrid black poplar is very susceptible to attack bymistletoe (Viscum album), to which its European parentP. nigra is highly resistant; heavy mistletoe infestation on a poplar is a reliable indicator that the poplar isP. × canadensis and notP. nigra.[10][11][12]
Hybrid black poplar in winter with heavy mistletoe infestation. Marburg, Germany.
^"Populus × canadensis Moench".Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved21 December 2020.
^abcdefMitchell, Alan F.; Mitchell, Alan (1996).Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. Whitman Publishing & Distribution Company. pp. 273–278.ISBN0-00-219972-6.
