Communist symbols have been banned, in part or in whole, by a number of the world's countries.[1] As part of a broader process ofdecommunization, these bans have mostly been proposed or implemented in countries that belonged to theEastern Bloc during theCold War, including somepost-Soviet states. In some countries, the bans also extend to prohibit the propagation ofcommunism in any form, with varying punishments applied to violators. Though the bans imposed by these countries nominally target the communist ideology, they may be accompanied by popular anti-leftist sentiment and therefore ade facto ban on all leftist philosophies, such associalism, while not explicitly passing legislation to ban them.
| Country / Region | Legality of communist symbols | Exceptions/Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Georgia | Illegal | Exceptions for educational purposes and not Soviet-related |
 Germany | Legal | Use is legal unless the symbol is associated with banned organisations (e.g. KPD); general use (e.g. Hammer and Sickle) is not banned if not tied to unconstitutional groups |
 Hungary | Legal | Ban on totalitarian symbols was annulled in 2013 following a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that it violated freedom of expression |
 Indonesia | Illegal | All forms of communist expression have been outlawed since the 1960s |
 Latvia | Illegal | Exceptions for not Soviet-related |
 Lithuania | Illegal | Exceptions for not Soviet-related |
 Moldova | Legal | 2012 ban was overturned as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court in 2013 |
 Poland | Legal | Ban was found unconstitutional by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in 2011 on the grounds of free expression |
 South Korea | Illegal | Exceptions for educational purposes and not related to North Korea |
 Ukraine | Illegal | General ban since 2015 |
 United States | Legal | Ban was in effect in some states in 1919-1920 |
"Communism /Marxism–Leninism" (official terminology) was banned inIndonesia following the aftermath of the30 September Movement and the subsequentanti-communist killings, by the adoption ofTAP MPRS no. 25/1966 in the 1966 MPRS General Session[2] andUndang Undang no. 27/1999 in 1999 (the corresponding explanatory memorandums of whom explain that "[Communism / Marxism-Leninism includes] the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ...Stalin,Mao Tse Tunget cetera ..."), which are still in force. The law does not explicitly declare a ban on symbols of communism, butIndonesian police frequently use the law to arrest people displaying them.[3] Some of its violators were people with no knowledge of symbols of communism, in which cases the authorities frequently released them with only minor punishment or small fine applied.[4] The display of such symbols in an attempt to propagate "Communist / Marxist-Leninist" ideals are considered ahigh treason, and could be punished by up to 20 years imprisonment.[5]
Other socialist and left-wing symbols, while not officially prohibited by law (associal democracy anddemocratic socialism itself remains acceptable in the country) are still widely condemned by theIndonesian government and considered as being closely related to communism. Such symbols include thered star, thered flag,socialist heraldry, and anthems or slogans such asThe Internationale and "Workers of the world, unite!". Despite this,The Internationale was still used duringInternational Labour Day. It is not known whether the symbols of ruling Communist parties in other ASEAN countries such as Vietnam and Laos are also outlawed in Indonesia as well.[citation needed]
In addition, since theNew Order regime took power in 1967, the hammer and sickle has been highlystigmatized in the country, similar to the stigma surroundingNazi symbolism in the Western world and theImperial Japanese flag in South Korea.
In April 2017, Indonesian police detained a Malaysian tourist at a hotel inMataram for wearing a T-shirt with an image of the hammer and sickle symbol. The tourist was not aware that communist symbols were banned in Indonesia. The police seized the T-shirt and released the tourist after giving him a warning.[6] In May 2018, a Russian tourist was also detained by police inBali for displaying a SovietVictory Banner, which also contains the symbol.
In April 2015, theVerkhovna Rada passed alaw banning communist and Nazi symbols, following theRevolution of Dignity and start ofthe war with Russia in 2014.[7] Earlier, in 2012, the city ofLviv inWestern Ukraine banned the public display of all communist symbols, including ones not related toSoviet communism.[1] On 17 December 2015, all communist parties were officially banned in Ukraine.[8] Singing or playing the formeranthem of the Soviet Union, any other former anthems of theSoviet republics, orThe Internationale is punishable with a sentence of up to five years in prison.[9] In July 2019, theConstitutional Court upheld the law, equating communism toNazism.[10][11]
InGeorgia the use of Soviet-era symbols on government buildings is prohibited, as is their display in public spaces, although this law is rarely enforced by authorities.[12] A ban on communist symbols was first proposed in 2010,[13] but it failed to define the applicable sanctions.[14] In 2014, there was a proposal to amend the ban to introduce clearer parameters.[15]
Theflag of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was outlawed as an unconstitutional and criminal symbol inWest Germany andWest Berlin, where it was referred to as theSpalterflagge (secessionist flag) until the late 1960s, when the ban was lifted. The flag and emblem of the now defunctCommunist Party of Germany (KPD) is still banned in the country undersection 86a of theGerman criminal code, while thehammer and sickle symbol itself is considered a universal symbol and is legally used by the contemporaryGerman Communist Party (DKP) and various other organisations and media.[citation needed]
In Latvia, the perception of the USSR is highly negative due to theSoviet occupation of the Baltic states. In June 2013, theLatvian parliament approved a ban on the display of Soviet and Nazi symbols at all public events. The ban involves flags, anthems, uniforms, and the Soviethammer and sickle.[16][17]
Lithuania, similarly to Latvia, banned Soviet and Nazi symbols in 2008 (Article 18818 of the Code of Administrative Offences) under the threat of a fine.[18] Collection, antiquarian trade and educational activities are exempt from the ban.[19] Article 5 of the Law on Meetings prohibits meetings involving Nazi and Soviet imagery.[20]
It is illegal to display theflag of North Korea or the flag of theWorkers' Party of Korea inSouth Korea. They are deemed unconstitutional symbols, although some exceptions exist, particularly during international sport events.[21][22]
Hungary had a law (Article 269/B of the Criminal Code (2000)) that banned the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships.[23][24] The same year the Constitutional Court upheld the law when it was challenged, claiming that the involved restriction of thefreedom of expression was justified.[25] In July 2008 theEuropean Court of Human Rights considered the challenge of Attila Vajnai who was charged with a misdemeanor for use of thered star and declared the Hungarian law to be in violation of the freedom of expression. The Court recognised the gross violations by the Nazi and communist regimes; however, it noted that modern Hungary is a stable democracy with negligible chance of dictatorship, therefore restrictions on the freedom of expression have no justification in the country in the form of a "clear, pressing and specific social need".[26] Eventually the law was annulled in 2013 by the Constitutional Court, citing the lack of precise definition and the European Court of Human Rights.[27] In March 2017, Prime MinisterViktor Orbán introduced a draft law that outlaws merchandise featuring "totalitarian symbols", which includes symbols like the Nazi swastika or the communist five-pointed red star.[28] This included the red star on the logo of the Dutch brewing companyHeineken, which the company claimed has no communist origins or political connotations, and which the company will defend like all other trademarks.[29]
In 2009, such a ban was proposed inMoldova by parliamentarian Oleg Serebryan,[citation needed] and the law came into effect in 2012.[30] The Constitutional Court of Moldova found the law unconstitutional and overturned it in 2013.[23]
In 2009,Poland amended Article 256 of its penal code, banning the display of "fascist, communist [and] other totalitarian symbols" unless they were being used "as part of artistic, educational, collecting or academic activity." On 19 July 2011, theConstitutional Tribunal of Poland found the amendment to be partially unconstitutional as it limitedfreedom of expression.[31] In June 2017, Poland updated its "decommunization" legislation to include Soviet propaganda monuments, prompting negative reactions from the Russian government.[32] While the "promotion of communist ideas" remains illegal in Poland, the display of communist symbols is no longer explicitly prohibited.[33][34]
TheKuomintang government in Taiwan outlawed theflag of the People's Republic of China in 1952, pursuant to theTemporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion inthe country's constitution. The temporary provisions were repealed in 1991, but a general ban on communist ideology and symbolism in theNational Security Law of the Republic of China, promulgated in 1976, was not annulled until 2011.[35]
In late 2020, a legislator from theDemocratic Progressive Party proposed an amendment to the National Security Law which would ban the public display of the flag of the People's Republic of China.[36] However, as of 2022[update], no such legislation has been passed.
During theRed Scare of 1919–20 in theUnited States, many states passed laws forbidding the display ofred flags, includingMinnesota,South Dakota,Oklahoma,[37] andCalifornia. InStromberg v. California, theUnited States Supreme Court held that such laws were unconstitutional.[38]
However, after theCrucial Communism Teaching Act had passed the U.S. House of Representatives, it is unknown whether the bill will either give way to, or be joined by other bills against the ideology of communism, including the re-bans, full or partial, on communist symbols, during thesecond Trump administration.
Albania's Institute for Communist Crimes (ICC) proposed a ban oncommunist-era films, sparking hostile reactions from the public.[39]
In 2016,Eduardo Bolsonaro, a federal deputy for São Paulo and the son of then-deputy and future presidentJair Bolsonaro, proposed a bill to criminalize the promotion of communism. The draft proposed that offenders be given two to five years in prison and a fine if they manufacture, commercialize, distribute or convey symbols or propaganda that use the hammer or sickle or any other means of dissemination favourable to communism.[40] As of December 2022[update], the bill is in the Constitution and Justice Commission of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.[41]
InBulgaria, lawmakers voted on first reading of a proposed law on 24 November 2016 to make the public display of communist symbols illegal. The law, known as the "Criminal Nature of the Communist Regime", requires that signs and items created during the communist regime glorifying the former communist party and its leaders be removed from public places.[42][43][44] The proposal, however, was never put to a second reading, never signed by thePresident of Bulgaria nor published in Bulgaria'sState Gazette and hence never became law. Both the parliamentary session and convocation in which the law was proposed later ended, thus rendering the proposal dead.[45]
In 1991, inCzechoslovakia the criminal code was amended with w § 260 which banned propaganda of movements which restricted human rights and freedoms, citing Nazism and communism. Later the specific mentions of these were removed citing their lack of clear legal definition. Nevertheless, the law itself was recognised as constitutional.[23][46] However, in 2005, there was a petition in theCzech Republic to ban the promotion of communism and in 2007, there was a proposed amendment to the law to ban communist symbols. Both attempts failed.[47][48] In July 2025, Czech president signed a law that will criminalise display of Communist symbols same as the Nazi propaganda, with from 1 to 5 years in prison, and it will come into force in 1 January 2026.[49]
In early 2007 theRiigikogu was proceeding a draft bill amending the Penal Code to make the public use of Soviet and Nazi symbols punishable if used in a manner disturbing the public peace or inciting hatred.[50] The bill did not come into effect as it passed only the first reading in the Riigikogu.[51]
In January 2005,Vytautas Landsbergis, backed by other Members of theEuropean Parliament, such asJózsef Szájer from Hungary, urged a ban on the communist symbols in theEuropean Union, in addition toNazi symbols.[52][53]
In February 2005, theEuropean Commission rejected calls for a proposed Europe-wide ban on Nazi symbols to be extended to cover communist symbols as well on the basis that it was not appropriate to deal with this issue in rules aimed at combatting racism. However, this rejection did not rule out the individual member states having their own laws in this respect.[54][55]
In December 2010, the European Commission published a report titled "The memory of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe" addressed to the European Parliament and theCouncil of the European Union, in which it mentions the banning of communist symbols by some Member states (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania) and concludes that "the European Union has a role to play, within the scope of its powers in this area, to contribute to the processes engaged in the Member States to face up to the legacy of totalitarian crimes".[56]
In September 2019, the European Parliament approved a joint motion for a "Resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe" with 535 votes in favour, 66 against and 52 abstentions.[57] Specifically, in points 17 and 18 of the resolution "expresses concern about the continued use of symbols belonging to totalitarian systems in the public sphere and for commercial purposes", as well as noting "the continued existence in public spaces in some Member States of monuments and memorials (parks, squares, streets etc.) glorifying totalitarian regimes, which paves the way for the distortion of historical facts about the consequences of the Second World War and for the propagation of the totalitarian political system".[58]
Law 51/1991, (article 3. h) on the National Security of Romania considers the following as threats to national security: "the initiation, organisation, perpetration, or the supporting in any way of the totalitarian or extremist actions of a communist, fascist, iron guardist, or of any other origin, of the racial, anti-Semitic, revisionist, separatist actions that can endanger in any way the unity and territorial integrity of Romania, as well as the instigation to deeds that can put in, danger the order of the state governed by the rule of law".[59] However, symbols are not specifically mentioned in the law.