Adoll is amodel typically of ahuman orhumanoid character, often used as atoy for children. Dolls have also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the world. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and wood are found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest documented dolls go back to the ancient civilizations ofEgypt,Greece, andRome. They have been made as crude, rudimentary playthings as well as elaborateart. Modern doll manufacturing has its roots in Germany, from the 15th century. Withindustrialization and new materials such asporcelain andplastic, dolls were increasingly mass-produced. During the 20th century, dolls became increasingly popular ascollectibles.
A typical Egyptianpaddle doll from 2080 – 1990 BCTextile doll (11th century),Chancay culture, found nearLima,Walters Art Museum. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs[1].
The earliest dolls were made from available materials such asclay, stone,wood,bone,ivory,leather, orwax.Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest knowntoy. Woodenpaddle dolls have been found inEgyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC.[2] Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.[2][3] Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, but no known examples of these have survived to the present day.[3] Stories from ancient Greece around 100 AD show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings.[2] Greeks called a doll κόρη, literally meaning "little girl", and a wax-doll was called δάγυνον, δαγύς and πλαγγών. Often dolls had movable limbs and were called νευρόσπαστα, they were worked by strings or wires.[4]Inancient Rome, dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.[2][3] At marriage the Greek girls dedicated their dolls toArtemis and the Roman girls toVenus, but if they died before marriage their dolls were buried with them.[4]Rag dolls are traditionally home-made from spare scraps ofcloth material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300 BC.[5]
Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.[6]
African dolls are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed down from mother to daughter.Akuaba are wooden ritualfertility dolls fromGhana and nearby areas. The best knownakuaba are those of theAshanti people, whoseakuaba have large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style ofakuaba.
There is a rich history ofJapanese dolls dating back to theDogū figures (8000–200 BCE). andHaniwa funerary figures (300–600 AD). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. DuringHinamatsuri, the doll festival, hina dolls (雛人形,hina-ningyō) are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles.Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They representBodhidharma, the East Indian who foundedZen, and are used as good luck charms. WoodenKokeshi dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls.
The use of aneffigy to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of suchmagical devices include the Europeanpoppet and thenkisi orbocio of West and Central Africa. In Europeanfolk magic andwitchcraft, poppet dolls are used to represent a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy will be transferred to the subject throughsympathetic magic. The practice of sticking pins invoodoo dolls have been associated with African-AmericanHoodoo folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature ofHaitian Vodou religion, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet.[7] Akitchen witch is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypicalwitch orcrone and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck[8] and ward off bad spirits.[9]
Hopi Kachina dolls are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonialKachina, the masked spirits of theHopi Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina.Inuit dolls are made out ofsoapstone andbone, materials common to theInuit. Many are clothed with animalfur or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional style of dress necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of theInnu people were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys.Apple dolls are traditional North American dolls with a head made from dried apples. InInca mythology,Sara Mama was the goddess ofgrain. She was associated withmaize that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama.Corn husk dolls are traditionalNative American dolls made out of the dried leaves orhusk of acorncob.[10] Traditionally, they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted by early European settlers in the United States.[11] Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, calledPennywoods.[12] Laúltima muñeca, or "the last doll", is a tradition of theQuinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts ofLatin America. During this ritual thequinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.[13] In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War.[14]
Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890.[15] In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.[16] Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made forNativity scene displays, chiefly in Italy.[17] Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.[18] The German and Dutchpeg wooden dolls were cheap and simply made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.[19] Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.[20] Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate.[20] It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until theVictorian era when blue eyes became more popular, inspired byQueen Victoria.[21]
Dolls,puppets andmasks allow ordinary people to state what is impossible in the real situation;[22] In Iran for example duringQajar era, people criticised the politics and social conditions of Ahmad-Shah's reign via puppetry without any fear of punishment.[23] According to the Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have free and independent identities and are able to do what is not feasible for the real person.Layli is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular among theLur people ofIran.[24][25] The name Layli is originated from theMiddle East folklore and love story,Layla and Majnun. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful.[26] Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life.
During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made ofporcelain and combined with a body of leather, cloth, wood, orcomposite materials, such aspapier-mâché orcomposition, a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.[27][28] With the advent ofpolymer andplastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass-produced at a lower price. The earliest materials wererubber andcelluloid. From the mid-20th century, softvinyl became the dominant material, in particular for children's dolls.[29][30] Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market.Synthetic resins such aspolyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.
Bisque-head German doll with glass eyes and ball-jointedcomposition body,c. 1920
Colloquially the termsporcelain doll,bisque doll andchina doll are sometimes used interchangeably. But collectors make a distinction betweenchina dolls, made of glazedporcelain, andbisque dolls, made of unglazed bisque orbiscuit porcelain. A typical antique china doll has a whiteglazed porcelain head with painted molded hair and a body made ofcloth orleather. The name comes fromchina being used to refer to the material porcelain. They weremass-produced inGermany, peaking in popularity between 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions.[31][32][33]Parian dolls were also made in Germany, from around 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain similar to china dolls but the head is not dipped inglaze and has a matte finish.[34]Bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-likematte finish. They had their peak of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antique German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were often made as children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly made directly for the collectors market.[27][33][35] Realistic, lifelikewax dolls were popular inVictorian England.[36]
Up through the middle of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous baby doll did not appear until around 1850.[33][37] But, by the late 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.[33] By about 1920, baby dolls typically were made of composition with a cloth body. The hair, eyes, and mouth were painted. A voice box was sewn into the body that cried ma-ma when the doll was tilted, giving them the name Mama dolls. During 1923, 80% of all dolls sold to children in the United States were Mama dolls.[38][unreliable source]
Paper dolls are cut out of paper, with separate clothes that are usually held onto the dolls by folding tabs. They often reflect contemporary styles, and 19th centuryballerina paper dolls were among the earliestcelebrity dolls. The 1930sShirley Temple doll sold millions and was one of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloidKewpie dolls, based on illustrations byRose O'Neill, were popular in the early 20th century.Madame Alexander created the first collectible doll based on a licensed character –Scarlett O'Hara fromGone with the Wind.[39]
Contemporarydollhouses have their roots in Europeanbaby house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but, following theIndustrial Revolution andWorld War II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made oftin litho, plastic, and wood. Contemporary houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.
The earliest modernstuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlierrag dolls in that they are made of plush fur-like fabric and commonly portray animals rather than humans.[40]Teddy bears first appeared in 1902–1903.[40][41]
Black dolls have been designed to resemble dark-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more accurate portrayals.Rag dolls made by Americanslaves served as playthings for slave children.Golliwogg was a children's book rag doll character in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very black skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy hair, and has been described as ananti-black caricature.[42] Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.
Fashion dolls are primarily designed to be dressed to reflectfashion trends and are usually modeled after teen girls or adult women. The earliest fashion dolls were Frenchbisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Contemporary fashion dolls are typically made ofvinyl.Barbie, from the American toy companyMattel, dominated the market from her inception in 1959.[43]Bratz was the first doll to challenge Barbie's dominance, reaching forty percent of the market in 2006.[44]
Plasticaction figures, often representingsuperheroes, are primarily marketed to boys.[45] Fashion dolls and action figures are often part of amedia franchise that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise.Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook[46] in such a way that the head bobbles. They often portray baseball players or other athletes.
Areborn doll, customized to realistically portray a human baby
With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are often similar to traditionalpaper dolls and enable users to design virtual dolls anddrag and drop clothes onto dolls or images of actual people to play dress up. These includeKiSS,Stardoll andDollz.
Also with the advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online.Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that have been customized to resemble a human baby with as muchrealism as possible. They are often sold online through sites such aseBay.[47][48] Asianball-jointed dolls (BJDs) arecast inpolyurethanesynthetic resin in a style that has been described as both realistic and influenced byanime.[49][50][51] Asian BJDs andAsian fashion dolls such asPullip andBlythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.[52][53]
Since ancient times, dolls have played a central role in magic and religious rituals and have been used as representations of deities. Dolls have also traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value.[54] Antique dolls originally made as children's playthings have become collector's items. Nineteenth-centurybisque dolls made by French manufacturers such as Bru andJumeau may be worth almost $22,000 today.[55]
Dolls have traditionally been made as crude, rudimentary playthings as well as with elaborate, artful design.[56] They have been created asfolk art in cultures around the globe, and, in the 20th century,art dolls began to be seen ashigh art. ArtistHans Bellmer madesurrealistic dolls that had interchangeable limbs in 1930s and 1940sGermany as opposition to theNazi party's idolization of a perfect Aryan body.[54]East Village artistGreer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays of drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls.[57]
Lifelike oranatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of all sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed wooden mannequins in drawing the human figure. Many ordinary doll brands are also anatomically correct, although most types of dolls are degenitalized.[58]
Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects.[63][64] PsychologistErnst Jentsch theorized thatuncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty about whether an object is alive or not.Sigmund Freud further developed on these theories.[65] Japanese roboticistMasahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop theuncanny valley hypothesis: if an object is obviously enough non-human, its human characteristics will stand out and be endearing; however, if that object reaches a certain threshold of human-like appearance, its non-human characteristics will stand out, and be disturbing.[66]
A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in therestoration or repair of dolls.[67] Doll hospitals can be found in countries around the world.[68] One of the oldest doll hospitals was established inLisbon, Portugal in 1830,[68] and another inMelbourne, reputedly the first such establishment in Australia, was founded in 1888.[67] There is a Doll Doctors Association in the United States.[69] Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the course of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s.[55] Some doll brands, such asAmerican Girl andMadame Alexander, also offer doll hospital services for their own dolls.
Many books deal with dolls tales, includingWilhelmina. The Adventures of a Dutch Doll, by Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall.[70]Rag dolls have featured in a number of children's stories, such as the 19th century characterGolliwogg inThe Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg by Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton[71] andRaggedy Ann in the books byJohnny Gruelle, first published in 1918.The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book by Canadian authorDare Wright. The story, told through text and photographs, is about a doll named Edith and two teddy bears.
^Azimpour, P. (2010).Farhang-e Aroosak-ha va Namayesh-haye Aroosaki-e Aeeni va Sonati-e Iran (Iranian Ritual and Traditional Puppets and Puppet Shows Dictionary). Tehran: Namayesh. p. 554
^Van Patten, Denise."Vinyl Dolls".About.com Home. Archived fromthe original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved17 June 2011.
^Coleman, Dorothy S., Elizabeth A., and Evelyn Jk. (1968). "China Head Dolls".The Collector's Encyclopaedia of Dolls Volume One. London: Robert Hale. pp. 118–134.ISBN978-0-7090-5598-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Montcombroux, Vieve. "Simply Irresistible: What is that elusive quality that makes reborns so hard to resist?".Doll Reader Magazine. June–July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009
^Holton, Avery (18 July 2004)."Anime Girls".Time. Archived fromthe original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved26 December 2008.Japanese-made Super Dollfies ... with ... exaggerated features inspired by Japanese animation
^Gonzalez, Lauren (June 2008). "The Future Looks Bright for Ball-jointed Dolls".Shojo Beat. p. 332.Super Dollfie, like Narin and Narae, have a distinct anime look, with cool glassy expressions on their faces. Although highly customizable, the dolls are offered in a range of styles that stay true to a Japanese aesthetic.
^Galbraith, Patrick W (17 May 2008)."Plastic fantastic: Japan's doll industry booming".Metropolis magazine. Retrieved22 February 2009....the inclusion of ball joints, which make it possible to pose the dolls for pictures, a favorite pastime among users.
^Collings, Steven J. (2017). "The value of anatomical dolls in the psychological assessment of child sexual abuse: an evaluation of available empirical evidence".Child Abuse Research in South Africa.18 (2):21–29.hdl:10520/EJC-ad4ff5067.
^Alsenz, Claudia and Alsenz, Stefan (1999)Arbeitsbuch Biblische Erzählfiguren. Geschichten der Bibel kreativ gestalten. Wuppertal: Brockhaus.
^Sobieraj, S. "Taking control: Toy commercials and the social construction of patriarchy".Masculinities and violence (L. Bowker ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
^Schulman, Michael (30 October 2006). "Worst nightmares: In all five boroughs, haunted houses contain local fears".The New Yorker. Vol. 82, no. 35. p. 38.
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