In England, directly electedmayors aredirectly electedexecutive political leaders of some local government bodies, usually eitherlocal authorities (councils) orcombined authorities. Mayors of the latter may be informally referred to as "metro mayors" or "regionally devolved Mayors"
The first such post was theMayor of London, created as the executive of theGreater London Authority in 2000 as part of a reform of the local government ofGreater London. Since theLocal Government Act 2000, all of the several hundred principal local councils in England and Wales have been required to review theirexecutive arrangements.
Examples of local authority mayors include theMayor of Middlesbrough and theMayor of North Tyneside.
Metro mayors include theMayor of Greater Manchester and theMayor of the West Midlands. Legislation on directly elected mayors applies both toEngland and Wales, but there are currently no directly elected mayors inWales. Metro mayors and the Mayor of London enjoy a seat on theCouncil of the Nations and Regions, where they sit alongside the UKPrime Minister andFirst Ministers of devolved governments and on theMayoral Council for England, chaired by theDeputy Prime Minister.
The system of elected mayors had been considered by theMajor ministry, and the former Environment SecretaryMichael Heseltine had been a proponent of it.[1] The 1997 Labour manifesto included a commitment to reform local government in London by introducing an elected mayor.[2]
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The first directly electedmayor was introduced inGreater London in 2000 as part of the statutory provisions of theGreater London Authority Act 1999. The position of the electedMayor of London is a strategicregional one, and quite different from that of local authority mayors. The work of the Mayor of London is scrutinised by theLondon Assembly, a unique arrangement in the English local government system. The Mayor of London cannot be removed from office by a referendum following a petition, as is the case for directly elected mayors elsewhere in England.
The role should not be confused with the ancient position ofLord Mayor of London, elected annually by liverymen of theCity of London.
Elsewhere inEngland and Wales, since theLocal Government Act 2000, there have been a range of options for how a local council executive leadership can be constituted, and installing a directly elected mayor is one of these options. The 2000 act ended the previouscommittee-based system, where functions were exercised by committees of the council (although this was reinstated in 2012). All of several hundred principal councils were required to review theirexecutive arrangements under the 2000 legislation. Local authorities considering the option of an elected mayor were required to put the question to a localreferendum. It is also possible for campaign groups to trigger a local referendum with a signed petition. A number of areas with elected mayors also have civic mayors or Lord mayors and these ceremonial roles conferred on acting councillors are separate from elected mayors.
From 2000 until 2022 all directly elected mayors in England were elected using theSupplementary Vote electoral system.[3] Following the passing of theElections Act 2022, the 2023, 2024, and 2025 elections were run usingfirst past the post. A change back to the supplementary vote is planned as part of theEnglish Devolution and Community Empowerment Bill.
Eleven mayors were established during 2002, in bothmetropolitan andnon-metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and London boroughs. Three further mayoralties were created under this legislation: in 2005 (Torbay; abolished 2019),[4] 2010 (Tower Hamlets),[5] and 2015 (Copeland; abolished 2023).[6]
Some of the first mayoral elections were won by independents, notably inHartlepool, wherethe election was won byStuart Drummond, who playedHartlepool United's mascot; and inMiddlesbrough, where it was won by former police officerRay Mallon, who left the local police force to stand for election.
AlthoughWales is included in the legislation, only one Welsh authority,Ceredigion, has held a referendum on such a proposal, in May 2004. Over 70% of the voters taking part voted against the proposal.[7] Although proposals for a mayor to coverNorth Wales have been raised, but theWelsh Government has opposed it.[8]
In October 2006 theDCLG white paperStrong and Prosperous Communities proposed that in future the requirement for a referendum to approve the establishment of an elected mayor for a council area be dropped in favour of a simple resolution of the council following community consultation. It also proposed the direct election of council cabinets where requested, and that the unique "mayor and council manager" system in Stoke-on-Trent be replaced by a conventional "mayor and cabinet" system.[9] The "mayor and council manager" option was later eliminated by theLocal Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 and a referendum on a directly elected mayoralty was no longer required if two thirds of a council voted in favour of the change.[10] The elected cabinet option was not taken forward. The 2007 legislation required all local authorities to review their executive arrangements again and consider the case for an elected mayor.
TheLocal Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 introduced the combined authority structure. Other subsequent Acts (see below) inserted sections into LDEDCA which created new posts of mayor for combined authorities.
In February 2006 theInstitute for Public Policy Research published a report calling for elected mayors inBirmingham andManchester, which was positively received by the government, but not by the two city councils concerned. Later Prime MinisterDavid Cameron expressed support for the system, saying that directly elected mayors are "accountable" and can "galvanise action".[11] On 2 May 2012 theBow Group, a Conservative think tank, published a short article supporting directly elected mayors for large English cities.[12]
TheLocalism Act 2011 permitted central government to trigger referendums for elected mayors,[13] and this was intended to happen in the largest cities during 2012. Ahead of this,Leicester City Council in 2011 andLiverpool City Council in 2012 exercised their option to have a directly elected mayor without a referendum.[14] In September 2011 citizens of Salford collected the required number of signatures to force a referendum, which was successful. The first mayoral election took place in May 2012.[15]
Using the powers in the Localism Act 2011, referendums were held on 3 May 2012 inten English cities to decide whether or not to switch to a system that included a directly elected mayor.[16] Only one,Bristol, voted in favour of a mayoral system.Doncaster voted to retain its elected mayoral system in a referendum held on the same day.
In 2014, it was announced that mayors would be created as leaders of the combined authorities, subject to new primary legislation. In 2017, elections were held forLiverpool City Region,Greater Manchester,Tees Valley,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough,West of England and theWest Midlands as part of the devolution deals allowed by theCities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. That act inserted sections into theLocal Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 for the election of mayors of combined authorities.
A delayed election for theSheffield City Region followed in May 2018. The North of Tyne Authority and the North East Combined Authority were merged into the newNorth East Mayoral Combined Authority, the first election for which took place in May 2024.[17]
Combined authority mayors are members of the England-onlyMayoral Council and the UK-wideCouncil of the Nations and Regions.
TheLevelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 introduced new measures in the local government system in England. It allowed the creation of combined county authorities, which are similar to the existing combined authorities; created new powers to be devolved to combined authorities; and allowed mayors to take a different title, such as "governor", "elected leader" or "county commissioner".
Devolution deals had been agreed in principle withNorfolk andSuffolk by the Conservative government which involve directly-elected leaders of each county's council.[18]Norfolk County Council voted to accept the deal.[19] In May 2024,Suffolk County Council was seeking consultation.[20] In September, the new Labour government decided to not proceed with single-authority devolution deals, instead preferring multi-authority deals involving the formation of combined authorities. The mayoral agreements for Norfolk and Suffolk agreed by the previous government will therefore not proceed.[21]
Executive arrangement reviews, petitions and local referendums in theLocal Government Act 2000 can also be used to remove the post of mayor and revert to the typical "leader and cabinet" executive arrangement. Such methods could not initially be used to remove the post of mayor if it was established following a Government-mandated referendum. However, aHouse of Lords amendment to theCities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 amended the Local Government Act 2000 to establish the right of a future referendum to abolish any local authority elected mayor established following a Government-mandated referendum.[22]
Councillors have complained about the perceived excessive power of directly elected mayors.[23][24] There have been campaigns in four of the local authorities with directly elected mayors to hold referendums to abolish the posts.[25] In Lewisham, the Bring Back Democracy campaign called for a new referendum, citing poor turnout and a very close result in the 2001 referendum.[26] In April 2007, Lewisham Council voted 28–24 against a motion calling for consultation over the issue.[27]
InDoncaster, in March 2007, "Fair Deal" campaigners presented an 11,000-signature petition to the council calling for a new referendum. The council voted 31–27 in favour of a new referendum, which was held in May 2012.[28] The electorate voted in favour of retaining the mayoralty. TheMiddlesbrough electorate also voted to retain the mayoral system.[29]
Three councils have reverted to leader and cabinet executives. The electorate ofStoke-on-Trent voted to remove the post of electedmayor on 23 October 2008, to be replaced with a system of council leader and cabinet.[30] In November 2012Hartlepool also voted to scrap the position of directly elected mayor in a referendum.[31]Liverpool City Council chose to abolish the post of elected mayor and revert to a leader and cabinet model from May 2023 following a 2022 consultation on its future governance.
Referendums were held inNorth Tyneside andTorbay in May 2016 to determine the future of their mayoralties.[32] While North Tyneside voted to retain the system, Torbay voted in favour of returning to a leader and cabinet style of governance. Further referendums were held in May 2021 inNewham andTower Hamlets, which both voted to retain the mayoral system.
Bristol voted to remove the post of electedmayor in a referendum on 5 May 2022, to be replaced with a committee system.[33]
Simon Jenkins wrote inThe Guardian calling metro mayors a "farce of local democracy".[34]
The Local Government Act 2000 does not apply in Scotland and theScottish Parliament has chosen to reformlocal government instead by introducing theSingle Transferable Vote electoral system. TheScottish Conservatives support elected mayors where there is found to be "local demand in our major towns and cities".[35] A mayor in Scotland is traditionally known as aprovost.
There are no directly elected mayors in Northern Ireland. Offices ofmayors in Northern Ireland are only a ceremonial position.
The powers of the mayor are commensurate with the kind of local authority for which they are the executive.London borough councils,metropolitan district councils andunitary authority councils have broadly similar functions, but fornon-metropolitan district councils it is a subset, for example not having power over education, libraries and waste management. The Mayor of London has completely different powers to the "mayor and cabinet" leaders.
A local-authority elected mayor has powers similar to those of the executive committee in a Leader and Cabinet model local authority. These are described as either "exclusive" powers or "co-decision" powers and are defined in the Local Government (Functions and Responsibilities) (England) Regulations 2000.[36]
Co-decision powers are those the mayor shares with the council, notably the power to make the local authority's annual budget and its policy framework documents. These are: Annual Library Plan; Best Value Performance Plan; Children's Services Plan; Community Care Plan; Community Strategy; Crime and Disorder Reduction Strategy; Early Years Development Plan; Education Development Plan; Local Development Framework; and the Youth Justice Plan. To amend or reject a mayor's proposals for any of these documents, the council must resolve to do so by a two-thirds majority. This is again based onsecondary legislation, in this case the Local Government (Standing Orders) (England) Regulations 2001.[37]
Exclusive powers are less easy to define, because they consist of all the powers that are granted to a local authority byAct of Parliament except those defined either as co-decision powers or as "not to be the responsibility of an authority's executive". This latter is a limited list, including quasi-judicial decisions on planning and licensing, and certain ceremonial, employment and legal decisions.
An elected mayor (in a mayor and cabinet system) also has the power to appoint up to nine councillors as members of a cabinet and to delegate powers, either to them as individuals, or to the Mayor and Cabinet committee, or to subcommittees of the Mayor and Cabinet committee. In practice, the mayor remains personally accountable, so most mayors have chosen to delegate to a very limited extent—if at all.
Local authorities in Britain remain administered by a permanent staff of chief officers led by achief executive or chief operating officer[38] who are politically neutral bureaucrats. Their powers remain unaffected by the introduction of elected mayor. Senior officers continue to be appointed by a politically representative committee of councillors, and the mayor may not attempt to influence the decision as to who is appointed (except within the committee as a member of the committee). To maintain the staff's professional and political independence, the mayor (or any other member of the council) may not personally direct any member of staff. Accordingly, an elected mayor cannot really be accurately characterised as an executive mayor, as in parts of the US and certain other countries, but more as a semi-executive mayor.
Consultations took place in 12 English cities due to have referendums over the introduction of elected mayors, over what powers those mayors should have, and how they should be scrutinised.[39]
As of October 2021, there have been 54 referendums on the question of changing executive arrangements to a model with an elected mayor. Referendums are triggered by council resolution, local petition or central government intervention. Of these, 17 have resulted in the establishment of a new mayoralty and 37 have been rejected by voters. Average "yes" vote is 45%. Typical turnout is around 30%, but has been as low as 10% and as high as 64%. The turnout is higher when the referendum coincides with another vote, such as an election.
There have been nine referendums on the question of removing the post of elected mayor. Four mayoral posts have been disestablished following a vote and five retained.
Two local authority mayors, those forLeicester andLiverpool, were created by city council resolution without holding a referendum.
As of May 2025[update], there are 27 directly elected mayors in England.
 |
| Authority | Post | Type | Cancellation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cornwall Council | Mayor of Cornwall | Mayoral Deal inCornwall, which changes the Governance model of Cornwall Council from a Leader and Cabinet to a Mayor and Cabinet[41] | Cancelled April 2023[42][43] |
| Norfolk County Council | Elected Leader of Norfolk County Council | County Deal inNorfolk, with an Elected Leader and not Mayor[18] | Cancelled September 2024 |
| Suffolk County Council | Elected Leader of Suffolk County Council | County Deal inSuffolk, with an Elected Leader and not Mayor[18] | Cancelled September 2024 |
Former mayoralties are:
Using powers in the Act, the Government intends to trigger a referendum in the largest cities outside London, inviting local people to decide whether they want to have an elected mayor.
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