| Torey Lakes | |
|---|---|
.JPG) Lake Zun-Torey | |
  Torey Lakes Location of the Torey Lakes | |
| Coordinates | 50°04′N115°31′E / 50.067°N 115.517°E /50.067; 115.517 |
| Type | endorheicsoda lakes |
| Primary inflows | Ulz River (Uldza), Imalka River |
| Catchment area | 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Russia,Mongolia |
| Designation | Ramsar Site (1994), Biosphere Reserve (1997), World Heritage Site (2017),[1] International Protected Area, Strictly Protected Area, Important Crane Area (1997), Anatidae Network Site (1999)[2][3] |
| Surface elevation | 595 m (1,952 ft) |
TheTorey Lakes are a pair ofsoda lakes, Barun-Torey and Zun-Torey, in Russia'sZabaykalsky Krai, on the border withMongolia — theMongolia–Russia border runs across the southern tip of Zun-Torey lake.[4][5][6]
The two lakes are the remains of a large lake or sea whose surface, according to Shamsutdinov (1983), once reached 2,400 km2 (930 sq mi)[7] some 700,000 years ago.[8]They are the largestsoda lakes in the arid zone[9][a] in the trans-Baikal region.[2]They lie close to one another,[5][6] connected by the Utochi channel,[7]in a closed basin with no outlet to the sea.
The size and volume of water in the lakes varies greatly with the region's multi-decadal rainfall and climate cycles. These interdecadal cycles last from 27 years to 35 years; they depend on variations in atmospheric moistening: relatively moist and very cold periods alternate with dry and relatively warm periods.[10]For example, Barun-Torey lake completely dried up in summer 2009, and started refilling in 2013; Zun-Torey lake dried up in autumn 2017.[11]The dry bed of Barun-Torey lake is strewn with temporary freshwater pools fed by groundwater and precipitations,[12] even though that groundwater is not necessarily freshwater.[13][b] These pools are alkaline, with a pH around 8.2 – 9.0; they are oligohaline (0.5–1.0 g × l-1), rather warm (26 to 30°С), most are muddy (TR = 0.1–0.3 m). Those at the western shore of the lake are fed by groundwater discharge through ageological fracture.[12]
In periods of high water level, Barun-Torey lake and Zun-Torey lake have the same hydrochemical parameters: oligohaline and alkaline.[14]
During high-water years, Barun-Torey lake has an area of 550 km2 (210 sq mi), with a volume of 1.4 km3 (0.34 cu mi); the average depth is 2.5 m, with a maximum depth of 4.3 m. In low-water years, the lake shrinks dramatically and can dry up completely.[15] The southern end of the lake extends into Mongolia.[5][6]
Barun-Torey lake is fed by two rivers. TheUlz River (Uldza River or Ulz Gol) flows into the lake from the south and forms a large estuary. The Imalka River flows into the lake from the west.[15]
When the water level reaches 596.1 m in elevation, Barun-Torey water starts running off into Zun-Torey lake via the Utochi channel. Once the surfaces of the two lakes are levelled up, the wind and other factors induce changes in the direction of the current in the channel. When the water level falls, the shallower Barun-Torey lake dries up quicker and the water in the Utochi channel flows from Zun-Torey lake to Barun-Torey lake.[7]As the lake level falls and during the initial refilling of the lake, three stages of changes in the planktonic associations have been identified; the plankton communities increase in species richness and abundance in the transient pools.[11]
Lake Zun-Torey lies east of Lake Barun-Torey. During high water, the lake has a surface area of 285 km2 and a volume of 1.6 km3; but in 1999 its surface reached 301.6 km2 and in 2015 it reached 254 km2.The average depth is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth (in the northern part of the lake, where the lake bed drops steeply from the shore) is 6.7 m; its length is 23 km and its width is 13 km. The lake is round and has a single island, which turns into a peninsula when the water level is low. Lake Zun-Torey is mostly fed by the channel from Lake Baran-Torey, and does not dry as extensively or vary in extent as much as Lake Baran-Torey does.[16]
During the aridification of Zun-Torey lake, four stages of changes in the planktonic associations were identified; the phytoplankton decreased in abundance and biomass, and was dominated by green algae and diatoms; the number of zooplankton species decreased but zooplankton's total abundance and biomass increased as the number of individuals increased in some crustacean species.[11]
.JPG)
The lakes and their environs are home to 305 bird species (including 90 breeding species), 42 species of mammals, various reptile, amphibian, and fish species, and over 590 insect species.[2]
The lakes and surrounding wetlands are an important breeding, feeding and staging area for many species of migratory waterbirds, including several rare and threatened species.[2] The lakes support significant breeding populations of several threatened bird species, including thered-crowned crane (Grus japonensis),white-naped crane (Grus vipio),swan goose (Anser cygnoides),great bustard (Otis tarda), andrelict gull (Ichthyaetus relictus). The lakes are located onEast Asian–Australasian Flyway, and millions of birds pass through the Torey Lakes and nearby wetlands in spring and autumn. The lakes provide migratory habitat for the critically endangeredSiberian crane (Grus leucogeranus) and threatenedhooded crane (Grus monacha).[17]
Traditional agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry are important to the local population.[2]
An area of 172,500 ha (426,000 acres), including both lakes and adjacent wetlands and uplands, was designated aRamsar Site on September 13, 1994.[2] The RAMSAR site comprises 65% lakes, 22% terrestrial steppe ecosystems, 7% river, 5% arable land, and 1% human settlements and roads; its altitude goes from 591 m to 769 m.[8]
TheDaursky Nature Reserve or Zapovednik-Daursky state biosphere reserve was designated aUNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1997, and covers an area of 2,277 km2 (879 sq mi).[18][c] It is also part of the 2017World Heritage Site "Landscapes of Dauria".[1]
A 2020 satellite imagery showed Mongolian plans to build a dam on theUldza River which would potentially disrupt the natural water cycle and harm the fine balance in the ecosystem.UNESCO World Heritage Committee has expressed its concern on the unannounced construction.[20]
Media related toTorey Lakes at Wikimedia Commons