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| Zorro | |
|---|---|
 The Cover toThe Curse of Capistrano byJohnston McCulley, The All-Story Magazine, August 9, 1919, featuring the character | |
| First appearance | All-Story Weekly (August 1919) |
| Created by | Johnston McCulley |
| Portrayed by | |
| In-universe information | |
| Full name | Don Diego de la Vega |
| Occupation | Nobleman, vigilante |
| Weapon | |
| Nationality | Californian (New Spain orMexico) |
Zorro (Spanish:[ˈsoro]or[ˈθoro], Spanish for "fox") is a fictional character created in 1919 by Americanpulp writerJohnston McCulley, appearing in works set in thePueblo of Los Angeles inAlta California.[1] He is typically portrayed as a dashing maskedvigilante who defends thecommoners andIndigenous peoples of California against corrupt, tyrannical officials and other villains. His signature all-blackcostume includes a cape, a hat known as asombrero cordobés, and a mask covering the upper half of his face.
In the stories, Zorro has a highbounty on his head but is too skilled and cunning for the bumbling authorities to catch, and he also delights in publicly humiliating them. Because of this, the townspeople started calling him"El Zorro" because of his foxlike cunning and charm. Zorro is anacrobat and an expert in various weapons. Still, the one he employs most frequently is hisrapier, which he often uses to carve the initial "Z" on his defeated foes and other objects to "sign his work". He is also an accomplished rider, his trusty steed being a black horse calledTornado.
Zorro is thesecret identity ofDon Diego de la Vega (originallyDon Diego Vega), a youngCalifornio man who is the only son of Don Alejandro de la Vega, the wealthiest landowner in California, while Diego's mother is dead. In most versions, Diego learned his swordsmanship while at university in Spain and created his masked alter ego after he was unexpectedly summoned home by his father because California had fallen into the hands of an oppressive dictator. Diego is usually shown living with his father in a vasthacienda, which contains many secret passages and tunnels leading to a secret cave that serves as headquarters for Zorro's operations and as Tornado's hiding place. To divert suspicion about his identity, Diego hides his fighting abilities while pretending to be a coward and afop.
Zorro debuted in the 1919 novelThe Curse of Capistrano, originally meant as a stand-alone story. However, the success of the 1920 film adaptationThe Mark of Zorro starringDouglas Fairbanks andNoah Beery, which introduced the popular Zorro costume, convinced McCulley to write more Zorro stories for about four decades; the character was featured in a total of five serialized stories and 57 short stories, the last one appearing in print posthumously in 1959, the year after his death.The Curse of Capistrano eventually sold more than 50 million copies, becoming one of thebest-selling books of all time. While the rest of McCulley's Zorro stories did not enjoy the same popularity, as most of them were never reprinted until the 21st century, the character also appears in over 40 films and in ten TV series, the most famous being the Disney production,Zorro, of 1957–1959 starringGuy Williams. Other media featuring Zorro include stories by different authors, audio/radio dramas, comic books and strips, stage productions, and video games.
Being one of the earliest examples of a fictional masked avenger with a double identity, Zorro inspired the creation of several similar characters in pulp magazines and other media and is a precursor of thesuperheroes ofAmerican comic books, withBatman and theLone Ranger drawing particularly close parallels to the character.
Zorro debuted inJohnston McCulley's novelThe Curse of Capistrano, serialized in five parts between August 9 and September 6, 1919, in thepulp magazineAll-Story Weekly.[2] The story was initially meant as a standalone tale; at thedenouement, Zorro's true identity is revealed to all.
Douglas Fairbanks andMary Pickford, on theirhoneymoon, selected the story as the inaugural picture for their new studio,United Artists, beginning the character's cinematic tradition.[citation needed] The novel was adapted as the filmThe Mark of Zorro (1920), which Fairbanks produced, co-wrote, and starred in as Diego/Zorro. The movie was a commercial success,[2] and the 1924 reprint of McCulley's story by publisherGrosset & Dunlap used the same title, capitalizing on the movie's popularity. The novel has since been reprinted using both titles.
In response to public demand fueled by the film, McCulley wrote more than sixty more Zorro stories, beginning in 1922 withThe Further Adventures of Zorro, also serialized inArgosy All-Story Weekly. Fairbanks picked up the movie rights for the sequel that year. However, Fairbanks's sequel,Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925), was based more on the 1919 novelDon Q's Love Story by the mother–son duo Kate Prichard andHesketh Hesketh-Prichard than onThe Further Adventures. Thus, McCulley received no credit for the film.[3]
At first, the production of new Zorro stories proceeded irregularly: the third novel,Zorro Rides Again (not to be confused with the 1937 theatrical serial), was published in 1931, nine years after the second one. Then, between 1932 and 1941, McCulley wrote four short stories and two serialized novels. Zorro stories were published much more frequently between 1944 and 1951 when McCulley published 52 short stories with the character for theWest Magazine. "Zorro Rides the Trail!", which appeared inMax Brand's Western Magazine in 1954, is the last story to be published during the author's lifetime and the second-to-last story overall. The last, "The Mask of Zorro" (not to be confused with the 1998 film), was published posthumously inShort Stories for Men in 1959. These storiesignore Zorro's public revelation of his identity.
The Curse of Capistrano eventually sold more than 50 million copies, becomingone of the best-selling books of all time. For the most part, McCulley's other Zorro stories remained overlooked and out-of-print until the 21st century. Bold Venture Press collected all of McCulley's Zorro storiesZorro: The Complete Pulp Adventures, in six volumes.
Over 40 Zorro-titled films were made over the years, includingThe Mark of Zorro, the 1940 classic starringTyrone Power andBasil Rathbone. The character was also featured in ten TV series, the most famous being the Disney-producedZorro series of 1957–59, starringGuy Williams.[2] Zorro appears in several stories written by other authors, comics books and strips, stage productions, video games, and other media. McCulley died in 1958, just as Zorro was at the height of his popularity thanks to the Disney series.
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InThe Curse of Capistrano, Señor Zorro became an outlaw in thepueblo of Los Angeles inCalifornia "to avenge the helpless, to punish cruel politicians, to aid the oppressed" and is dubbed the "Curse of Capistrano". The novel features Don Diego Vega and Zorro extensively, but the fact that they are the same person is not revealed to the reader until the end of the book. In the story, Diego and Zorro romance Lolita Pulido, an impoverished noblewoman. While Lolita is unimpressed with Diego, who pretends to be a passionlessfop, she is attracted to the dashing Zorro. The main villain is Captain Ramon, who also focuses on Lolita. Other characters include Sgt. Pedro Gonzales, Zorro's enemy but Diego's friend; Diego's deaf and mute servant Bernardo; his ally, Fray (Friar) Felipe; his father, Don Alejandro Vega, the wealthiest landowner in California and a widower; Don Carlos Pulido and his wife, Doña Catalina, Lolita's parents; and a group of noblemen (caballeros) who, at first, hunt Zorro but are then won over to his cause.
In later stories, McCulley introduces characters such as pirates and Native Americans, some of whom know Zorro's identity.
In McCulley's later stories, Diego's surname became de la Vega. The writer was wildly inconsistent. The first magazine serial ended with the villain dead, and Diego was publicly exposed as Zorro. But in the sequel, the villain was alive, and the next entry had the double identity still secret.
Several Zorro productions have expanded on the character's exploits. Many continuations feature a younger character taking up the mantle of Zorro.
McCulley's stories are set during the era ofSpanish California (1769–1821)[4] and, although exact years are often vague, the presence of the Pueblo of Los Angeles means the stories cannot happen before 1781, the year it was founded. Some media adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the later era ofMexican California (1821–1848).
The character's visual motif is typically a black costume with a black flowingSpanish cloak or cloak, a black flat-brimmed hat known assombrero cordobés, and a black sackclothmask that covers the top half of his head. Sometimes the mask is a two-piece, the main item being a blindfold-type fabric with slits for the eyes, and the other item is a bandana over the head so that it is covered even if the hat is removed: this is the mask worn in the movieThe Mark of Zorro (1920) and in the television seriesZorro (1957–1959). Other times, the mask is a one-piece that unites both items described above: this mask was introduced inThe Mark of Zorro (1940) and appeared in many modern versions. Zorro's mask has also occasionally been shown as a roundeddomino mask, which he wore without wearing a bandana. In his first appearance, Zorro's cloak is purple, his hat is generically referred to as a "wide sombrero", and his black cloth veil mask with slits for eyes covers his whole face. Other features of the costume may vary.[citation needed]
His favored weapon is arapier, which he also uses to often leave his distinctive mark, a Z cut with three quick strokes, on his defeated foes and other objects to "sign his work". He also uses other weapons, including abullwhip and apistol.
Thefox is never depicted as Zorro's emblem. It is used as a metaphor for the character's wiliness, such as in the lyrics "Zorro, 'the Fox', so cunning and free ..." fromDisney's television series theme.
His heroic pose consists of rearing on his horse,Tornado, often saluting with his hand or raising his sword high. The logo of the company Zorro Productions, Inc. uses an image of Zorro rearing on his horse, sword raised high.
Douglas Fairbanks, Tyrone Power, and Guy Williams used an epee dueling blade with a saber hilt. Antonio Banderas used a transitional rapier.
Zorro specializes in infiltrating heavily guarded enemy structures or territories, espionage, and improvised explosive devices. He is also a weapons expert and a master of escape and camouflage. He is also good at deciphering numerous spoken and written languages, facilitating communication with locals regardless of ethnicity or language. Zorro is incredibly acrobatic, using his bullwhip as a gymnastic accouterment to swing through gaps between city roofs, and can land from great heights and take a fall. Although he is a master swordsman and marksman, he has repeatedly demonstrated his prowess in unarmed combat against multiple opponents.
In some versions, Zorro keeps a medium-sized dagger tucked in his left boot for emergencies. He has used his cape in creative ways as a blind, a trip-mat, and a disarming tool. Zorro's boots are also sometimes weighted, as is his hat, which he has thrown, Frisbee-style, as an efficiently substantial warning to enemies. He is also a skilled tactician, using mockery to goad his opponents into traps or to irritate them into fighting poorly.
Zorro is a skilled horseman. The name of his jet-black horse has varied through the years. InThe Curse of Capistrano, it was unnamed. In Disney'sZorro television series, the horse gets the nameTornado, which has been kept in many later adaptations. In most versions, Zorro keeps Tornado in a secret cave, connected to hishacienda with a system of secret passages and tunnels.
McCulley's concept of a band of men helping Zorro is often absent from other character versions. An exception isZorro's Fighting Legion (1939), starringReed Hadley as Diego. In Douglas Fairbanks' version, he also has a band of masked men helping him. In McCulley's stories, Zorro was aided by a deaf-mute named Bernardo. In Disney'sZorro television series, Bernardo is not deaf but pretends to be and serves as Zorro's secret agent. He is a capable and invaluable helper for Zorro, sometimes wearing the mask to reinforce his master's charade.The Family Channel'sZorro television series replaces Bernardo with a teenager named Felipe, played byJuan Diego Botto, with a similar disability and pretense. In Isabel Allende'sZorro: A Novel, Bernardo is the child of the de la Vega's Native housemaid, Ana, who forms a bond with Regina de la Vega, a former Native warrior who is converted, christianized and married to Don Alejandro. Their dual pregnancies result in them giving birth the same night. Due to complications from birth, Regina cannot breastfeed her child, Diego, so Ana breastfeeds both boys, making them milk brothers. The two are shown to be inseparable, which helps Bernardo receive a more formal education and accompanies Diego to Barcelona. After a group of pirates invades the de la Vega home, Bernardo witnesses the rape and murder of his mother, and a result, stops speaking. Diego's grandmother, White Owl, concludes Bernardo refuses to speak as a form of mourning. He is shown to speak to Tornado in a spirit quest and later to a fellow native girl, Light-in-the-Night, whom he marries.
InThe Curse of Capistrano, Diego is described as "a fair youth of excellent blood and twenty-four years, noted the length ofEl Camino Real for his small interest in the really important things of life." It is also said that "Don Diego was unlike the other full-blooded youths of the times. It appeared that he disliked action. He seldom wore his blade, except as a matter of style and apparel. He was damnably polite to all women and paid court to none. ... Those who knew Don Diego best declared he yawned ten score times a day." Though proud as befitting his class (and seemingly uncaring about the lower classes), he shuns action, rarely wearing his sword except for fashion, and is indifferent to romance with women. This is, of course, a sham. At the end of the novel, Diego explains that he has planned his double identity since he was fifteen:
"It began ten years ago, when I was but a lad of fifteen", he said. "I heard tales of persecution. I saw my friends, thefrailes, annoyed and robbed. I saw soldiers beat an old native who was my friend. And then I determined to play this game."
"It would be a difficult game to play, I knew. So I pretended to have small interest in life, so that men never would connect my name with that of the highwayman I expected to become. In secret, I practiced horsemanship and learned how to handle a blade—"
"By the saints, he did", Sergeant Gonzales growled.
"One half of me was the languid Don Diego you all knew, and the other half was the Curse of Capistrano I hoped one day to be. And then the time came, and my work began."
"It is a peculiar thing to explain,señores. The moment I donned cloak and mask, the Don Diego part of me fell away. My body straightened, new blood seemed to course through my veins, my voice grew strong and firm, fire came to me! And the moment I removed cloak and mask I was the languid Don Diego again. Is it not a peculiar thing?"
This part of the backstory was changed in the 1920 filmThe Mark of Zorro. Diego recently returned fromSpain at the movie's start. Zorro later tells Lolita that he learned swordsmanship in Spain. The 1925 sequelDon Q, Son of Zorro expands on this concept by saying that: "Though the home of the De Vegas has long been on California soil, the eldest son of each new generation returns to Spain for a period of travel and study." The 1940 filmThe Mark of Zorro keeps the idea of Diego learning his swordsmanship in Spain and adds the idea of him being unexpectedly summoned home by his father, Don Alejandro, when California fell into the hand of an oppressing dictator. Both ideas would then be included in most retellings of the character's backstory.
With minor variations, McCulley's portrayal of Diego's personality is followed in most Zorro media.
A notable exception to this portrayal is Disney'sZorro (1957–1959), where Diego, despite using the original façade early in the series, instead becomes a passionate and compassionate crusader for justice and masquerades as "the most inept swordsman in all of California". In this show, everyone knows Diego would love to do what Zorro does but thinks he does not have the skill.
The Family Channel'sZorro (1990–1993) takes this concept further. While Diego pretends to be inept with a sword, the rest of his facade exaggerates his real interests. Diego is well-versed and interested in art, poetry, literature, and science. His facade is pretending to be interested in only these things and not interested in swordplay or action. In this version of the story, Zorro also has a well-equipped laboratory in his hidden cave.
In Isabel Allende's novel, Diego is a mestizo, the son of a Spanish aristocrat and a Shoshone warrior woman. Thus, as a child, Diego is caught between the divine right of nobility and the ways of his Native mother, grandmother, and ancestors.
The historical figure most often associated with the Zorro character isJoaquin Murrieta, whose life was fictionalized in the novelThe Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta (1854) byJohn Rollin Ridge. In the 1998 filmThe Mask of Zorro Murrieta's (fictitious) brother Alejandro succeeds Diego as Zorro. As a hero with a secret identity who taunts his foes by signing his deeds, Zorro finds a direct literary predecessor in Sir Percival Blakeney, hero of theScarlet Pimpernelpulp series byEmma Orczy.
The character recalls other figures, such asRobin Hood,Reynard the Fox,Salomon Pico,[5]Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza, andTiburcio Vasquez. Another possible historical inspiration isWilliam Lamport, an Irish soldier who lived in Mexico in the seventeenth century. His life was the subject of a fictive book byVicente Riva Palacio;The Irish Zorro (2004) is a recent biography. Another isEstanislao, aYokuts man who led a revolt against theMission San Jose in 1827.
The 1860s, 1880s, and 1900spenny dreadful treatment of theSpring-heeled Jack character as a masked avenger may have inspired some aspects of Zorro's heroic persona.[6][7] Spring Heeled Jack was portrayed as a nobleman who created a flamboyant, maskedalter ego to fight injustice, frequently demonstrated exceptional athletic and combative skills, maintained a hidden lair and was known to carve the letter "S" into walls with his rapier as a calling card.
Like Sir Percy inThe Scarlet Pimpernel, Don Diego avoids suspicion by playing the role of an effetedandy who wears lace, writes poetry, and shuns violence. The all-black Fairbanks film costume, which with variations has remained the standard costume for the character, was likely adapted from the Arrow serial film characterThe Masked Rider (1919). This character was the first Mexican black-clad masked rider on a black horse to appear on the silver screen. Fairbanks's costume inThe Mark of Zorro, released the following year, resembled that of the Rider with only slight differences in the mask and hat.[8]
In1860,Mór Jókai published his novel "Szegény Gazdagok" (Poor Richmen), where the main character is theHungarian Baron Lénárd Hátszegi, who is supposed to have the alterego of the "Fatia Negra" (The one with the Black face), an outlaw who robs local people during the night, and during the day lives an aristocratic life. The novel's character was inspired by the real-lifeHungarian Baron László Nopcsa (1794–1884), who, according to the local legends, had a similar type of alterego.[9]
Thecopyright andtrademark status of the Zorro character and stories have been disputed. At least five works are in thepublic domain in the United States because at least 95 years have passed after their first release: the 1919 novelThe Curse of Capistrano, the 1920 filmThe Mark of Zorro, the 1922 novelThe Further Adventures of Zorro, the 1925 filmDon Q, Son of Zorro, and the 1926 filmIn the Way of Zorro. Still, many later Zorro stories are still protected by copyright, and many of those copyrights are owned or controlled by Zorro Productions, Inc., which asserts it "controls the worldwide trademarks and copyrights in the name, visual likeness and the character of Zorro."[10] It further states "[t]he unauthorized, unlicensed use of the name, character and/or likeness of 'Zorro' is an infringement and a violation of state and federal laws."[11]
In 1999,TriStar Pictures, a division ofSony Pictures, sued Del Taco, Inc., due to a fast-food restaurant advertising campaign that allegedly infringed Zorro Productions' claims to a trademark on the character of Zorro. Sony and TriStar had paid licensing fees to Zorro Productions, Inc. for the 1998 filmThe Mask of Zorro. In an August 1999 order, the court ruled that it would not invalidate Zorro Productions' trademarks because the defendant argued that certain copyrights in Zorro were in the public domain or owned by third parties.[12]
A dispute took place in the 2001 case ofSony Pictures Entertainment v. Fireworks Ent. Group.[13] On January 24, 2001, Sony Pictures, TriStar Pictures and Zorro Productions, Inc., suedFireworks Entertainment,Paramount Pictures, andMercury Entertainment, claiming that theQueen of Swords television series infringed upon thecopyrights andtrademarks of Zorro and associated characters.Queen of Swords is a 2000–2001 television series set inSpanish California during the early 19th century and featuring a hero who wore a black costume with a red sash and demonstrated similarities to the character of Zorro, including the sword-fighting skills, use of a whip andbolas, and horse-riding skills.
Zorro Productions, Inc. argued that it owned the copyright to the original character because Johnston McCulley assigned his Zorro rights to Mitchell Gertz in 1949. Gertz died in 1961, and his estate was transferred to his children, who created Zorro Productions, Inc. Fireworks Entertainment argued that the original rights had already been transferred toDouglas Fairbanks, Sr. in 1920 and provided documents showing this was legally affirmed in 1929, and also questioned whether the copyright was still valid.
The court ruled that "since the copyrights inThe Curse of Capistrano andThe Mark of Zorro lapsed in 1995 or before, the character Zorro has been in the public domain".[14] Judge Collins also stated, "Plaintiffs' argument that they have a trademark in Zorro because they licensed others to use Zorro, however, is specious. It assumes that ZPI had the right to demand licenses to use Zorro at all." Judge Collins subsequently vacated her ruling following an unopposed motion filed by Sony Pictures, TriStar Pictures, and Zorro Productions, Inc.[15]
In another legal action in 2010, Zorro Productions, Inc., suedMars, Incorporated, makers ofM&M's chocolate candies, and ad agencyBBDO Worldwide over a commercial featuring a Zorro-like costume.[16] The case was settled ("each party shall bear its own costs incurred in connection with this action, including its attorney's fees and costs") on August 13, 2010.[17]
In March 2013, Robert W. Cabell, author ofZ – the Musical of Zorro (1998), filed another lawsuit against Zorro Productions, Inc. The lawsuit asserted that the Zorro character is in the public domain and that the trademark registrations by Zorro Productions, Inc., are therefore fraudulent.[18] In October 2014, Cabell's lawsuit was dismissed, with the judge ruling that the state of Washington (where the case was filed) did not have jurisdiction over the matter.[19][20] However the judge later reversed his decision and had the case transferred to California.[21] In May 2017, U.S. District Judge Davila granted Zorro Productions, Inc.'s motion to dismiss Cabell's claim to cancel its federal trademark registrations.[22] Cabell did not appeal.
In June 2015, Robert W. Cabell's legal dispute with Zorro Productions, Inc. resulted in theCommunity Trade Mark for "Zorro" being declared invalid by the European Union's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market for goods of classes 16 and 41.[23] This follows the 'Winnetou' ruling of the Office's First Board of Appeal[24] in which the Board of Appeal ruled that the name of famous characters cannot be protected as a trademark in these classes. Zorro Productions appealed the decision, and on December 19, 2017, the EUIPO Fourth Board of Appeal nullified the lower court's ruling, declaring the contested trademarks as valid, and required Cabell to pay the costs of the legal action, the appeal and Zorro Productions' legal fees and costs.[citation needed] Zorro Productions, Inc. owns approximately 1,300 other Zorro-related trademarks worldwide.[citation needed] In May 2018, JudgeEdward Davila processed a complaint by Cabell to find Zorro Productions infringed copyright on his musical.[25]
The 1936 filmThe Vigilantes Are Coming features a masked vigilante with a costume similar to Zorro, which led several countries to name the movie after Zorro: the film was namedZorro l'indomptable in France,Zorro – Der blutrote Adler in Germany,Zorro – den blodrøde ørn in Denmark andZorro – veripunainen kotka in Finland. The main character, The Eagle, is played byRobert Livingston, who would then play the actual Zorro in the movieThe Bold Caballero, also released in 1936.The Vigilantes Are Coming "was a reworking ofThe Eagle,Rudolph Valentino's silent film."[26] In the film, Valentino plays the masked hero Black Eagle.The Eagle was based on the posthumously published 1841 novelDubrovsky byAlexander Pushkin; the Black Eagle does not exist in the novel and was inspired by the performance of Douglas Fairbanks as Zorro inThe Mark of Zorro.[27]
The Masked Rider, the primarymascot ofTexas Tech University, is similar to Zorro. Originally called "Ghost Rider", it was an unofficial mascot appearing in a few games in 1936 and then became the official mascot with the 1954 Gator Bowl.
Being one of the earliest examples of a fictional avenger with a double identity, Zorro inspired the creation of several similar characters in pulp magazines and other media and is a precursor of thesuperheroes ofAmerican comic books,Jerry Siegel has credited Zorro along withThe Scarlet Pimpernel as one of the inspirations for the creation ofSuperman particularly the concept of his dual identity as mild-mannered reporter Clark Kent, as Clark Kent's harmless facade and dual identity were inspired by the protagonists of such movies as Don Diego de la Vega inThe Mark of Zorro and Sir Percy Blakeney inThe Scarlet Pimpernel, Siegel thought this would make for interesting dramatic contrast and good humor.[28][29] Superman's stance as theChampion of the Oppressed and devil-may-care attitude during his early Golden Age appearances were influenced by the characters ofThe Mark of Zorro star Douglas Fairbanks, who starred in similar adventure films such asRobin Hood.[30]
Also,Bob Kane has credited Zorro, as one of the earliest examples of a fictional masked avenger with a dual identity, as part of the inspiration for the characterBatman, which was created in 1939.[31] Like Don Diego de la Vega, Bruce Wayne isaffluent, the heir of wealth built by his parents. His everyday persona encourages others to think of him as shallow, foolish, and uncaring to throw off suspicion.Frank Miller's comic book miniseriesThe Dark Knight Returns (1986) andThe Dark Knight Strikes Again (2001–2002) both include multiple Zorro references, such as Batman inscribing a Z on a defeated foe. In later tellings of Batman's origins, Bruce Wayne's parents are murdered by a robber as the family leaves a showing of the 1940 filmThe Mark of Zorro, starringTyrone Power.
Zorro inspired a similar pulp character known asEl Coyote, which was created in 1943 by José Mallorquí. A sample superhero character called The Fox appearing in theSupers supplement of theGURPS role-playing system is also based on Zorro.
The Republic Pictures serialsDon Daredevil Rides Again (1951) andMan with the Steel Whip (1954) feature masked heroes similar to Zorro: Don Daredevil and El Latigo. Republic had previously released five Zorro serials between 1937 and 1949 but had since lost the license for the character and could not use him anymore. The serial makes frequent use ofstock footage from all five Zorro serials, with scenes originally showing Zorro now being interpreted as showing Don Daredevil and El Latigo: the result of this is that the costume and body shape of Don Daredevil and El Latigo keeps changing between scenes, even becoming female in scenes taken fromZorro's Black Whip (1944).[32][33]
The 1956 musical comedyThe Court Jester features a masked freedom fighter called The Black Fox (played byEdward Ashley), who combines aspects of both Zorro andRobin Hood.
Hanna-Barbera Productions' animated seriesPixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks (1958–1961) featured a Zorro-like character with a mask, cape, and sword known in the episode "Mark of the Mouse" (1959). Hanna-Barbera Production's animated seriesThe Quick Draw McGraw Show (1959–1962) features El Kabong, an alternate persona of the main characterQuick Draw McGraw, which is loosely based upon Zorro.
In the animated seriesJustice League (2001–2004), a DC Comics character,El Diablo, bears a striking similarity to Zorro, in that he wears the same style hat, mask, sash, and cape. The main difference is that his primary weapon is a whip. The Lazarus Lane version of El Diablo appears inJustice League Unlimited (2004–2006), voiced byNestor Carbonell. While designed after his comic appearance, elements from Zorro's appearance were added. Seen in the episode "The Once and Future Thing" (2005), he appears alongsidePow Wow Smith,Bat Lash, andJonah Hex.
In 2015, the M7 Con Western Convention, held at theLos Angeles Convention Center, featured a segment on the history of Zorro in film and television. The presentation focused on the great Zorro actors includingDouglas Fairbanks,Tyrone Power,Guy Williams, andDuncan Regehr. Maestro Ramon Martinez and actorAlex Kruz gave a live demonstration of theSpanish style of fencing known as La VerdaderaDestreza. The two dueled live as Zorro and the Comandante, much to the crowd's delight.[34]
A cave that was used as a filming location in various Zorro productions is now known as "Zorro's Cave" and remains in place, now hidden behind a condominium complex, on land that was once theIverson Movie Ranch inChatsworth, Los Angeles, recognized as the most widely filmed outdoor shooting location in the history of Hollywood.
TheDreamWorks characterPuss in Boots, an anthropomorphic cat sporting high boots, a broad-brimmed and feathered sombrero, and a rapier, was also heavily inspired by Zorro (though ultimately based on the earlier Italian fairy tale character of the same name). Portrayed byAntonio Banderas, who had also earlier played Zorro, he premiered as a character inShrek 2 (2004) and in the later sequels, as well as inspiring spin-off films,Puss in Boots (2011) andPuss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022).
The original stories were published in pulp magazines from the 1910s to the 1950s. Most remained unpublished in book form until the series of collected editions ofZorro: The Complete Pulp Adventures, issued in 2016 and 2017.
The character has been adapted for over forty films.[35] They include:
Original Theatrical feature films:
Compilation theatrical feature films:
TV films:
Despite the title and a credit to McCulley,Zorro's Black Whip (1944), withLinda Stirling as an 1880s masked avenger known as The Black Whip, has nothing to do with Zorro.
Turkey:
India:
Note: Unofficial means not included in the official film list at zorro.com[36]
Argentina
Zorro, el sentimiento de hierro (2019),fan film
American series – live-action
American series – animation
International series
Due to the popularity of the Disney TV series, in 1958,The Topps Company produced an 88-card set featuring stills from that year's movie. The cards were rare and became collectors' items. In the same year, theLouis Marx company released a variety of Zorro toys, such as hats, swords, toy pistols, and aplayset, with the Lido company also making plastic figures.
A major toy line based on the classic Zorro characters, motifs, and styling was released by Italian toy giantGiochi Preziosi, master toy licensees of the property. The toy range was developed byPangea Corporation and released worldwide in 2005. It featured action figures in various scales, interactive playsets, and roleplaying items. New original characters were also introduced, including Senor Muerte, who served as a foil to Zorro.
In 2007, Brazilian toymaker Gulliver Toys licensed the rights toZorro: Generation Z, which was co-developed byBKN andPangea Corporation. The toy range was designed concurrently and in association with the animated program.
In 2011, US-based collectibles company Triad Toys released a 12-inch Zorro action figure.
Zorro has appeared in many different comic book series over the decades. Zorro was adapted into comics in France in 1939 inJumbo.[47] Its best-known artists were André Oulié (1947-1967), Eu. Gire (1949).
InHit Comics #55, published byQuality Comics in November 1948, Zorro is summoned byKid Eternity, but in this version has only a whip and does not wear a mask.[48]
Dell Comics published Zorro inFour Color Comics #228 (1949), 425 (1952), 497 (1953), 538 (1954), 574 (1954), 617 (1955) and 732 (1957). These stories featured artwork byEverett Raymond Kinstler (#497, 538, and 574),Bob Fujitani, Bob Correa andAlberto Giolitti.[49]
Dell also had a license to publishDisney comics in the United States and, following the launch of Disney'sZorro TV series in 1957, published seven more issues ofFour Color dedicated to Zorro between February 1958 and September 1959, under said license, with the first stories featuring artwork byAlex Toth.[50] In December 1959, Dell started the publication of a standalone Disney-licensedZorro title, which started the numeration at #8 and continued to be published until issue #15 (September 1961). The character then appeared in four stories published in the monthlyWalt Disney's Comics and Stories (also published by Dell), one story per issue from #275 (August 1963) to #278 (November 1963): these were the last Zorro stories produced in the United States under the Disney license. However,Disney produced more stories from 1964 to 1978 through theDisney Studio Program, a unit producing comic book stories exclusively for foreign consumption.[51] In addition to publishing translations of American stories and Disney Studio stories, many foreign publishers also produced their own original stories under the Disney licence: these countries are theNetherlands (1964–1967),[52]Chile (1965–1974),[53]Italy (1969–1971),[54]Brazil (1973–1983),[55]France (1974–1986)[56] andGermany (1980–1982).[57]
From 1964 to 1967, Hans Kresse (art) and Joop Termos (script) offered unpublished stories to the readers of the Dutch youth weeklyPep.
Gold Key Comics started another Disney-licensedZorro series in January 1966, but, like their contemporaneousLone Ranger series, it featured only material reprinted from the earlier Dell comics and folded after nine issues in March 1968. The character remained dormant in the United States for the next twenty years until it was revived byMarvel Comics in 1990 for a 12-issue tie-in with theDuncan Regehr television seriesZorro. Many of these comics had Alex Toth covers.
In 1993,Topps Comics published a 2-issuelimited seriesDracula Versus Zorro followed by aZorro series that ran 11 issues. Topps also published two limited series ofLady Rawhide, a spin-off from the Zorro stories created by writerDon McGregor and artist Mike Mayhew.[58][59][60] McGregor subsequently scripted a limited series adaptation ofThe Mask of Zorro film forImage Comics.
A newspaper daily and Sunday strip were also published in the late 1990s. This was written by McGregor and rendered byTom Yeates.Papercutz once published a Zorro series and graphic novels. This version is drawn in amanga style.
Dynamite Entertainment relaunched the character with a 20-issueZorro series which ran from 2008 to 2010, written byMatt Wagner and drawn by multiple artists. The publisher also released an earlier unpublished tale called "Matanzas" byDon McGregor and artist Mike Mayhew. Zorro (here a 1930s descendant) also appears in the 2013 Dynamite eight-issue limited seriesMasks alongside theGreen Hornet andKato,The Shadow, andThe Spider. It was written byChris Roberson with art byAlex Ross andDennis Calero.[61]
Dynamite Entertainment also published a seven-issue series titledDjango/Zorro between November 2014 and May 2015, teaming Zorro with the character Django Freeman fromQuentin Tarantino's movieDjango Unchained (2012). The series was co-written by Tarantino and Matt Wagner, with art by Esteve Polls.[62]
In 2018, American Mythology took the license, launched the seriesZorro Legendary Adventures, written by Jean-Marie Nadaud and drawn by Robert Rigot[63] and limited seriesZorro: Swords of Hell, written by David Avallone and illustrated by Roy Allan Martinez.[64] The company has since released crossovers featuring Zorro with their other licensed properties, namelyZorro in the Land that Time Forgot featuring Diego De La Vega accompanying an expedition to the lost world ofCaspak from theEdgar Rice Burroughs novels.
In 2020, the French publisherDargaud launchedDon Vega by Pierre Alary.[65]
In 2023, it was announced thatSean Gordon Murphy would write and illustrate a four-issue miniseries for Massive Publishing entitledZorro: Man of the Dead, set for release in 2024.[66]
Over the years, various English reprint volumes have been published. These include, but are not limited to:
Approximately 65 separate Zorro live productions have been produced. These have included traditional stage plays, comedies, melodramas, musicals, children's plays, stunt shows, and ballets. Some examples include:
On the commercial release of theZorro 1957 Disney TV series' Zorro theme, the lead vocal was byHenry Calvin, the actor who played Sergeant Garcia on the program. The song was written byJimmie Dodd.
The Chordettes sang the single version of the song, complete with the "Sounds of the Z" and the clip-clopping of Zorro's horse, which is heard at the song's end. The song hit Number 17 in 1958, according to the Billboard Charts.
In 1964,Henri Salvador sang "Zorro est arrivé." It tells from a child's point of view how exciting it is whenever a villain threatens to kill a lady in the television series. But every time again, to his relief, the "great and beautiful" Zorro comes to the rescue. An early music video was made at the time.
Alice Cooper's 1982 albumZipper Catches Skin includes the song "Zorro's Ascent", which is about Zorro facing his death.
The 1999 song "El Corona" bySuburban Legends tells the story of "Don Diego", the "hombre en negro" ("man in black"), a "tall Spaniard with a sharp sword" who was "down and out in LA" and defending the people from an unnamed corrupt ruler.
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