Thezone libre (French pronunciation:[zonlibʁ],free zone) was a partition of theFrench metropolitan territory duringWorld War II, established at theSecond Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. It lay to the south of thedemarcation line and was administered by the French government ofPhilippe Pétain based inVichy, in a relatively unrestricted fashion. To the north lay thezone occupée ("occupied zone"), in which the powers ofVichy France were severely limited.
In November 1942, thezone libre was invaded by the German and Italian armies inCase Anton, as a response toOperation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa. Thenceforth, thezone libre andzone occupée were renamed thezone sud (southern zone) andzone nord (northern zone) respectively. From then on both were underGerman military administration.
On 22 June 1940, after theBattle of France,Wilhelm Keitel, representingNazi Germany, andCharles Huntziger, representing Pétain's government, signed an armistice at the Rethondes clearing in theforest of Compiègne, which stipulated in its second article:
With a view to safeguarding the interests of the German Reich, the French territory situated to the north and west of the line drawn on the map here attached will be occupied by German troops.[1]
The line separating French territory into two zones was defined on a map attached to the treaty.[1]
[...] begins, in the East, at the Franco-Swiss border nearGeneva, and goes by the localities ofDole,Paray-le-Monial andBourges up to about twenty kilometres to the East ofTours. Thence, it passes at a distance of twenty kilometres to the east of the Tours-Angoulême-Libourne railway line, then further byMont-de-Marsan andOrthez, up to the Spanish border.[1]
This separation line took effect on 25 June 1940.[2] It was thereafter referred to as theligne de démarcation.[3][4]
French sovereignty persisted throughout the whole territory, including thezone occupée (except forAlsace andMoselle, which had been annexed), but the terms of the armistice in its third article stipulated that Germany would exercise the rights of an occupying power in thezone occupée.[1]
In the occupied parts of France, the German Reich will exercise all rights of anoccupying power. The French government commits itself to facilitate by all means the regulations pertaining to the exercising of these rights, and to putting them in place with the cooperation of the French administration. The French government will immediately invite all authorities and administrative services in the occupied territories to conform to the regulation of the German military authorities and to work with the latter in a proper manner.[1]
When the Allies invadedNorth Africa on 8 November 1942, the Germans and Italians immediatelyoccupied the remaining free part of France. After being renamedzone sud ("south zone"), it was thereafterruled by the Wehrmacht as a part ofoccupied France.
Theliberation of France began on 6 June 1944 with the Allied forces landing onD-Day, theBattle of Normandy, and the Allied landing in Provence on August 15. Most of France was liberated by September 1944.
Thezone libre constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres (95,220 sq mi), approximately 45% of France, and included approximately 33% of the total French labour force. Theligne de démarcation passed through 13 of the 90departments:[2][5]
Of the other 77 departments, 42 lay entirely within thezone libre and 35 lay entirely within thezone occupée.
For the historian Éric Alary,[6] the partitioning of France into two main zones,libre andoccupée, was partly inspired by the fantasy ofpan-Germanist writers, particularly a work by a certain Adolf Sommerfeld, published in 1912 and translated into French under the titleLe Partage de la France, which contained a map[7] showing a France partitioned between Germany and Italy according to a line which partly matched that of 1940.
Henri Espieux [fr] suggests:[8] "During the occupation, the Franciens were separated from theOccitans by the infamous "demarcation line". For a long time, we thought that the shape of this line was suggested to Hitler by theRomance-language specialists within his entourage. Now we believe that this border was imposed upon the occupying power by well-known geopolitical realities."
Jews in thezone libre were directly targeted by antisemitic legislation from the Vichy government. Though the free zone was not under direct Nazi control from 1940 to 1942, many of the laws made in these years mirrored the policies of Nazi Germany and German-occupied France despite their completely French origin.[9]
Vichy anti-Jewish legislation was made and enforced by the Vichy government which had administrative and military control in thezone libre, as opposed to the Occupied zone where Germany was a military occupying force. TheLaw on the status of Jews was signed by Pétain on 3 October 1940, three months after the zone libre was formed. These laws barred Jews from many aspects of daily life including work and naturalization as French citizens. Three quarters of Jews in France who lost their jobs from this statute were from thezone libre. Jews' new classification as foreign made them more at risk for harsh punishment as “foreigners” rather than citizens. House arrest or being arrested and placed into one of theinternment camps in France was a common fate. Breaking any French law or anti-Jewish statute could lead to their expulsion if accused by a neighbor or officer. Jews continued to be stripped of their rights and forced out of French society over the two years of existence of thezone libre.[9]
Official justification for the laws varied slightly but held with the top-down anti-Semitism characteristic of the Vichy government at this time. TheGeneral Commission on Jewish Affairs stated plainly that these laws were justified in their moral humiliation of Jews and were completely of French origin. The narrative of Jews in France being parasitic was pushed by Vichy France in official statements but was relatively subdued until the last six months of thezone libre when outright antisemitism became a fundamental aspect of Vichy policy.[9]
On 24 June 1940, two days after the armistice with Germany, the Vichy government signed an armistice with the Italians at the villa Incisa inOlgiata nearRome, instituting a zone of Italian occupation.[10] The Italian occupation zone concerned certain border areas conquered by Italian troops, includingMenton. This zone was of limited importance, comprising 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) and 28,000 inhabitants.[11] Four departments were partially covered by theItalian occupation:Alpes-Maritimes,Basses-Alpes (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence since 1970),Hautes-Alpes andSavoie.[11]
In addition, ademilitarised zone was established containing all French territory within 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the zone of Italian occupation. The department ofCorsica (split into two departments since 1976) was neither occupied nor demilitarized by any provision of the armistice (although it was occupied by Italy afterCase Anton).
On 8 November 1942 Allied forces invadedFrench North Africa (Operation Torch). German and Italian forces responded on 11 November 1942 by invading thezone libre inCase Anton (based on a previous plan calledOperation Attila, which had not included any Italian forces).[12] Thezone libre became thezone sud (south zone) from November 1942 onwards; the invading powers shared out its territory between themselves, with a region covering practically the whole area east of theRhône passing to the Italians.[10][13]Afterthe capitulation of Italy at Cassibile became public knowledge on 8 September 1943, the Italian armies retreated and the Germans united the southern zone under their own exclusive control. The German military administration in France ruled bothzone sud andzone nord; the Vichy regime remained nominally in charge, as it had in thezone occupée.
Until November 1942, the Germans called thezone libre "Unbesetztes Gebiet" or unoccupied zone. Thezone libre was also nicknamed thezone nono by the French, shortened fromnon occupée (unoccupied).[14] The occupied zone accordingly became thezone jaja (yes-yes zone). Thezone libre was also called theroyaume du maréchal ("MarshalPhilippe Pétain's kingdom") by the French author Jacques Delperrié de Bayac.[11]