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Zhangzhou 漳州市 Changchew | |
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 Aojiao Village  Ming-era stone archway inXiangcheng  Hukong Dropping Cave inDongshan County  Wushan Mountain .jpg) West Ecological Park | |
 Location of Zhangzhou City jurisdiction in Fujian | |
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  Zhangzhou Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Zhangzhou municipal government):24°30′47″N117°38′49″E / 24.513°N 117.647°E /24.513; 117.647 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Fujian |
| Municipal seat | Xiangcheng District |
| Area | |
| 12,882.27 km2 (4,973.87 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,590.23 km2 (1,000.09 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,290.84 km2 (1,656.70 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 5,054,328 | |
| • Density | 392.3476/km2 (1,016.176/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 939,943 |
| • Urban density | 362.880/km2 (939.855/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 7,284,148 |
| • Metro density | 1,697.60/km2 (4,396.77/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 454.6 billion US$ 65.9 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 89,834 US$ 14,107 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| Postal code | 363000 |
| Area code | 596 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-FJ-06 |
| License Plate | 闽E |
| Local dialect | Min Nan:Zhangzhou dialect |
| Citytrees | Cinnamomum camphora |
| Cityflowers | Narcissus tazetta |
| Website | zhangzhou |
| Zhangzhou | |||||||||||||||||||||
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 "Zhangzhou" inregular Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 漳州 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Changchow | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Zhangzhou (/ˈdʒæŋˈdʒoʊ/,Mandarin:[ʈʂaŋ.ʈʂóʊ]) is aprefecture-level city inFujianProvince, China. Theprefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing theTaiwan Strait and (withQuanzhou) surrounding the prefecture ofXiamen.
Zhangzhou is theatonalpinyinromanization of the city'sChinese name漳州, using its pronunciation inStandard Mandarin.[3] The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of theimperial ChineseZhang Prefecture. The same name was romanized asChangchow on theChinese Postal Map andChang-chou inWade-Giles. Other romanizations include Chang-chow.[4]
It also appears as Chang-chu,[5] Changchew, Chiang-chew, Chiang-Chew, Chiang Chew, Chiochiu,[6] Chanchiu,[6] Changchiu[6] from the city's localZhangzhou dialect pronunciation ofHokkienChinese:漳州;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Chiang-chiu / Chioⁿ-chiu.[7] This name appeared inSpanish andPortugueseJesuit sources asChincheo as well from theQuanzhou dialect pronunciation ofHokkienChinese:漳州;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Cheng-chiu, which wasanglicized as Chinchew. By the 19th century, however, Chinchew as a name had migrated and was used to refer toQuanzhou, a separate port about 65 miles (105 km) east-northeast of central Zhangzhou.[8]
Zhangzhou proper lies on thebanks of theJiulong River in southernFujian about 35 miles (56 km) from central Xiamen,[4] whose urban core has grown to form a single urbanized area with it. The prefecture of Zhangzhou comprises the southeastern corner of the province, surroundingXiamen. The prefecture ofQuanzhou lies to its northeast,Longyan to its northwest, andShantou inGuangdong to its southwest.
Zhangzhou has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa), with mild to warm winters and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) in January to 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F). The frost-free period lasts 330 days.
| Climate data for Zhangzhou, elevation 57 m (187 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) | 30.3 (86.5) | 33.7 (92.7) | 35.1 (95.2) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.6 (99.7) | 38.6 (101.5) | 38.1 (100.6) | 37.1 (98.8) | 34.6 (94.3) | 35.2 (95.4) | 29.1 (84.4) | 38.6 (101.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.0 (78.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.9 (89.4) | 34.3 (93.7) | 33.9 (93.0) | 32.2 (90.0) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.8 (69.4) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) | 14.7 (58.5) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 24.8 (76.6) | 27.6 (81.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 28.9 (84.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 22.2 (71.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 13.9 (57.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.8 (69.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 19.0 (66.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) | 1.3 (34.3) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 12.3 (54.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.3 (70.3) | 16.8 (62.2) | 7.6 (45.7) | 4.8 (40.6) | −0.1 (31.8) | −0.1 (31.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 46.3 (1.82) | 70.8 (2.79) | 106.9 (4.21) | 128.3 (5.05) | 199.2 (7.84) | 270.1 (10.63) | 198.5 (7.81) | 263.8 (10.39) | 175.5 (6.91) | 56.0 (2.20) | 42.0 (1.65) | 46.8 (1.84) | 1,604.2 (63.14) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.6 | 10.1 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 10.7 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 131.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 72 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 75 | 77 | 73 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 74 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 130.4 | 101.5 | 102.9 | 118.3 | 131.4 | 147.3 | 219.6 | 195.6 | 178.9 | 182.0 | 156.9 | 146.8 | 1,811.6 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 39 | 32 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 45 | 41 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[9][10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[11] | |||||||||||||
According toOdoric of Pordenone, Zhangzhou was a prosperous city twice the size ofBologna.[12]
During the earlyQing, Zhangzhou was the primaryFujianese port trading withPortuguese Macao andSpanishManila. For a time, the Portuguese maintained afactory in the city.[8]
During the lateQing, Zhangzhou remained a center ofsilk,brick, andsugar production with about a million people and extensive internal and maritime trade. Itscity wall had a circumference of about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) but included a good deal of open ground and farmland. Its streets were paved withgranite but badly maintained. The 800-foot (240 m) bridge across theJiulong River consisted of wooden planks laid between 25 piles of stones at roughly equal intervals.[4] The port ofXiamen inan island at the mouth of the Jiulong principally functioned as a trading center for the produce and wares of Zhangzhou and its hinterland;[5] both suffered economically when Indian tea plantations cratered demand for Fujianese tea in the late 19th century.[13]
From 1918 to 1920,Chen Jiongming established theanarchistConstitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian with Zhangzhou as its capital.[14]
The old city of Zhangzhou (nowXiangcheng District) was occupied in April and May 1932 by a column ofCommunist guerrillas underMao Zedong. Due to the presence of Westerngunboats inXiamen Bay, arms shipments from theSoviet Union were unable to get up theJiulong River to Mao's forces and the main Communist bases. Discovering this, Mao retreated from the city, according to some accounts with a substantial amount of loot taken from its residents.[15]
Zhangzhou comprises 4urban districts, and 7counties.[16]
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During the2020 Chinese census, the entire area of Zhangzhou was home to 5,054,328 inhabitants. Along with the 2,120,178 people of central Xiamen, itsurban districts ofXiangcheng,Longwen,Longhai andChangtai, form a single metropolitan area of about 7,284,148 people.
The main language of the Zhangzhou Hokkiens is thelocal dialect ofMin Nan, part of theSouthern Min branch ofMin Chinese.Government, education, and official business, however, are carried out inMandarin.[citation needed]
Hakka is also spoken in the rural peasant area of Zhangzhou in the west and south.
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Babao seal paste was invented by the druggist Wei Changan as atraditional medicine in 1673. It was repurposed for artistic use a few years later and gained imperial favor under theQianlong Emperor. It remains prized for its bright color and pleasant smell.
A major petrochemical plant, producingparaxylene, owned by Taiwan-basedXianglu Group is located in Zhangzhou'sGulei Peninsula. The plant suffered major fires in 2013 and 2015.[17]
Two passenger stations serve Zhangzhou:
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Zhangzhou istwinned with the following regions, cities and towns:[18]
Palembang,South Sumatra (since 2002)[19]
Isahaya,NagasakiDate,Iburi Subprefecture
Gödöllő,Pest County
Wageningen,Gelderland
Honolulu,Hawaii
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