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Azenana (Persian:زنانه, "of the women" or "pertaining to women";[1]Urdu:زنانہ;Bengali:জেনানা;Hindi:ज़नाना) is the part of a house belonging to aMuslim family in theIndian subcontinent which isreserved for the women of the household.[2] The zenana was a product of Indo-Islamic culture and was[when?] commonly found inaristocratic Muslim family homes. Due to prolonged interactions betweenHindus and Muslims, upper-class Hindu households inclined to imitate élite cultural trends also embraced these designated spaces.[3] The zenana were the inner rooms of a house where the women of the family lived and where men and strangers were not allowed to enter. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the mardana. Conceptually in those environments that practisepurdah, it is the Indian subcontinent's equivalent of theharem.
Christian missionaries were able to gain access to Indian girls and women through thezenana missions; female missionaries who had been trained as doctors and nurses were able to provide female Indians with health-care and also evangelise them in their own homes.
Physically, thezenana of theMughal court consisted of exceptionally luxurious conditions, particularly for princesses and women associated with high-ranking figures. Because of the extreme restrictions placed on access to the women's quarters, very few reliable descriptions are available. Still, modern scholars evaluating court records and travelogues contemporary with the Mughal period detail the women's lodgings as offering courtyards, ponds, fountains and gardens. The palaces themselves were decorated with mirrors, paintings and marble.[4]: 76–77 Mariam-uz-Zamani had her own palace in Fatehpur Sikri's harem, which was the masterpiece fusion of Rajasthani and Persian elements and was the biggest residential palace of the fort.Jahanara, daughter ofShah Jahan andMumtaz Mahal, famously lived in her own apartment decorated with valuable carpets, and murals of flying angels. Other amenities depicted in illustrations of court life include running water and meticulous gardens.[5]
Rather than being the prison-like space of licentious activity popularized for the European imagination byOrientalism, the zenana functioned as the domain of female members of the household, ranging from wives toconcubines to widows, unmarried sisters and cousins, and even further distant relations who were considered dependent kin. In addition to the women of rank, the zenana was populated by attendants of various skills and purposes to provide for the needs of the ladies residing within. All visiting friends, servants, and entertainers were invariably female, down to the highly trained corps of armed women – guards known asurdubegis – assigned to escort and protect the women in the zenana.[6]
According toAbu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, author of theAkbarnama, the zenana ofAkbar the Great atFatehpur Sikri was home to more than five thousand women, who had each been given her own suite of rooms. The size of the zenana meant that it was a community unto itself, and it thus required systematic administration to maintain; all of these administrators were female.Abu'l Fazl describes the zenana as being divided into sections, withdaroghas appointed to tend to the financial and organizational needs of the residents.[7] Other administrative positions included thetehwildar, or accounts officer, responsible for the salaries and financial requests of the inhabitants. Then there were themahaldars, the female servant of the highest authority chosen from within the ranks of thedaroghas, who often acted as an intelligence source from the zenana directly to the emperor. The royalanagas (the Turki-language word used at the Mughal court forwetnurses)[8] were elevated to positions of rank, though their purpose was not strictly administrative.[9]
It was because male members of Mughal society did not closely define the concept of purdah as a reflection of their own honor that wives, daughters, and particularly unmarried women in the upper-echelons of the empire were able to extend their influence beyond the physical structures of the zenana. That less-constrictive interpretation of purdah allowed the ladies of the Mughal court to indirectly participate in public life, most notably in civic building projects. Jahanara herself was responsible for the major alteration ofShahjahanabad, by constructing the now famousChandni Chowk market in Old Delhi. Altogether, wives, daughters, and even a courtesan were the primary patrons of 19 major structures in the city.[10] Owing to the cultural precedent set by theirTimurid ancestors, it was comparatively more acceptable for Mughal women to perform civic charity in the form of building projects and even engage in leisure activities outside the zenana like hunting, polo and pilgrimage, than it would have been for theirSafavid contemporaries.[11]Nur Jahan seems to be unique in that she had a particular affinity for hunting, and was able to gain permission to accompany her husbandJahangir on several outings, even once killing four tigers easily with her excellent marksmanship.[4]: 100–101
Despite the social freedom that came with being a member of the royal household, Mughal women did not go about unveiled and were not seen by outsiders or men other than their families. Instead, when they traveled they covered their heads and faces in white veils, and they were transported inhowdahs, chaudoles, carriages andpalanquins while covering on all sides, to maintain the modesty and seclusion required of purdah. When entering or exiting the zenana itself, female pallbearers carried their palanquins, and they were only transferred to male servants and eunuchs outside the walls of the zenana. Should outsiders be required to enter the zenana, as in the case of an illness where the lady could not be moved for her health, the visitor was covered from head to foot in a shroud and led blindly to the lady by aeunuch escort.
Like their Mughal counterparts, the women of Rajput zenanas were classified by ranks such aspardayat,paswan, andkhawas, ect. The chambers of the zenana within theAmber Fort, known as the Zanani Deorhi, all led to a central common courtyard where celebrations, ceremonies, and festivals would take place.
Queens and queen mothers had great infulence and power and would commission temples and stepwells to be built. Gulabrai, one ofRaja Vijay Singh's concubines, had rose up the ranks as his favorite, eventually wielding great political power and influence.[12]
The zenanas of the southern dynasties and kingdoms were frequently referred to as the "Antahpuram" or "Antahpura". The zenana complex atHampi was elaborate, with pavillions and fountains, and contained beautiful and intricate architecture which mixed the typicalVijayanagara style with indo-islamic elements.Rani Tirumaladevi, as the chief empress, had a large number of servants and had a treasury of her own, and accompanied Krishnadevaraya on military campaigns.
The zenanas of the Deccan Sultanates were peripatetic and many women from the zenana would accompany armies when they battled against the neighbouring deccan kingdoms and the Vijayanagara empire. There were many powerful women who ruled from the zenana, such asChand Bibi andHayat Bakshi Begum. When Chand Bibi would go riding, she was accompanied by her entourage consisting of women of different ranks from the zenana, including the armouredUrdubegis.
The zenana or female portion of a Muslim house
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