Zayta زيتا Zeita | |
|---|---|
| Etymology: oil[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Zayta, Hebron (click the buttons) | |
  Zayta Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°38′25″N34°49′25″E / 31.64028°N 34.82361°E /31.64028; 34.82361 | |
| Palestine grid | 133/116 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Hebron |
| Date of depopulation | July 17–18, 1948[3] |
| Area | |
• Total | 10,490dunams (10.49 km2; 4.05 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 330[2] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
Zayta (Arabic:زيْتاZaytā) was aPalestinianArab village in theHebron Subdistrict inMandate Palestine. During Crusader rule inPalestine, the village is mentioned as forming part of the landholdings of theOrder of St. John. At the time of the rule of theOttoman Empire, according to the 1596 census, Zayta had a population of 165. Mentioned by Western travellers to the region in the 19th century, it is described by one as, "a picturesque Arab village"; by 1945, its population was 330 inhabitants.[2][4]
Until the period ofMandatory Palestine, the village was located at what is known in modern Israel asTel Zayit; its population was moved 1.5 km north due to the nearby stagnant waters.[5] In 2005, archeologists discovered theZayit Stone in an excavated limestone wall.
The new Zayta village was depopulated during the1948 Arab-Israeli War between July 17–18, 1948. Its inhabitants becamerefugees, ending up theWest Bank andGaza Strip. All that remains of the village structures is the well that served as its main water source.
Zayta was situated on a hill betweenBayt Jibrin andJusayr.[6] Wadi Zayta ("Zayta Valley"), known in biblical times asZephathah, was located 1 km to the south.[7]
During theBritish Mandate in Palestine, the village moved 1.5 km to the north, leaving the original site (known asKhirbat Zayta al-Kharab) on the southern bank of thewadi, as it was too close to waters that had become stagnant, breeding insects and disease.[8]
In 1136, at the time of theCrusades, the fortress ofBethgibelin and ten villages in the area aroundHebron were granted to theOrder of St. John by Hugh of Hebron at the request ofKing Fulk. The King also bequeathed four additional villages to the grant assigned to the Order, one of which was Zayta. Crusader rule over Zayta and the surrounding area came to an end afterSaladin's defeat of Crusader forces in 1192.[9]
In the 1596tax records, Zayta formed part of theOttoman Empire, a village in thenahiya (subdistrict) ofGaza, part ofGaza Sanjak, with a population of 30Muslim households; an estimated 165 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on a number of crops, includingwheat andbarley, as well as on goats and beehives; a total of 3,500akçe.[10]
During the1834 Arab revolt in Palestine,Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian leader, personally led his troops to suppress the uprising, and upon encountering a group of rebelling peasants at Zayta, his forces killed 90 men there, and gave chase to the remainder.[11]James Finn, the British Consul to the Ottoman Empire in the 1850s, recounts passing by Zayta while travelling betweenGaza and Hebron in the spring of 1853. Finn relates that the peasants there had erected abreastwork into which armed men rushed, who had to be, "parleyed before they would allow us to pass on."[12]
A description of Zeita from the mid-19th century travels ofJames Turner Barclay notes that it is, "[...] a picturesque Arab village, situated on a conical hill."[13] Writing at length of the well at the foot of the hill where he and his travel companions were directed after inquiring for water, he relates:
"[...] arriving there, we found several persons drawing water for themselves, donkeys, horses, and cattle. And notwithstanding the water was rather warm and considerably muddied by aFellah who was wading about in the deep fountain, or more correctly speaking, shallow well, yet so thirsty were we that we drank it with decided gusto. It was eight or ten feet deep, and four or five yards in diameter, with the usual stone troughs for watering animals ..."[13]
Camping between the well and the millet fields of the village, Barclay describes the expanse of the cultivated fields, as well as the construction and operation of the well in more detail:
"ThisSakieh or well, supplied with machinery for raising water, is plied day and night bycamels. A beautiful marbleCorinthiancapital supports the shaft of the main wheel. There are eighty-five stone jars, each containing two or three gallons, fastened at intervals of four feet on the two endless grass ropes going over the large rough pulley wrapped with grass cords. The water, which is incessantly poured out of the jars, is received into a channel cut into a marble pillar laid horizontally, and thus delivered into areservoir twenty-four feet square, and thence let off into a trough of masonry thirty-six feet long and two and half broad, the outer border of which is made up of marble pillars worked in horizontally, as in other instances. But copious and unremitting as is this supply of water, it would seem totally inadequate to the demand. Herd after herd, and flock after flock, came crowding in about sunset, and the cry was, "still they come", until it was too dark to count them ..."[13]
In 1863,Victor Guérin noted it as a: "hamlet, whose houses are staggered on the slopes of a hill. At the top of the mound, is a half destroyed tower. The dwellings themselves are mostly falling into ruin. Some contain ancient remains built from other materials: in one, among others, I notice a white marble column.At the bottom of the village is a well, wide and deep, consisting of a simple circular hole measuring three meters in diameter, and surrounded by a large stone belt, roughly hewn and uncemented."[14]An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Zeita had 32 houses and a population of 97, though the population count included men, only.[15][16]
In the 1883, thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine described Zayta as a smallhamlet built ofadobe brick, on the edge of thewadi, flanked on two sides by low hills.[17]
In the1922 census of Palestine conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities, Zaita had a population of 139 inhabitants, all Muslims,[18] increasing in the1931 census to 234, still all Muslim, in a total of 44 inhabited houses.[19]
According to a 1930 report, the water supply system at Zayta was improved, as it had been "insanitary and malarious."[20] The villagers moved 1.5 km north during this period, to a new village which was laid out in a northeast-southeast direction. The houses were built of mud, wood, and cane. Artesianwells dug between thewadi and the village served as the main source of drinking water, while another well lay to the north.[8]
The villagers worked mainly inrainfed agriculture and stock raising, specializing in goats and sheep. They cultivated grain on large part of their land, and utilized the rest as grazing land for their animals.[8]
In the 1940s, an Arab landowner who owned 1,200dunams (1.2 km2; 0.46 sq mi) in Zeita, part of which was mortgaged to the bank, contacted Jewish purchasers to sell, as he was fearful of losing his holdings in other areas.[21] By the1945 statistics, of the 10,490 dunams (10.49 km2; 4.05 sq mi) that made up the village of Zayta, 1,273 dunams (1.273 km2; 0.492 sq mi) were owned by Jews, 3,127 dunams (3.127 km2; 1.207 sq mi) were owned by Arabs, and the remaining 6,090 dunams (6.09 km2; 2.35 sq mi) were public lands held by the village in common. At this time, the village population was estimated at 330 Muslims.[2][4] In 1944/45 a total of 10,105 dunums of village land was allocated tocereals,[22] while 33 dunams were classified urban, public areas.[23]
Zayta was depopulated during the1948 Arab-Israeli war as a result of a military assault byIsraeli forces carried out between July 17–18.[3]Givati´s fifty-first platoon raided several Arab villages in the vicinity ofKfar Menahem, including Zayta. It was reported that they had "expelled their inhabitants, [and] blew up and burned down a number of houses; the area is now clear [naki] of Arabs."[24] Zayta was one of many Palestinian villages depopulated byGivati troops. Most of the villagers uprooted in these operations fled to the Hebron Hills, with a small minority going to theGaza Strip.[25]
By August 20, 1948, Zayta was one (of 32) depopulated Palestinian villages proposed byBen-Gurion and the rest of the "Settlement executives" as suitable for the construction of new Jewish settlements. According toBenny Morris, for the land of Zayta, the settlement proposed waskibbutzGal On.[26] According toWalid Khalidi, this settlement was already in place on land traditionally belonging to the village ofRa'na, 2 km east of the village site.[8]
In 1992 Khalidi noted that of the remaining structures of the village, "There are no traces of houses; only awell, still in use, is left."[8]
Sulafa Hijjawi (b. 1934), aPalestinian poet inNablus, writes of the destruction of Zeita, her village, as follows: "In moments the village was gone, not a singlebread oven remained, men and stones were powdered by enemy tractors. But Zeita rises again as tulips do."[27]
The village stood on a hill 1 km north of Wadi Zayta. It was linked by a dirt track to 'Iraq al-Manshiyya, which was located on a highway that ran from east to west between the city of al-Majdal on the coast and Bayt Jibrin. The old Zayta (Khirbat Zayta al-Kharab, 133115) was located 1.5 km south of this village on the southern bank of the wadi. (Because the wadi's stagnant waters bred insects and diseases, the population was moved during the Mandate to the new site.)
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