Zayed replaced his older brother SheikhShakhbut bin Sultan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966 after Shakhbut was deposed through abloodless coup by members of the ruling family with British support.[8]
Family and early life
Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan.[2][3] His father was the ruler ofAbu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed was the youngest of his four brothers.[2] His eldest brother, SheikhShakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle,Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan. His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti.[9][10] She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept.[11] Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather,Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ("Zayed the Great"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909.[12] At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of sevenTrucial States along the lower coast of thePersian Gulf.[13] He also showed interest infalconry.[14]
Zayed was born atQasr Al Hosn,Abu Dhabi, in 1918[15] and moved from Abu Dhabi to Al Ain in 1926, after the death of his father.[1][16] As Zayed was growing up in Al-Ain, there were no modern schools anywhere along the coast. He only received a basic instruction in the principles of Islam, and lived in the desert withBedouin tribesmen, familiarising himself with the life ofthe people, their traditional skills and their ability to survive under the harsh climatic conditions.[17]
Zayed was appointed the governor of theEastern Region of Abu Dhabi in 1946,[12] and was based in theMuwaiji Fort in Al Ain. At this time, the area was poor and prone to outbreaks of disease. When parties from Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) began exploring for oil in the area, Zayed assisted them.[18][page needed]
In 1952, a small Saudi Arabian force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al-Otaishan occupied the village of Hamasa in theBuraimi Oasis (the 'Buraimi Dispute'). Zayed was prominent in his opposition to Saudi territorial claims and reportedly rejected a bribe of about £30 million to allowAramco to explore for oil in the disputed territory. As part of this dispute, Zayed and his brotherHazza attended the Buraimi arbitration tribunal in Geneva in September 1955 and gave evidence to tribunal members. When the tribunal was abandoned amid allegations of Saudi bribery, the British initiated the reoccupation of the Buraimi Oasis through a local military force, theTrucial Oman Levies. A period of stability followed during which Zayed helped to develop the region and took a particular interest in the restoration of thefalaj system, a network of water channels which kept the plantations of the Buraimi Oasis irrigated and fertile.[18][page needed][19]
The discovery of oil in 1958, and the start of oil exports in 1962, led to frustration among members of the ruling family about the lack of progress under Sheikh Shakhbut's rule.[20] Shakhbut was seen as averse to spending revenue from oil money to develop the emirate by other members of Al Nahyan and hence they requested British help to install Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead through a bloodless coup.[21] On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed in abloodless palace coup.[22] The move to replace Shakhbut with Zayed had the unanimous backing of the Al Nahyan family.[23] The news was conveyed to Shakhbut by British Acting Resident Glen Balfour-Paul who added the support of the British to the consensus of the family. Shakhbut finally accepted the decision and, with the Trucial Oman Scouts providing safe transport, left forBahrain.[19][24][page needed][23] He subsequently lived inKhorramshahr, Iran before returning to live inBuraimi,Oman.[23]
In the late 1960s, Zayed hired Katsuhiko Takahashi, a Japanese architect, to design and plan the city of Abu Dhabi.[25] Takahashi, working to instructions from Zayed, often marked out in sand with a camel stick,[26] was responsible for a number of key buildings, while also introducing wide roads, the construction ofcorniches and also greening the city.[27] Another architect, Egyptian Abdulrahman Makhlouf, also worked to render Zayed's instructions into city plans and infrastructural projects following Takahashi's departure.[28]
Between 8–11 January 1968, the UK's Foreign Office MinisterGoronwy Roberts visited the Trucial States and announced to its shocked rulers that the United Kingdom would abrogate its treaties with them and intended to withdraw from the area.[29] In a seminal meeting on 18 February 1968 at a desert highland on the border between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai shook hands on the principle of founding a Federation and attempting to invite other trucial rulers to join in order that a viable nation be formed in the wake of the British withdrawal.[30]
In 1971, after occasionally difficult negotiations with the other six rulers of theTrucial States, the United Arab Emirates was formed. Zayed was appointed to the presidency of theUAE in 1971 and was re-elected on four more occasions: 1976, 1981, 1986, and 1991.[31]
In 1974, Zayed settled the outstanding border dispute with Saudi Arabia by theTreaty of Jeddah by which Saudi Arabia received the output of the Shaybah oilfield and access to the lowerPersian Gulf in return for recognising the UAE.[32]
Sheikh Zayed salutes Tunisian crowd during his visit toKairouan City in the mid-70s
Sheikh Zayed was determined to unite the Emirates intofederation. His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf toIran. He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands whichIran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate ofSharjah in 1971. The islands remain in Iranian hands, despite over three decades of UAE diplomatic initiatives.[citation needed]
The attitude of Zayed towards his neighbors can best be seen[opinion] in his position regarding the "Umm al Zamul" dispute (1964), when he expressed a genuine wish that his brotherSheikh Shakhbut would accept "the Sultan's proposal for a neutral zone". He said in that regard: "... it was ridiculous to squabble over a [water] well so bitter that few bedouin could stomach its waters, or to split hairs over a tiny area of barren, almost totally unfrequented desert. And even if there happened to be oil in the area, Abu Dhabi had so much already that she could well afford to spare some for her less fortunate neighbours".[35][page needed]
Furthermore, during the negotiations between Abu Dhabi and Dubai that resulted in forming the Abu Dhabi — Dubai Union (which preceded the formation of the United Arab Emirates), Sheikh Zayed was extremely generous with the Sheikh Rashid of Dubai. Kemal Hamza, Sheikh Rashid's envoy to the meeting between Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid in Sumeih remarked that "Zayed was extremely 'karim' (generous) throughout the negotiations and seemed prepared to give Rashid whatever he wanted". This amounted to Zayed giving Rashid "oil rights in the sea-bed that might be worth millions a year" even at the risk of criticism "at home for giving so much..." It also gave rise to comments that such concessions constituted "an alienation of territory by Abu Dhabi". But the future course of events proved, none of these arguments stood the test of judgment in light of the much higher goal that Sheikh Zayed had in mind, and which in the ultimate analysis amply justified the sacrifices incurred by him. Such concessions are rare in the records of history and news of this generosity travelled far and wide.[35][page needed]
He was considered a relativelyliberal ruler, and permitted private media. However, they were expected to practice self-censorship and avoid criticism of Zayed or the ruling families. Freedom of worship was permitted, and to a certain extent allowances were made for expatriate cultures, but this did not always sit comfortably in the eyes of the wider Arab world with Zayed's role as a Muslim head of state.[19]
Zayed did not shy away from controversy when it came to expressing his opinions on current events in the Arab world. Troubled by the suffering of Iraqi civilians, he took the lead in calling for the lifting of economic sanctions onIraq imposed by the United Nations in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion ofKuwait in 1990, despite Kuwaiti displeasure and opposition.[36]
Zayed was one of the wealthiest men in the world. AForbes estimate put his fortune at around US$20 billion in 2004.[37] The source of this wealth was almost exclusively due to the immense oil wealth ofAbu Dhabi and the Emirates, which sit on a pool of a tenth of the world's proven oil reserves. In 1988, he purchased, for £5m,Tittenhurst Park atSunninghill, Berkshire as his English home.[38][39][40][41]
Policies and charity
At the time the British withdrew from thePersian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of theAbu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during the decades that followed.[35][page needed]
In 1970 Zayed donated £50,000 to British politicianChristopher Mayhew to establish an Arab Friendship Foundation. He also donated £40,000 toMargaret McKay, then president of the Anglo-Jordanian Alilance, to purchase a house to be used as a cultural and recreational centre for Arab students.[42]
Using the country's enormous oil revenues, Zayed built institutions such as hospitals, schools and universities and made it possible forUAE citizens to enjoy free access to them. In 1959, he founded theAl Nahyaneia Model School, the first formal school in the city ofAl Ain.[43][44] He was also known for making donations to the tune of millions [pounds sterling] for worthy causes around the Arab World as well as in the neighbouring countries and in the world at large.[35][page needed]
Why should we abandon a system that satisfies our people in order to introduce a system that seems to engenderdissent and confrontation? Our system of government is based upon our religion and that is what our people want. Should they seek alternatives, we are ready to listen to them. We have always said that our people should voice their demands openly. We are all in the same boat, and they are both the captain and the crew. Our doors are open for any opinion to be expressed, and this well known by all our citizens. It is our deep conviction that Allah has created people free, and has prescribed that each individual must enjoyfreedom of choice. No one should act as if they own others.Those in the position of leadership should deal with their subjects with compassion and understanding, because this is the duty enjoined upon them by Allah, who enjoins upon us to treat all living creatures with dignity. How can there be anything less for mankind, created as Allah's successors on earth? Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion and is based on Allah's Book, theQuran. What need have we of what others have conjured up? Its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete.[45]
Sheikh Zayed dancing the traditional dance "Bara'a" with aJambiya along with Yemeni locals inMarib after the reopening of theMarib Dam
Land was also often distributedgratis (free). However, while this policy benefited many landless families, enormously wealthy clans and individuals were given free land grants in proportion to their status and influence with the royal family. His majlis (a traditional Arabconsultation council) was open to the public.[citation needed] He allowed non-Muslim religious buildings, such as churches and a temple, to be built.[citation needed] Zayed was also in favour of certain rights for women, such as access to education and women's labour rights, within traditional parameters. His views regardingwomen's rights were considerably moreliberal than his counterparts in theGCC nations.[citation needed]
Controversy over the opinions of theZayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School to return Sheikh Zayed's $2.5 million gift to the institution in 2000 as "tainted money." Former United States presidentJimmy Carter accepted the Zayed International Prize for the Environment in 2001. The award included a monetary prize of $500,000 from the Zayed Centre, and Carter stated in his acceptance speech that the award carried extra significance to him, since it was named after his personal friend.[50]
There was similar controversy when theLondon School of Economics accepted a large donation by the Zayed Centre, to build a new lecture theatre in the New Academic Building in 2008.[51] The gift was accepted with the Sheikh Zayed Theatre being the second largest lecture hall on the campus.
Harvard's equivocation, the Carter controversy, and the engendering negative publicity, prompted Sheikh Zayed to shut down the centre in August 2003, stating that theZayed Centre "had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance."[52]
Death
On 2 November 2004, Zayed died at the age of 86. He had been suffering from diabetes and kidney problems.[1] He was buried in the courtyard of the newGrand Mosque in Abu Dhabi. His eldest son, SheikhKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan,[1][3] took an increasing role in government beginning in the 1980s. Directly after his father's death, he became the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and was ratified as the president of the United Arab Emirates by his fellow rulers in the Supreme Council.
Memorials and legacy
Zayed University, a government-sponsored higher education institution with campuses in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
Sheikh Zayed City inGreater Cairo,Giza Province, Egypt, built depending on a donation from Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, on directions of Sheikh Zayed.[47]
The Sheikh Zayed Arab Falconry Heritage Wing at The World Center of Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho which was set up through a donation from Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, son of Sheikh Zayed.
The current dam in Ma'rib is also called "Zayed Dam".[48]
Zayed Town, located in CentralBahrain, was financed by Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and named in his honour. The first phase of this township project was inaugurated in 2001.[56]
A street inMontenegro was named for his memory in 2013.[57]
Shaikh Zayed Hospital for children and another for women in Larkana Sindh Pakistan.[58]
On 6 August 2017, theEmirates News Agency reported thatSheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan,President of theUnited Arab Emirates issued directives that declared 2018 to be the Year of Zayed in honor of his father, Sheikh Zayed.[65] The declaration came during Zayed's 51st anniversary of assuming the leadership ofAbu Dhabi in 1966, who became the ruler by replacingSheikh Shakbut and was aimed to commemorate centenary birth anniversary of Sheikh Zayed.[66]
In 2018, ayear dedicated in the UAE to the celebration of Zayed's life and legacy,[67]the Founder's Memorial was opened in Abu Dhabi. The memorial consists of an open Heritage Garden and Sanctuary Garden at the centre of which is a cubic pavilion housing The Constellation, an artwork dedicated to Zayed's memory.
Marriage and children
Zayed bin Sultan married seven times and has 19 sons.[68] His 30 children are listed as follows:
Son of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki[75] His name is sometimes transcribed as Theyab Bin Zayed Bin Sultan Al-Nahyan[76] Chairman of Al Wahda Football Club, former chairman of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority[77]
^Helene von Bismarck (29 March 2013).British Policy in the Persian Gulf, 1961–1968: Conceptions of Informal Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 183.ISBN978-1-137-32673-7. Retrieved14 May 2022.On the evening of 4 August, a letter was eventually delivered to Nuttall in the political agency in Abu Dhabi, stating the desire of the 'Heads and lawful representatives of [the] Ruling family' to depose the ruler and asking the British Government for its help in removing him from the shaikhdom
^Al Hashemi, Bushra Alkaff (27 February 2013)."Memories of a simpler time".The National.Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved20 April 2013.
^With United Strength: H.H. Shaikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research. 2013. p. 63.ISBN978-9948-14-575-2.
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