Zane Grey | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Grey in 1925 | |
| Born | Pearl Zane Gray (later Grey) (1872-01-31)January 31, 1872 Zanesville, Ohio, United States |
| Died | October 23, 1939(1939-10-23) (aged 67) Altadena, California, United States |
| Resting place | Lackawaxen and Union Cemetery,Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania |
| Occupation | Novelist,dentist |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania |
| Genre | Western fiction |
| Notable works | Riders of the Purple Sage (1912) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, includingRomer andLoren |
| Signature | |
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Zane Grey (January 31, 1872 – October 23, 1939) was an American author. He is known for his popular adventure novels and stories associated with theWestern genre in literature and the arts; he idealized theAmerican frontier.Riders of the Purple Sage (1912) was his best-selling book.
In addition to the success of his printed works, his books have second lives and continuing influence adapted for films and television. His novels and short stories were adapted into 112 films, two television episodes, and a television series,Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre.[1]
Pearl Zane Grey was born January 31, 1872, inZanesville, Ohio. His birth name may have originated from newspaper descriptions ofQueen Victoria's mourning clothes as "pearl grey".[2] He was the fourth of five children born to Alice "Allie" Josephine Zane, whose EnglishQuakerimmigrant ancestor Robert Zane came to the American colonies in 1673, and her husband, Lewis M. Gray, a dentist.[3] His family changed the spelling of their last name to "Grey" after his birth. Grey later dropped "Pearl" and used "Zane" as his first name.
Grey grew up in Zanesville, a city founded by his paternal grandfather Benjamin Zane's brother-in-law, John McIntire (husband of Sarah Zane), who had been given the land by Grey's maternal great-grandfather,Ebenezer Zane, anAmerican Revolutionary War patriot.
Both Grey and his brotherRomer were active and athletic boys who were enthusiastic baseball players and fishermen.[4] From an early age, he was intrigued by history. Soon, he developed an interest in writing. His early interests contributed to his later writing success.[5] For example, his knowledge of history informed his first three novels, which recounted the heroism of ancestors who fought in the American Revolutionary War.[6]
As a child, Grey frequently engaged in violent brawls, probably related to his father's punishing him with severe beatings. Though irascible and asocial like his father, Grey was supported by a loving mother and found a father substitute. Muddy Miser was an old man who approved of Grey's love of fishing and writing, and who talked about the advantages of an unconventional life. Despite warnings by Grey's father to steer clear of Miser, the boy spent much time during five formative years in the company of the old man.[7]
Grey was an avid reader of adventure stories such asRobinson Crusoe and theLeatherstocking Tales, as well asdime novels featuringBuffalo Bill andDeadwood Dick. He was enthralled by and crudely copied the great illustratorsHoward Pyle andFrederic Remington.[8] He was particularly impressed withOur Western Border, a history of the Ohio frontier that likely inspired his earliest novels.[9] Grey wrote his first story,Jim of the Cave, when he was fifteen. His father tore it to shreds and beat him.[10]
Because of the shame he felt as the result of a severe financial setback in 1889 due to a poor investment, Lewis Grey moved his family from Zanesville and started again inColumbus, Ohio.[11] While his father struggled to re-establish his dental practice, Grey made rural house calls and performed basic extractions, which his father had taught him. The younger Grey practiced until the state board intervened. His brother Romer earned money by driving a delivery wagon.[12] Grey also worked as a part-time usher in a theater and played summerbaseball for the Columbus Capitols, with aspirations of becoming a major leaguer.[13] Eventually, Grey was spotted by a baseball scout and received offers from many colleges. Romer also attracted scouts' attention and went on to have a professional baseball career.[12]
Grey chose theUniversity of Pennsylvania on a baseballscholarship; he studieddentistry, joinedSigma Nufraternity, and graduated in 1896. When he arrived at Penn, he had to prove himself worthy of a scholarship before receiving it. He rose to the occasion by coming in to pitch against the Riverton club, pitching five scoreless innings and producing a double in the tenth, which contributed to the win.[14] TheIvy League was highly competitive and an excellent training ground for future pro baseball players. Grey was a solid hitter and an excellent pitcher who relied on a sharply dropping curveball. When the distance from the pitcher's mound to the plate was lengthened by five feet to 60 feet 6 inches, in 1894 (primarily to reduce the dominance ofCy Young's pitching), the effectiveness of Grey's pitching suffered. He was re-positioned to the outfield.[15] The short, wiry baseball player remained a campus hero on the strength of his timely hitting.[16]
He was an indifferent scholar, barely achieving a minimum average. Outside class, he spent his time on baseball, swimming, and creative writing, especially poetry.[16] His shy nature and histeetotaling set him apart from other students, and he socialized little. Grey struggled with the idea of becoming a writer or baseball player for his career, but unhappily concluded that dentistry was the practical choice.
During a summer break, while playing "summer nines" inDelphos, Ohio, Grey was charged with, and quietly settled, apaternity suit. His father paid the $133.40 cost and Grey resumed playing summer baseball. He concealed the episode when he returned to Penn.[17]
Grey went on to playminor league baseball with several teams, including theNewark, New Jersey Colts in 1898[18] and also with the Orange Athletic Club for several years. His brotherRomer Carl "Reddy" Grey (known as "R.C." to his family) did better and played professionally in the minor leagues. Zane Grey and Romer Grey played together as teammates for the 1895Findlay Sluggers of theInterstate League. Romer played a single major league game in 1903 for thePittsburgh Pirates.[19][20][21][22][23][24]
After graduating, Grey established his practice in New York City under the name of Dr. Zane Grey in 1896. It was a competitive area but he wanted to be close to publishers. He began to write in the evening to offset the tedium of his dental practice.[25] He struggled financially and emotionally. Grey was a natural writer but his early efforts were stiff and grammatically weak. Whenever possible, he played baseball with the Orange Athletic Club in New Jersey, a team of former collegiate players that was one of the best amateur teams in the country.[25]
Grey often went camping with his brother R.C. inLackawaxen, Pennsylvania, where they fished in the upperDelaware River. When canoeing in 1900, Grey met seventeen-year-old Lina Roth, better known as "Dolly." Dolly came from a family of physicians and was studying to be a schoolteacher.[26]
After a passionate and intense courtship marked by frequent quarrels, Grey and Dolly married five years later in 1905. Grey suffered bouts ofdepression, anger, andmood swings, which affected him most of his life. As he described it, "A hyena lying in ambush—that is my black spell! I conquered one mood only to fall prey to the next ... I wandered about like a lost soul or a man who was conscious of imminent death."[27]
During his courtship of Dolly, Grey still saw previous girlfriends and warned her frankly,
But I love to be free. I cannot change my spots. The ordinary man is satisfied with a moderate income, a home, wife, children, and all that. ... But I am a million miles from being that kind of man and no amount of trying will ever do any good ... I shall never lose the spirit of my interest in women.[28]
After they married in 1905, Dolly gave up her teaching career. They moved to a farmhouse at the confluence of theLackawaxen and Delaware rivers, inLackawaxen, Pennsylvania, where Grey's mother and sister joined them. (This house, now preserved and operated as theZane Grey Museum, is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.) Grey finally ceased his dental practice to work full-time on his nascent literary pursuits. Dolly's inheritance provided an initial financial cushion.[29]
While Dolly managed Grey's career and raised their three children, including sonRomer Zane Grey, over the next two decades Grey often spent months away from the family. He fished, wrote, and spent time with his many mistresses. While Dolly knew of his behavior, she seemed to view it as his handicap rather than a choice. Throughout their life together, he highly valued her management of his career and their family, and her solid emotional support. In addition to her considerable editorial skills, she had good business sense and handled all his contract negotiations with publishers, agents, and movie studios. All of his income was split fifty-fifty with her; from her "share," she covered all family expenses.[30] Their considerable correspondence shows evidence of his lasting love for her despite his infidelities and personal emotional turmoil.[citation needed]
The Greys moved to California in 1918. In 1920 they settled inAltadena, California, at a home later known as the '"Zane Grey Estate"'. The estate was destroyed in the January, 2025 Altadena Fire.[31] In Altadena Grey also spent time with his mistress Brenda Montenegro. The two met while hiking Eaton Canyon. Of her he wrote,
I saw her flowing raven mane against the rocks of the canyon. I have seen the red skin of theNavajo, and the olive of the Spaniards, but her ... her skin looked as if her Creator had in that instant molded her just for me. I thought it was an apparition. She seemed to be the embodiment of the West I portray in my books, open and wild.[32]
Grey summed up his feelings for the city: "In Altadena, I have found those qualities that make life worth living."[33]
With the help of Dolly's proofreading and copy editing, Grey gradually improved his writing. His first magazine article, "A Day on the Delaware," a human-interest story about a Grey brothers' fishing expedition, was published in the May 1902 issue ofRecreation magazine.[34] Elated at selling the article, Grey offered reprints to patients in his waiting room.[35] In writing, Grey found temporary escape from the harshness of his life and his demons. "Realism is death to me. I cannot stand life as it is."[36] By this time, he had given up baseball.[37]
Grey readOwen Wister's great Western novelThe Virginian. After studying its style and structure in detail, he decided to write a full-length work.[38] Grey had difficulties in writing his first novel,Betty Zane (1903). When it was rejected by Harper & Brothers, he lapsed into despair.[38] The novel dramatized the heroism of an ancestor,Betty Zane who had savedFort Henry. He self-published it, perhaps with funds provided by his wife Dolly or his brother R. C.'s wealthy girlfriend Reba Smith.[39] From the beginning, vivid description was the strongest aspect of his writing.[40]
After attending a lecture in New York in 1907 at theCamp-Fire Club byCharles Jesse "Buffalo" Jones, western hunter and guide who had co-foundedGarden City, Kansas, Grey arranged for amountain lion-hunting trip to theNorth Rim of theGrand Canyon.[41] He brought along a camera to document his trips and prove his adventures. He also began the habit of taking copious notes, not only of scenery and activities but of dialogue.[42] His first two trips were arduous, but Grey learned much from his companions on these adventures. He gained the confidence to write convincingly about the American West, its characters, and its landscape. Treacherous river crossings, unpredictable beasts, bone-chilling cold, searing heat, parching thirst, bad water, irascible tempers, and heroic cooperation all became real to him. He wrote, "Surely, of all the gifts that have come to me from contact with the West, this one of sheer love of wildness, beauty, color, grandeur, has been the greatest, the most significant for my work."[43]
Upon returning home in 1909, Grey wrote a new novel,The Last of the Plainsmen, describing the adventures of Buffalo Jones. Harper's editorRipley Hitchcock rejected it, the fourth work in a row. He told Grey, "I do not see anything in this to convince me you can write either narrative or fiction."[44] Grey wrote dejectedly,
I don't know which way to turn. I cannot decide what to write next. That which I desire to write does not seem to be what the editors want ... I am full of stories and zeal and fire ... yet I am inhibited by doubt, by fear that my feeling for life is false.[45]
The book was later published by the American magazine,Outing, which provided Grey some satisfaction. Grey next wrote a series of magazine articles and juvenile novels.[46]
With the birth of his first child pending, Grey felt compelled to complete his next novel,The Heritage of the Desert. He wrote it in four months in 1910. It quickly became a bestseller. Grey took his next work to Hitchcock again; this time Harper published his work, a historical romance in whichMormon characters were of central importance.[43] Grey continued to write popular novels aboutManifest Destiny, the conquest of theOld West, and the behavior of men in elemental conditions.[citation needed]
Two years later Grey produced his best-known book,Riders of the Purple Sage (1912), his all-time best-seller, and one of the most successful Western novels in history.[47] Hitchcock rejected it, but Grey took his manuscript directly to the vice president of Harper, who accepted it. The novel had a sequel (The Rainbow Trail, in 1915), and was filmed five times (in1918, 1925, 1931, 1941, and 1996; but in later film versions the villains are corrupt judges or lawyers, not Mormon polygamists).
Zane Grey had become a household name; thereafter, Harper eagerly received all his manuscripts. Other publishers caught on to the commercial potential of the Western novel.Max Brand andErnest Haycox were among the most notable of other writers of Westerns.[48] Grey's publishers paired his novels with some of the best illustrators of the time, includingN. C. Wyeth,Frank Schoonover,Douglas Duer,W. Herbert Dunton,W. H. D. Koerner, andCharles Russell.[49]
Grey had the time and money to engage in his first and greatest passion: fishing. From 1918 until 1932, he was a regular contributor toOutdoor Life magazine. As one of its first celebrity writers, he began to popularize big-game fishing. Several times he went deep-sea fishing in Florida to relax and to write in solitude.[50] Although he commented that "the sea, from which all life springs, has been equally with the desert my teacher and religion", Grey was unable to write a greatsea novel.[51] He felt the sea soothed his moods, reduced his depressions, and gained him the opportunity to harvest deeper thoughts:
The lure of the sea is some strange magic that makes men love what they fear. The solitude of the desert is more intimate than that of the sea. Death on the shifting barren sands seems less insupportable to the imagination than death out on the boundless ocean, in the awful, windy emptiness. Man's bones yearn for dust.[49]
Over the years, Grey spent part of his time traveling and the rest of the year writing novels and articles. Unlike writers who could write every day, Grey would have dry spells and then sudden bursts of energy, in which he could write as much as 100,000 words in a month.[52] He wrote longhand in pencil with little punctuation and his first draft was the final one. Punctuation was added later by secretaries when they were preparing the manuscript for publication. He encountered fans in most places. He visited theRogue River inOregon in 1919 for a fishing expedition, and fell in love with it. He returned in the 1920s, eventually setting upa cabin on the lower Rogue River. Grey captured the river's essence in two books:Tales of Freshwater Fishing andRogue River Feud.[53] Other excursions took him toWashington state andWyoming.[54]
[55]From 1923 to 1930, he spent a few weeks a year at his cabin on theMogollon Rim, in CentralArizona. After years of abandonment and decay, the cabin was restored in 1966 byBill Goettl, a Phoenix air conditioning magnate. He opened it to the public as a free-of-charge museum. TheDude Fire destroyed the cabin in 1990. It was later reconstructed 25 miles away in the town ofPayson.[54]
During the 1930s, Grey continued to write, but theGreat Depression hurt the publishing industry. His sales fell off, and he found it more difficult to sell serializations. He had avoided making investments that would have been affected by thestock market crash of 1929, and continued to earn royalty income, so he did better than many financially. Nearly half of the film adaptations of his novels were made in the 1930s.[56]
From 1925 to his death in 1939, Grey traveled more and further from his family. He became interested in exploring unspoiled lands, particularly the islands of the South Pacific, New Zealand and Australia. He thought Arizona was beginning to be overrun by tourists and speculators.[57] Near the end of his life, Grey looked into the future and wrote:
The so-called civilization of man and his works shall perish from the earth, while the shifting sands, the red looming walls, the purple sage, and the towering monuments, the vast brooding range show no perceptible change.[58]
The more books Grey sold, the more the established critics, such asHeywood Broun andBurton Rascoe, attacked him. They claimed his depictions of the West were too fanciful, too violent, and not faithful to the moral realities of the frontier. They thought his characters unrealistic and much larger than life. Broun stated that "the substance of any two Zane Grey books could be written upon the back of a postage stamp."[59]
T. K. Whipple praised a typical Grey novel as a modern version of the ancientBeowulf saga, "a battle of passions with one another and with the will, a struggle of love and hate, or remorse and revenge, of blood, lust, honor, friendship, anger, grief—all of a grand scale and all incalculable and mysterious." However, he also criticized Grey's writing: "His style, for example, has the stiffness which comes from an imperfect mastery of the medium. It lacks fluency and facility."[60]
Grey based his work in his own varied first-hand experience, supported by careful note-taking, and considerable research.[61] Despite his great popular success and fortune, Grey read the reviews and sometimes became paralyzed by negative emotions after critical ones.[62]
In 1923, a reviewer said Grey's "moral ideas ... [were] decidedly askew." Grey reacted with a 20-page treatise, "My Answer to the Critics." He defended his intentions to produce great literature in the setting of the Old West.[63] He suggested that critics should ask his readers what they think of his books, and noted actor and fanJohn Barrymore as an example. Dolly warned him against publishing the treatise, and he retreated from a public confrontation.[citation needed]
His novelThe Vanishing American (1925), first serialized inThe Ladies' Home Journal in 1922, prompted a heated debate. People recognized itsNavajo hero as patterned afterJim Thorpe, a great Native American athlete. Grey portrayed the struggle of the Navajo to preserve their identity and culture against corrupting influences of the white government and ofmissionaries. This viewpoint enraged religious groups. Grey contended, "I have studied the Navaho Indians for 12 years. I know their wrongs. The missionaries sent out there are almost everyone mean, vicious, weak, immoral, useless men."[64] To have the book published, Grey agreed to some structural changes. With this book, Grey completed the most productive period of his writing career, having laid out most major themes, character types, and settings.[65]
HisWanderer of the Wasteland is a thinly disguised autobiography.[66] One of his books, "Tales of the Angler's El Dorado, New Zealand," helped establish theBay of Islands in New Zealand as a premiergame fishing area. Several of his later writings (e.g.,Rangle River) were based in Australia.[67]
Grey co-founded the "Porpoise Club" with his friend, Robert H. Davis ofMunsey's Magazine, to popularize the sport of hunting ofdolphins andporpoises. They made their first catch offSeabright, New Jersey, on September 21, 1912, where they harpooned and reeled in abottlenose dolphin.[68][69]
Grey's sonLoren claims in the introduction toTales of Tahitian Waters that Zane Grey fished on average 300 days a year through his adult life. Grey and his brother R.C. were frequent visitors toLong Key,Florida, where they helped to establish theLong Key Fishing Club, built byHenry Morrison Flagler. Zane Grey was its president from 1917 to 1920. He pioneered the fishing of Boohoo fish (sailfish). Zane Grey Creek was named for him.[70]
Grey indulged his interest in fishing with visits to Australia and New Zealand. He first visited New Zealand in 1926 and caught several large fish of great variety, including amako shark, a ferocious fighter that presented a new challenge. Grey established a base at Otehei Bay,Urupukapuka Island in theBay of Islands, which became a destination for the rich and famous. He wrote many articles in international sporting magazines highlighting the uniqueness of New Zealand fishing, which has produced heavy-tackle world records for the majorbillfish, stripedmarlin, black marlin, blue marlin and broadbill. A lodge and camp were established at Otehei Bay in 1927 called the Zane Grey Sporting Club. He held numerous world records during this time[71] and invented the teaser, a hookless bait that is still used today to attract fish. Grey made three additional fishing trips to New Zealand. The second was January to April 1927, the third December 1928 to March 1929, and the last from December 1932 to February 1933.
Grey fished out ofWedgeport, Nova Scotia, for many summers.
Grey also helped establish deep-sea sport fishing inNew South Wales, Australia, particularly inBermagui, which is famous for marlin fishing. Patron of the Bermagui Sport Fishing Association for 1936 and 1937, Grey set a number of world records,[72][73][74] and wrote of his experiences in his bookAn American Angler in Australia.[75][76]
From 1928 on, Grey was a frequent visitor toTahiti. He fished the surrounding waters several months at a time and maintained a permanent fishing camp atVairao. He claimed that these were the most difficult waters he had ever fished, but from these waters he also took some of his most important records, such as the first marlin over 1,000 pounds (450 kg).[citation needed]
Grey had built a getaway home inSanta Catalina Island, California, which still serves as the Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel.[77] He served as president of Catalina's exclusive fishing club, theTuna Club of Avalon.[78]
Zane Grey died of heart failure on October 23, 1939, aged 67 at his home inAltadena, California. He was interred at the Lackawaxen and Union Cemetery,Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania.[79]
Grey became one of the first millionaire authors.
Zane Grey was a major force in shaping the myths of the Old West; his books and stories were adapted into other media, such as film and TV productions. He was the author of more than 90 books, some published posthumously or based onserials originally published in magazines. His total book sales exceeded 40 million.[80]
Grey wrote not only Westerns, but also two hunting books, six children's books, three baseball books, and eight fishing books.[81] Many of them became bestsellers. It has been estimated he wrote more than nine million words in his career.[82] From 1917 to 1926, Grey was in the top ten best-seller list nine times, which required sales of more than 100,000 copies each time.[83] Even after his death, Harper had a stockpile of his manuscripts and continued to publish a new title yearly until 1963.[84] During the 1940s and afterward, as Grey's books were reprinted as paperbacks, his sales exploded.[citation needed]
Erle Stanley Gardner, prolific author of mystery novels and thePerry Mason series, said of Grey:
[He] had the knack of tying his characters into the land, and the land into the story. There were other Western writers who had fast and furious action, but Zane Grey was the one who could make the action not only convincing but inevitable, and somehow you got the impression that the bigness of the country generated a bigness of character.[85]
Grey was the favorite writer of PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower.[86]
A 1950 newspaper article stated thatRomer Zane Grey and his mother had completed work onCahuenga Pass, one of Zane Grey's unfinished novels, and that a film treatment would be prepared.[87] In 1953 columnistHedda Hopper reported that a proposed film project,Thirty Thousand on the Hoof, was based on one of the six unfinished Grey novels that had been completed by his wife.[88]
Grey started his association withHollywood whenWilliam Fox bought the rights toRiders of the Purple Sage for $2,500 in 1916.[89] The ascending arc of Grey's career matched that of the motion picture industry. It eagerly adaptedWestern stories to the screen practically from its inception, withBronco Billy Anderson becoming the first major western star.[90] Legendary directorJohn Ford was then a young stage hand andTom Mix, who had been a real cowhand, was defining the persona of the film cowboy.[91] The Grey family moved to California to be closer to the film industry and to enable Grey to fish in the Pacific.[citation needed]
After his first two books were adapted to the screen, Grey formed his ownmotion picture company. This enabled him to control production values and faithfulness to his books. After seven films he sold his company toJesse Lasky who was a partner of the founder ofParamount Pictures. Paramount made a number of movies based on Grey's writings and hired him as advisor.[92] Many of his films were shot at locations described in his books.[citation needed]
In 1936 Grey appeared as himself in a feature film shot in Australia,White Death (1936). At the same time he provided a story that was filmed asRangle River (1936).[93]
Grey became disenchanted by the commercial exploitation and copyright infringement of his works. He felt his stories and characters were diluted by being adapted to film.[94] Nearly 50 of his novels were converted into more than 100 Western movies.[95] Shortly after Grey's death, the success of Fritz Lang'sWestern Union (1941), a film based on one of his books, helped bring about a resurgence in Hollywood westerns. Its costars wereRandolph Scott andRobert Young. The period of the 1940s and 1950s included the great works ofJohn Ford, who successfully used the settings of Grey's novels in Arizona and Utah.[96]
The success of Grey'sThe Lone Star Ranger (the novel was adapted into four movies: 1914, 1919,1930 and 1942, and acomic book in 1949) andKing of the Royal Mounted (popular as a series ofBig Little Books and comics, later turned into a 1936 film and three film serials) inspired two radio series byGeorge Trendle (WXYZ,Detroit). Later these were adapted again for television, forming the seriesThe Lone Ranger andChallenge of the Yukon (Sgt. Preston of the Yukon on TV). More of Grey's work was featured in adapted form onThe Zane Grey Show, which ran on theMutual Broadcasting System for five months in the 1940s, and the "Zane Grey Western Theatre," which had a five-year run of 145 episodes.[95]
Many famous actors got their start in films based on Zane Grey books. They includedGary Cooper,Randolph Scott,William Powell,Wallace Beery,Richard Arlen,Buster Crabbe,Shirley Temple, andFay Wray.Victor Fleming, later director ofGone with the Wind, andHenry Hathaway, who later directedTrue Grit, both learned their craft on Grey films.[citation needed]
Works published posthumously after 1939 include original novels, sequels to earlier novels, and compilations and revisions of previously published novels. All western works were translated from English into Spanish by Editorial Juventud in 1959 for the CLASICOS Y MODERNOS collection.
Between 1911 and 1996, 112 films were adapted from Grey's novels and stories. In addition, three television series included episodes adapted from his work, includingDick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (1956–58).[1]
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