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TheZanclean is the loweststage or earliestage on thegeologic time scale of thePliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005Ma (million years ago) and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by theMessinian Age of theMiocene Epoch, and followed by thePiacenzian Age.

The Zanclean can be correlated with regionally used stages, such as the Opoitian of New Zealand,^[6] and the Tabianian or Dacian ofCentral Europe. It also corresponds to the lateHemphillian to mid-Blancan North American Land Mammal Ages. InCalifornia, the Zanclean roughly corresponds to the middle part of the Delmontian stage.^[7]

Definition

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The Zanclean Stage was introduced byGiuseppe Seguenza in 1868. It is named afterZancle, the pre-Roman name for theItalian city ofMessina onSicily.

The base of the Zanclean (and the Pliocene Series) lies with the top of magnetic chronozone Cr3 (about 100,000 years before the Thvera normal subchronozone C3n.4n). The base is also close to theextinction level of the calcareousnanoplankton speciesTriquetrorhabdulus rugosus (the base ofbiozone CN10b) and the first appearance of nanoplanktonCeratolithus acutus. TheGSSP for the Zanclean is in the vicinity of the ruins of the ancient city ofHeraclea Minoa onSicily,Italy.^[4]

The top of the Zanclean Stage (the base of the Piacenzian Stage) is at the base of magnetic chronozone C2An (the base of the Gauss chronozone and at theextinction of theplanktonic foramsGloborotalia margaritae andPulleniatina primalis.

Events of the Zanclean

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TheZanclean flood marked the beginning of the age and the end of the Messinian, as water poured in from theAtlantic Ocean through theStrait of Gibraltar todeluge theMediterranean Basin and end theMessinian salinity crisis, a period about 5.96 Ma ago in the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch when theMediterranean Sea had evaporated partly or completely.^[8]
Deposits in theEverglades were deposited when high tropical water started to return in the late Zanclean.^[9]

References

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Notes

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^Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.142 (3–4):367–380.Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997)."Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie".PALAIOS.12 (4):380–390.doi:10.2307/3515337.JSTOR 3515337. Retrieved2008-02-11.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. RetrievedDecember 16, 2024.
^^a ^bVan Couvering, John; Castradori, Davide; Cita, Maria; Hilgen, Frederik; Rio, Domenico (September 2000)."The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series"(PDF).Episodes.23 (3):179–187.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005.S2CID 10836910.
^Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998)."The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)"(PDF).Episodes.21 (2):88–93.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. Retrieved26 December 2020.
^Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM, eds. (2012).The Geologic Timescale 2012. Elsevier. pp. 936–937.ISBN 978-0-44-459390-0.
^Allaby, Ailsa; Michael Allaby (1999)."Delmontian".A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved10 Dec 2009.A stage in the Upper Tertiary of the west coast of N. America
^Marco Roveri; Adele Bertini; DomenicoCosentino; Agata Di Stefano; Rocco Gennari; Elsa Gliozzi; Francesco Grossi; Silvia Maria Iaccarino; Stefano Lugli; Vinicio Manzi; Marco Tavian (2008)."A high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the latest Messinian events in the Mediterranean area"(PDF).Stratigraphy.5 (3–4):323–342, text-figures 1–9.doi:10.29041/strat.05.3.08. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on January 21, 2012. RetrievedDecember 10, 2009.
^Petuch, Edward J.; Roberts, Charles (18 April 2007).The Geology of the Everglades and Adjacent Areas. CRC Press.ISBN 9781420045598.

Literature

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Wikisource has original works on the topic:Cenozoic#Neogene

Castradori, D.; Rio, D.; Hilgen, F.J. & Lourens, L.J.;1998:The Global Standard Stratotype section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene), Episodes,21(2): pp 88–93.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G. (eds.) (2005)A Geologic Time Scale 2004 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,ISBN 0-521-78142-6.
Giuseppe Seguenza;1868:La Formation Zancléenne, ou recherches sur une nouvelle formation tertiaire, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, séries 2,25: 465-485.(in French)
Van Couvering, J.A.; Castradori, D.; Cita, M.B.; Hilgen, F.J. & Rio, D.;2000:The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series, Episodes,23(3): pp 179–187.

External links

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Zanclean at theGeoWhen database
Neogene timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Neogene timescale at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)