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Zahedan

Coordinates:29°30′09″N60°51′21″E / 29.50250°N 60.85583°E /29.50250; 60.85583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
Not to be confused withNecar Zadegan.
For the administrative division of Sistan and Baluchestan province, seeZahedan County. For the city in Fars province, seeZahedshahr.

City in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
Zahedan
زاهدان
City
Makki Mosque in Zahedan
Makki Mosque in Zahedan
Official seal of Zahedan
Seal
Zahedan is located in Iran
Zahedan
Zahedan
Coordinates:29°30′09″N60°51′21″E / 29.50250°N 60.85583°E /29.50250; 60.85583[1]
CountryIran
ProvinceSistan and Baluchestan
CountyZahedan
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorMohammad Amir Barahuyi[2]
Elevation
1,352 m (4,436 ft)
Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Urban
587,730
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Area code+98-54
ClimateBWh
Websitezahedan.ir

Zahedan (Balochi andPersian:زاهدان;[zɒːheˈd̪ɒːn])[a] is a city in theCentral District ofZahedan County,Sistan and Baluchestan province,Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[6] It is near the borderlands betweenIran andPakistan whereBaloch people live.[7][8]

Etymology

[edit]

The original name of the city was Duzzap (Persian:Duzdab, meaning "Water Stolen"), which it had received due to the abrupt floods into the valley. The name was later changed to Zahedan (Persian for "hermits") duringReza Shah's visit in 1929.[9]

History

[edit]
Makki Mosque
Ali Ibn Abi Talib Mosque

Mention of Zahedan first appears in sources in August 1849. However, the city first truly started to grow during the early 20th-century.[10] DuringWorld War I it became the westernmost terminal of theZahedan railway station, which reached as far asQuetta in the northern part of what was thenBritish Baluchistan.[11]

The city was the site ofa deadly crackdown in October 2022, with dozens citizens killed by pro-governmental forces.[12] Over 90 people were killed.[13] Two senior police officials were fired in the aftermath of the crackdown.[13] On 28 October, there were protests in Zahedan and security forces fired on protestors, killing 98 and injuring 14.[13]

On 3 November 2022, the Shi'i cleric and Khamenei loyalistSajjad Shahraki was assassinated in Zahedan.[14][15] The next day, there were widespread protests in the city;Revolutionary Guards and other armed forces fired on protestors.[14]

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]

While the surrounding area boasts numerous ancient sites, Zahedan itself primarily developed in the 20th century. It transitioned from a small village to the provincial administrative center in the 1930s. Its population reached 17,500 by 1956, and increased more than fivefold to 93,000 by 1976. After 1980, large numbers of refugees fleeing theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan helped triple the population of Zahedan to more than 281,000 by 1986, a number which has since doubled again.[citation needed]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 552,706 in 109,488 households.[16] The following census in 2011 counted 560,725 people in 134,088 households.[17] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 587,730 people in 146,717 households.[3]

Geography

[edit]
See also:Geography of Iran

Location

[edit]

Zahedan is connected by rail to nearby Pakistan and is near toAfghanistan. It is about 41 km (25 mi) south of thetripoint of the three countries and at an altitude of 1,352 m (4,436 ft) above sea level and 1,605 km (997 mi) from the Iranian capital ofTehran.

Zahedan Municipality

Climate

[edit]

Zahedan has ahot desert climate (Köppen:BWh,Trewartha:BW). Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter.

Zahedan experiences very hot summers, there are 84.7 days per year with maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F), of which 7 days have a daily maximum above 40 °C (104 °F). Winters are quite cold with minimum temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) for 43.7 days annually. Zahedan also experiences 81.3 days a year withhaze.[18]

Climate data for Zahedan (1991–2020, extremes 1961-present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)27.0
(80.6)
29.8
(85.6)
34.5
(94.1)
37.4
(99.3)
41.0
(105.8)
43.4
(110.1)
43.0
(109.4)
43.2
(109.8)
41.0
(105.8)
36.4
(97.5)
32.6
(90.7)
28.6
(83.5)
43.4
(110.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)14.8
(58.6)
17.7
(63.9)
22.4
(72.3)
28.4
(83.1)
33.1
(91.6)
36.4
(97.5)
37.4
(99.3)
36.0
(96.8)
32.9
(91.2)
28.2
(82.8)
21.9
(71.4)
17.1
(62.8)
27.2
(80.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)7.5
(45.5)
10.5
(50.9)
15.3
(59.5)
21.1
(70.0)
25.9
(78.6)
29.2
(84.6)
30.3
(86.5)
28.2
(82.8)
24.0
(75.2)
18.9
(66.0)
13.0
(55.4)
8.6
(47.5)
19.4
(66.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)0.8
(33.4)
3.7
(38.7)
8.4
(47.1)
13.2
(55.8)
17.5
(63.5)
19.9
(67.8)
20.8
(69.4)
18.1
(64.6)
13.7
(56.7)
9.6
(49.3)
4.9
(40.8)
1.0
(33.8)
11.0
(51.7)
Record low °C (°F)−22.0
(−7.6)
−14.0
(6.8)
−7.0
(19.4)
−1.0
(30.2)
1.4
(34.5)
10.8
(51.4)
12.0
(53.6)
8.0
(46.4)
2.0
(35.6)
−4.0
(24.8)
−11.0
(12.2)
−16.0
(3.2)
−22.0
(−7.6)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)16.5
(0.65)
12.4
(0.49)
13.9
(0.55)
8.6
(0.34)
3.6
(0.14)
1.2
(0.05)
1.0
(0.04)
0.2
(0.01)
0.1
(0.00)
4.0
(0.16)
3.9
(0.15)
12.5
(0.49)
77.9
(3.07)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)2.72.12.51.810.20.100.10.50.81.313.1
Average snowy days0.70.40.1000000000.31.5
Averagerelative humidity (%)48433728211616161725354229
Averagedew point °C (°F)−4.6
(23.7)
−3.5
(25.7)
−2.0
(28.4)
−0.4
(31.3)
0.2
(32.4)
−0.4
(31.3)
0.8
(33.4)
−1.3
(29.7)
−3.9
(25.0)
−3.5
(25.7)
−4.1
(24.6)
−5.7
(21.7)
−2.4
(27.7)
Mean monthlysunshine hours2312212402673073293443423162982622293,386
Mean dailydaylight hours10.511.21212.913.61413.813.212.311.510.710.312.2
Averageultraviolet index4691112121212108549
Source 1:NOAA NCEI[18](1961–1990 extremes)[19]
Source 2: Weather atlas[20]
Climate data for Zahedan (1955–2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)27.0
(80.6)
29.8
(85.6)
34.0
(93.2)
38.0
(100.4)
41.0
(105.8)
43.0
(109.4)
43.0
(109.4)
43.0
(109.4)
41.0
(105.8)
38.0
(100.4)
31.0
(87.8)
28.0
(82.4)
43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)14.3
(57.7)
17.0
(62.6)
21.9
(71.4)
27.7
(81.9)
32.5
(90.5)
36.2
(97.2)
37.0
(98.6)
35.8
(96.4)
32.5
(90.5)
27.8
(82.0)
21.8
(71.2)
16.7
(62.1)
26.8
(80.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)7.2
(45.0)
10.2
(50.4)
15.0
(59.0)
20.1
(68.2)
24.5
(76.1)
27.5
(81.5)
28.6
(83.5)
26.6
(79.9)
22.7
(72.9)
18.2
(64.8)
12.8
(55.0)
8.8
(47.8)
18.5
(65.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)0.2
(32.4)
3.1
(37.6)
7.9
(46.2)
12.4
(54.3)
16.3
(61.3)
18.9
(66.0)
20.0
(68.0)
17.5
(63.5)
12.9
(55.2)
8.5
(47.3)
3.8
(38.8)
1.0
(33.8)
10.2
(50.4)
Record low °C (°F)−22
(−8)
−14
(7)
−7
(19)
−1
(30)
1.4
(34.5)
10.8
(51.4)
11.0
(51.8)
8.0
(46.4)
2.0
(35.6)
−4
(25)
−11
(12)
−16
(3)
−22
(−8)
Averageprecipitation mm (inches)21.1
(0.83)
17.3
(0.68)
15.7
(0.62)
10.6
(0.42)
4.5
(0.18)
0.8
(0.03)
1.3
(0.05)
0.5
(0.02)
0.1
(0.00)
2.2
(0.09)
4.0
(0.16)
11.2
(0.44)
89.3
(3.52)
Average rainy days5.04.35.04.02.60.50.50.10.21.01.52.727.4
Average snowy days0.60.30.1000000000.31.3
Averagerelative humidity (%)54474032262121212229384833
Mean monthlysunshine hours215.1209.2224.9251.6304.5316.8330.7333.8308.1294.0252.9217.33,258.9
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[19]

Economy

[edit]
See also:Economy of Iran
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(March 2014)

Zahedan is the main economic center of the region and home to many small- and medium-scale industries. Its main products include cotton textiles, woven and hand-knotted rugs, ceramics, processed foods, livestock feed, processed hides, milled rice, brick, reed mats and baskets.

Street view, Zahedan

Transport

[edit]
See also:Transport in Iran
Zahedan railway station

Zahedan is served byZahedan International Airport.

Highway95 links Zahedan toTehran andMashhad in the north and the port ofBandar Chabahar on theSea of Oman in the south, and Highway84 to the Pakistani city ofQuetta in the east and toKerman in the west.

For decades the5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)broad gauge (Indian subcontinent system) railway exists fromZahedan station to/fromQuetta's station in Pakistan, theQuetta–Taftan Railway Line. Beyond this, west, astandard gauge line was completed from Zahedan toKerman linking the city with the rest of the Iranian rail network.[21] This flowed from a 18 May 2007MOU for rail co-operation (of Pakistan and Iran) under which the line was to be completed by December 2008.[citation needed] It was completed with an opening ceremony on 19 June 2009.[22] This means that Zahedan hosts thebreak of gauge between theIslamic Republic of Iran Railway's standard gauge tracks of theTrans-Iranian Railway andPakistan Railway's broad gauge aforementioned.

Chabahar–Zahedan railway

[edit]
Existing Iran railway network in 2015, Zahedan–Bam–Mirjaveh railway is already complete and operational

In May 2016, during Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi's trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two terminals and five berths atPort of Chabahar and to build a new railway betweenChabahar and Zahedan, as part ofNorth–South Transport Corridor, byIndian Railways's public sector unitIrcon International.[23] This proposal is under study and consideration, a via Kerman connection to the port of Chabahar.[23]

In July 2016, India began shipping US$150 million of tracks to Chabahar[24] to build the US$1.6 billion line, for which India pledged additional US$400 million and Iran has also allocated US$125 million in December 2016, thus taking the total allocation to US$575 million (out of US$1.6 billion needed) by the end of 2016.[25]

Sports

[edit]
See also:Sport in Iran

In April 2008 the 70 billion IRR (about 2.5 millionUSD)Zahedan Stadium was built with a seating capacity of 15,000 people. It was inaugurated on 18 April 2008 with a friendly football game betweenHonarmandan (Artists) and a local team.

Education

[edit]
University of Sistan and Baluchestan's Amphitheater in Zahedan.
See also:Education in Iran

Zahedan is the home of the Islamic Azad University of Zahedan,[26] theZahedan University of Medical Sciences[27] and theUniversity of Sistan and Baluchestan. Besides, the largest Sunni seminary,Darululoom Zahedan, is located in Zahedan. There are some other religious Sunni schools in the city and the vicinity.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Zahedan travel guide from Wikivoyage

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Alsoromanized asZâhedân andZaahedaan; also known asZâhedâne Yek andZāhidān; formerly known asDowzdâb (دوزداب),Dozdâb (دزداب), orDozdâp (دزداپ),[4] and renamedZâhedân byReza Shah Pahlavi during the late 1920s[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^OpenStreetMap contributors (15 January 2025)."Zahedan, Zahedan County" (Map).OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved15 January 2025.
  2. ^"محمد امیر براهویی شهردار زاهدان شد". 30 September 2021.
  3. ^abCensus of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved19 December 2022.
  4. ^Zahedan can be found atGEOnet Names Server, atthis link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3088799" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  5. ^Skrine, Clarmont (1962).World War in Iran. Constable & Company, Ltd. p. 68.
  6. ^Habibi, Hassan (5 March 2013) [Approved 21 June 1369].Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan.rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82822/T129. Archived fromthe original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved29 December 2023 – via Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users.
  7. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287110253_Cross-border_trade_and_identity_in_the_Afghan-Iranian_border_region
  8. ^"Borgeson Scholar Program | Art and Art History Department". 6 March 2025.
  9. ^Dudoignon 2017, p. 119.
  10. ^Dudoignon 2017, pp. 118–119.
  11. ^Bosworth 2002, p. 387.
  12. ^Engelbrecht, Cora; Tabrizy, Nilo; Jhaveri, Ishaan (14 October 2022)."'It Was a Massacre': How Security Forces Cracked Down in Southeastern Iran".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved14 October 2022.
  13. ^abc"Iran protests: Fresh clashes in Zahedan".BBC News. 28 October 2022. Retrieved6 November 2022.
  14. ^abDaragahi, Borzou (4 November 2022)."'Death to the dictator': Dozens killed as Iran's southeast erupts in political violence".The Independent. Retrieved6 November 2022.
  15. ^"Iranian cleric killed in flashpoint city of Zahedan - IRNA".Reuters.Islamic Republic News Agency. 3 November 2022. Retrieved6 November 2022.
  16. ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved25 September 2022.
  17. ^Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Sistan and Baluchestan Province.irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived fromthe original(Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
  18. ^ab"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Zahedan"(CSV).ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved31 January 2024.
  19. ^ab"Zahedan Climate Normals 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved19 December 2012.
  20. ^"Yearly & Monthly Weather - Zahedan, Iran".weather atlas. Retrieved31 January 2024.
  21. ^Dr John Stubbs (1 January 2007)."Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan".Railway Gazette International. Archived fromthe original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved29 July 2009.
  22. ^"Zahedan | Railways of Afghanistan".andrewgrantham.co.uk. 7 September 2010.
  23. ^ab"Chabahar port: India to build 500 km rail line on southern coast of Iran as part of transit corridor to Afghanistan".Daily News and Analysis. 23 May 2016.
  24. ^"India to export USD 150 mn rails for Chabahar port next month". 16 June 2016.
  25. ^"$125m for Chabahar-Zahedan Railroad".Financial Tribune. 24 December 2016.
  26. ^"دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زاهدان".iauzah.ac.ir. Archived fromthe original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved14 January 2007.
  27. ^"خانه".zaums.ac.ir. Archived fromthe original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved6 May 2020.

Sources

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Authority control databases: GeographicEdit this at Wikidata
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