Zagwe dynasty ዛጔ መንግሥት (Amharic) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1137–1270 | |||||||||
 Christian territories during the Zagwe Dynasty circa 1200 AD | |||||||||
| Capital | Adefa[1] | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo(official)[5] | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||
| Negus (King) | |||||||||
• early 12th century | Mara Takla Haymanot | ||||||||
• 13th century | Yetbarak | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1137 | ||||||||
• Other theories for the start | c. 930 | ||||||||
| 1270 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Ethiopia Eritrea | ||||||||
TheZagwe dynasty (Amharic:ዛጔ መንግሥት) was a medievalAgaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts ofEthiopia andEritrea. It ruled large parts of the territory from approximately 1137 to 1270 AD, when the last ZagweKing Za-Ilmaknun was killed in battle by the forces of theAmhara KingYekuno Amlak. The Zagwe are most famous for their kingGebre Meskel Lalibela, who is credited with having ordered the construction of therock-hewnmonolithic churches ofLalibela.
The name "Zagwe" is thought to derive from the ancientGe'ez phraseZe-Agaw, meaning "of theAgaw", in reference to the Mara Tekle Haymanot, the founder of the dynasty.[6] This term does not appear in contemporary sources, neither in indigenous documents nor in accounts of foreign observers.[7]
David Buxton has stated that the areas under the direct rule of the Zagwe kings apart from the centre of power inLasta "probably embraced the highlands of modernEritrea,Tigray,Wag andBete Amhara and thence westwards towardsLake Tana (Begemder)."[8] Unlike the practice of later rulers of Ethiopia,Taddesse Tamrat argues that under the Zagwe dynasty theorder of succession was that of brother succeeding brother as king (Agnatic seniority), based on the Agaw laws ofinheritance.
According to one tradition, around 960, QueenGudit destroyed the remnants of theKingdom of Aksum, causing a shift in its temporal power centre that later regrouped more to the south. For 40 years she ruled over what remained of the kingdom, eventually passing on the throne to her descendants, with Mara marrying the daughter of the last king of Aksum,Dil Na'od. According to other Ethiopian traditional accounts, the last of her dynasty was overthrown byMara Takla Haymanot in 1137.[9] Still more, according to another tradition, Mara was born in the province ofLasta, which was his power base. Originally a general of Dil Na'od, whose daughterMasoba Warq became his wife, Mara overthrew his father-in-law to found the new dynasty.[9]James Bruce, on the other hand, presents another tradition that Dil Na'od was overthrown byGudit, and that Mara Takla Haymanot (whom Bruce calls "Takla Haymanot") was a cousin of Gudit who succeeded her after several of her own family.[10]
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Three inscriptions discovered inAxum mention the names of two kings, Dabra Ferem and his son Hasani Dan'el, who were Christian but are not recorded onEthiopian regnal lists.[11] The first inscription tells how Hasani Dan'el attacked rebel tribes inKassala and claims that he conquered thirty peoples.[11] The second inscription tells how the people ofWelkait rebelled and laid waste toAxum, and in response he carried off large numbers of cattle and other animals from them.[11] Dan'el then went to the country of theMaya and took 10,000 sheep and 3,000 cattle.[12] The third inscription tells of how Dan'el went toAxum after his campaigns to be acknowledged as king and imprisoned the old king.[12] It is difficult to date the reigns of these kings, but it likely occurred in the early 10th century when the power of the Solomonic line was in decline.[13]Enno Littmann theorized that these kings were forerunners of the Zagwe dynasty andE.A. Wallis Budge believed they may have even founded the Zagwe line.[12]
The Zagwe period is still shrouded in mystery; even the number of kings in this dynasty is disputed. Some sources (such as the Paris Chronicle, and manuscripts Bruce 88, 91, and 93) give the names of eleven kings who ruled for 354 years; others (among them the bookPedro Páez andManuel de Almeida saw atAxum) list only five who ruled 143.[14]Paul B. Henze reports the existence of at least one list containing 16 names.[15]
According toCarlo Conti Rossini, the shorter mooted length of this dynasty is the more likely one. He argues that a letter received by thePatriarch of AlexandriaJohn V shortly before 1150 from an unnamed Ethiopian monarch, in which the Patriarch is asked for a newabuna because the current office holder was too old, was from Mara Takla Haymanot, who wanted theabuna replaced because he would not endorse the new dynasty.[17]
The Zagwe historically fell victim toJewish raids as they were possibly a militarily weak state having been defeated byDamot, the pre-eminent power in the region, whenZena Petros failed a campaign he led against them to extract tribute.[18][19]
The mystery of the Zagwe dynasty is perhaps darkest around its replacement by theSolomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak. The name of the last Zagwe king is lost—the surviving chronicles and oral traditions give his name asZa-Ilmaknun, which is clearly a pseudonym (Taddesse Tamrat translates it as "The Unknown, the hidden one"), employed soon after his reign by the victorious Solomonic rulers in an act ofdamnatio memoriae. Taddesse Tamrat believes that this last ruler was actuallyYetbarak. The end of the Zagwe came whenYekuno Amlak, who never personally claimed to be descendant of Dil Na'od or King Solomon, and acting under the guidance of either SaintTekle Haymanot or SaintIyasus Mo'a, pursued the last king of the Zagwe and killed him at theBattle of Ansata.[20]
In his land grants of 1204 and 1225, Lalibela called himselfnegus ("king"), which was the traditional title for Ethiopian kings. Besidesnegus he also called himselfhasani, which means as much as "tutor", "nurse" or "counselor". This title first appeared in a 10th-century account byIbn Hawqal describing an anonymous Ethiopian king, but also features in two undated Ge'ez inscriptions and the land grant of kingTantawedem inc.1030. Lalibela's land grants are the last timehasani is associated with the king. By the reign ofAmda Seyon in the first half of the 14th century it was used to denote a provincial governor.[21]
Like the kings of Aksum who preceded them, the Zagwe kings bore three names: a baptismal name, a regnal name and finally the surname.[22]
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Unlike Aksum, the Zagwe were virtually unknown to the contemporary powers of the Mediterranean. The only regular relations seem to have been maintained with Egypt and Jerusalem.[24] Although their presence is often claimed to have been of considerable antiquity, it is only in the 11th and 12th centuries when Ethiopians are firmly attested to have lived in Egypt.[25] A rare testament for their presence during the reign of the Zagwe is a fragmentary manuscript written in Ge'ez that was recently discovered in theMonastery of Saint Anthony, dating to the mid-12th to mid-13th centuries.[25]
The earliest sources confirming an Ethiopian community in Jerusalem date to the second half of the 13th century.[26] Yet it is still probable that Ethiopians had lived there before. In the late 12th century, King Lalibela's knowledge of the town was sufficient to have inspired him during the expansion of his capital, adopting Jerusalem's form, attributions and toponyms.[27]
According to Muslim tradition, thecompanions of the Prophet briefly lived in Ethiopia in 622 after being exiled from Mecca in theFirst Hijra. However, there is no archaeological evidence for this.[28] There is, however, evidence for a Muslim community[a] in eastern Tigray during the Zagwe period, possibly beingShiites depending on Fatimid patronage.[29] Arabic funerarysteles discovered nearQwiha confirm the presence of a Muslim settlement between the 10th and 12th century, although its whereabouts are still unclear.[28] Recent excavations at nearby Bilet found a Muslim cemetery in use from the late 10th to the mid-13th century, although most tombstones date to the 11th century. Thenisbas of the deceased suggest links with Egypt, theArabian Peninsula, and even Iran. Another Islamic cemetery was found at Arra 30 km southwards and was used between the mid-12th and mid-14th century, with most tombstones dating to the 13th century.[31] A now broken frieze with aKufic inscription stored in theWukro Chirkos church probably dates to the second half of the 11th century and may have originally been from a mosque, perhaps sponsored by theFatimid Caliphate.[32] Tigray's Muslim community declined from the 12th century because of the collapse of the Fatimids and, if the land grant by king Tantawedem is to be believed, its dispossession by the Zagwe.[33]
Surviving chronicles and manuscripts show variation in the number of kings and their individual length of reign. There are three main versions of the Zagwe line that are recorded, known as the 'short', 'long' and 'longer' lists.[34]
Example list recorded byPedro Páez contains 5 names.
Approximate dates: c. 1179–1270 (141 years).
Example list below recorded byCarlo Conti Rossini contains 11 names.[34] This version of the Zagwe dynasty was recorded on the1922 regnal list.
Approximate dates: c. 916–1270 (354 years).
This list contains 16 names.[34]
Approximate dates: c. 937–1270 (333 years).
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