Zaganos | |
|---|---|
| Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
| In office 1 June 1453 – 1456 | |
| Monarch | Mehmed II |
| Preceded by | Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger |
| Succeeded by | Mahmud Pasha Angelovic |
| Kapudan Pasha | |
| In office 1463–1466 | |
| Preceded by | Yakup Bey |
| Succeeded by | Mahmud Pasha Angelovic |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1426 |
| Died | 1469(1469-00-00) (aged 42–43) |
| Nationality | Ottoman |
| Spouse(s) | Sitti Nefise Hatun Fatma Hatun Anna Hatun |
| Children | First marriage Mehmed Bey Ali Çelebi Hatice Hatun Selçuk Hatun Second marriage Hamza Bey Ahmed Çelebi |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
| Branch/service | Ottoman Navy Ottoman Army |
| Rank | Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral; 1463–1466) |
| Battles/wars | Fall of Constantinople Siege of Belgrade (1456) Ottoman conquest of the Morea Siege of Salmeniko |
Zaganos orZagan Pasha (Ottoman Turkish:زاغنوس پاشا,Turkish:Zağanos Paşa;c. 1426 – 1469) was anOttoman military commander, with the titles and ranks ofkapudan pasha and the highest military rank,grand vizier, during the reign of SultanMehmed II "the Conqueror". Originally a Christian, who was conscripted and converted through thedevşirme system, he became a Muslim and rose through the ranks of thejanissaries. He became one of the prominent military commanders of Mehmed II and alala – the sultan's advisor,mentor,tutor,councillor,protector, all at once. He removed his rival, the previous Grand VizierÇandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, amid thefall of Constantinople. He later served as the governor of Thessaly of Macedonia.
Zaganos was conscripted through theDevşirme system and rose through the ranks of thejanissaries. He is thought to have been originally anOrthodox Albanian.[1][2] Different sources mention him as ofAlbanian noble descent likeSkanderbeg orHamza Kastrioti.[3][4]
In avakfiye (foundation) his name appears as "Zağanos bin Abdullah", which indicates that he was of devshirme origin.[5]
When Mehmed II was exiled in 1446, Zagan accompanied him.[6]
YoungMehmed II had after his return and accession (18 February 1451) confirmedÇandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger as his first Vizier (even though he seems to have disliked him), and raised Zaganos Pasha from third to second Vizier.[6][7] Halil Pasha had been appointed first Vizier in 1439, after the demotion ofIshak Pasha.[8] Zaganos, who was younger, was jealous of the position of Halil Pasha.[9]
During theSiege of Constantinople, the bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. The regular troops fromAnatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of theLycus down to the Sea of Marmara. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near theMesoteichion, where the guns and the elite regiments, theJanissaries, were positioned. TheBashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Other troops under Zaganos were employed north of the Golden Horn. Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn.[10] After the inconclusive frontal offensives, theOttomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels in an effort tomine them from mid-May to 25 May. Many of the sappers were miners of German origin sent fromNovo Brdo by the SerbianDespot. They were placed under the command of Zaganos Pasha. However, the Byzantines employed an engineer namedJohannes Grant (who was said to be German but was probably Scottish), who hadcounter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the Turkish workers. The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May. Subsequent tunneling efforts were interrupted on 21, 23, and 25 May, destroying them with Greek fire and vigorous combat. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured andtortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were then destroyed.[11] On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. Constantine XI accepted to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession. Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteranHalil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. Halil was overruled by Zaganos, who insisted on an immediate attack. Having been accused of bribery, Halil Pasha was put to death later that year.[12] Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force, expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all-out offensive.
After the Ottoman occupation of Constantinople, the Sultan ordered Zaganos to set out with his galleys forGalata, to prevent the Byzantine ships from setting sail.[13][when?]
The stories of Halil Pasha's collaboration with the Byzantines were most likely spread by the faction of Zaganos.[6] Zaganos succeeded Halil Pasha as Grand Vizier.[6] In 1456, however, Zaganos was made scapegoat after a failed expedition against Hungarian-heldBelgrade.[6] Zaganos' daughter was expelled from the Sultan's harem, and the two were expelled toBalıkesir, where he probably had property.[6] In 1459, Zaganos returned and becamekapudan pasha of the fast-growing Ottoman navy, and the next year he was the governor of Thessaly and Macedonia.[6]
Zaganos was said to be a tall and intelligent man.[citation needed] He has been called the most cruel Ottoman captain of his time,[14] and was said to be an enemy of Christians.[9] He was in absolute loyalty to Mehmed II, even when he was just a prince, knowing that his prospects depended on his master's success.[6] Zaganos was a soldier who believed that the Ottoman Empire must always expand in order to keep the enemies off-balance.[6] He was known for his warlike beliefs and played an important role in the 1453Fall of Constantinople.
He was one of the prominent Ottomanmilitary commanders ofMehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) and alala, at once an advisor, mentor, tutor, councilor, andprotector, for thesultan.
During thefinal siege of Constantinople, Zagan Pasha's troops were the first to reach the towers.Ulubatlı Hasan was the first soldier who reached the tower. During the siege many of the sappers were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha. Mehmed took Zaganos' advice almost exclusively.
Mehmed II honored him for his loyalty and honesty, along with the Sultan's two other Viziers, Halil Pasha and Sarica Pasha, by naming the three great towers ofRumeli Hisari after them. The tower to the south is named after Zaganos Pasha.
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He had three wives:
He had at least four sons:
He had at least two daughters:
His, as well as his family's, mausoleum is located in his endowment (1454),Zagan Pasha Mosque, inBalıkesir.[6]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Zaganos Pasha
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1 June 1453 – 1456 | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Kapudan Pasha 1463–1466 | Succeeded by |
 Seamen of the Ottoman Empire | |
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| Kapudan Pashas |
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| Other important seamen | |
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