Principality of Zachlumia Захумље Zahumlje | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9th century–1054 | |||||||||||
 Zachlumia in 9th century | |||||||||||
| Religion | Christianity | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Prince | |||||||||||
• 910–935 | Michael(first known) | ||||||||||
• 1039–1054 | Ljutovid(last independent) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 9th century | ||||||||||
• Conquered byDuklja | 1054 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||||||||
Zachlumia orZachumlia (Serbo-Croatian:Zahumlje /Захумље,pronounced[zǎxuːmʎe]), alsoHum, was amedieval principality located in the modern-day regions ofHerzegovina and southernDalmatia (today parts ofBosnia and Herzegovina andCroatia, respectively). In some periods it was a fully independent or semi-independentSouth Slavic principality. It maintained relations with various foreign and neighbouring powers (Byzantine Empire,First Bulgarian Empire,Kingdom of Croatia,Principality of Serbia) and later was subjected (temporarily or for a longer period) toKingdom of Hungary,Kingdom of Serbia,Kingdom of Bosnia, and at the end to theOttoman Empire.
Zachlumia is a derivative ofHum, from Proto-Slavic*xŭlmŭ, borrowed from a Germanic language (cf. Proto-Germanic*hulma-), meaning"Hill".[1] South SlavicZahumlje is named after themountain of Hum (za + Hum "behind the Hum"), aboveBona, at the mouth of theBuna.[citation needed] The principality is namedZahumlje orHum inSerbo-Croatian (Serbian Cyrillic: Захумље, Хум). It isZachlumia in Latin, Хлъмъ inOld Church Slavonic, and Ζαχλούμων χώρα ("land of Zachlumians") in Greek. The namesChelmania,Chulmia andterra de Chelmo appear in later Latin and Italian chronicles.
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
De Administrando Imperio described the polity of Zachlumia as:"From Ragusa begins the domain of the Zachlumi (Ζαχλοῦμοι) and stretches along as far as the river Orontius: and on the side of the coast it is neighbour to the Pagani, but on the side of the mountain country it is neighbour to the Croats on the north and to Serbia at the front ... Those who live there now, Zachlumi, are Serbs, from the time of that prince who claimed the protection of the EmperorHeraclius. In the territory of the Zachlumi are the inhabited cities of Stagnon, Mokriskik, Iosli, Galoumainik, Dobriskik".[2]
TheChronicle of the Priest of Duklja (14th or 16th century) described the geography under the rule of the South Slavic ("Red Croatia") rulers, Hum had two major cities: Bona and Hum. The main settlements in Zachlumia wereSton,Ošlje,Dobar, the towns ofMokriskik andGlumainik. The principality sprang fromDalmatia (Croatia) to the northwest andPagania to the west; to the mountain ofKalinovik and theGatačko polje, where it borderedTravunia. The eastern border of Zahumlje went along the linePopovo-Ljubinje-Dabar and met with the Travunian border at the city ofRagusa. Zachlumia was split on 9zhupanates:Ston,Popovo, Dubrava,Luka,Dabar, Žapska, Gorička andVečenik aroundNeretva. Zahumlje had access to the Adriatic Sea with thePelješac peninsula and facedSerbia northwards.[citation needed]
Slavs invaded Balkans duringJustinian I (r. 527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raidedThessalonica. The Western Balkans was settled withSclaveni (Sklavenoi), the east withAntes.[3] The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545, and again the next year. In 551, the Slavs crossedNiš initially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up inDalmatia.[4] In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured intoThrace andIllyricum, pillaging cities and settling down.[5] Hum had also a large number ofVlachs who were descendent from a pre-Slavic population. Related to Romanians and originally speaking a language related to Romanian, the Vlachs of what was Hum are today Slavic speaking.[6]
Part ofa series on the |
|---|
| History of Herzegovina |
|
 Bosnia and Herzegovina portal |
In the second decade of the 7th century, theAvars and theirSlavic subjects occupied most of theByzantine province of Dalmatia, including the territory of what would become Zahumlje, sacking towns and enslaving or displacing the local population. Some of the Slavs and Avars might have permanently settled in the occupied areas. They attackedConstantinople in 626 but were defeated by the Byzantines, after which the Avars ceased to play a significant role in theBalkans.[7]
Around 630, during the reign ofByzantine EmperorHeraclius,Serbs andCroats (Slavic tribes) led by their respective aristocracies entered the western Balkans from the north, which was approved by the emperor. They inhabited areas that had been devastated by the Avars, where Byzantium (East Roman Empire) had generally been reduced to only nominal rule. According toDAI, Zahumlje was one of the regions settled by the Serbs froman area near Thessaloniki who previously arrived there fromWhite Serbia,[8] but a closer reading of the source suggests that the Constantine VII's consideration about the population's ethnic identity is based on Serbian political rule and influence during the time ofČaslav of Serbia and does not indicate ethnic origin.[9][10][11][12][13][14] According toNoel Malcolm, today's western Serbia was area where Serbs settled in 7th century and from there they expanded their rule on territory of Zachlumia.[15] According toTibor Živković the area of the Vistula where theLitziki ancestors ofMichael of Zahumlje originate was the place whereWhite Croats would be expected and notWhite Serbs,[16] and it's unclear whether the Zachlumians "in the migration period to the Balkans really were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans".[17] According toFrancis Dvornik the Zachlumians "had a closer bond of interest with the Croats than with the Serbs, since they seem to have migrated to their new home not with the Serbs, but with the Croats".[18] Michael's tribal origin is related to the oral tradition fromHistoria Salonitana byThomas the Archdeacon about seven or eight tribes of nobles calledLingones who arrived fromPoland and settled inCroatia.[19][20][21][22] Much of Dalmatia was sometime earlier settled by the Croats, and Zahumlje bordered their territory on the north.[23] According to Thomas the Archdeacon, when describing the reign of Croatian kingStephen Držislav in the late 10th century, notes that Duchy of Hum (Zachlumia or Chulmie) was a part of the Kingdom of Croatia, before and after Stjepan Držislav:
"Istaque fuerunt regni eorum confinia: ab oriente Delmina, ubi fuit civitas Delmis, ... ab occidente Carinthia, versus mare usque ad oppidum Stridonis, quod nunc est confinium Dalmatie et Ystrie; ab aquilone vero a ripa Danubii usque ad mare Dalmaticum cum tota Maronia et Chulmie ducatu."
"The boundaries of that kingdom were as follows. To the east: Delmina. ... To the west: Carinthia, towards the sea up to the town of Stridon, which now marks the boundary between Dalmatia and Istria. To the north, moreover: from the banks of the Danube down to the Dalmatian sea, including all of Maronia and the Duchy of Hum."
Charlemagne,King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into anempire (800) that incorporated much of western and central Europe.[25] He brought the Frankish state face to face with theWest Slavs to the northeast and theAvars andSouth Slavs to the southeast of the Frankish empire.[25] Dalmatia which was southeast of the Frankish empire, was chiefly in the hands of South Slavic tribes.[26] North of Dubrovnik these came to be under Croatianžupans (princes) and eventually came to consider themselves Croatians, while many of those to the south of Dubrovnik were coming to consider themselves Serbs.[26] Despite Frankish overlordship, the Franks had almost no role in Dalmatia (Dalmatian Croatia and Zahumlje) in the period from the 820s through 840s.[27]
In 866, a majorArab raid alongDalmatia struckBudva andKotor, and then laid siege toDubrovnik in 867.[27] The city of Dubrovnik appealed toByzantine EmperorBasil the Macedonian, who responded by sending over one hundred ships.[27] Finally, the 866–867 Saracens' siege of Dubrovnik, which lasted fifteen months, was raised due to the intervention of Basil I, who sent a fleet under the command ofNiketas Oryphas in relief of the city.[28] After this successful intervention, theByzantine navy sailed along the coast collecting promises of loyalty to the empire fromthe Dalmatian cities.[27] At this moment the local Slavic tribes (in Zahumlje, Travunija, and Konavle), who had aided the intervention, also accepted Byzantine suzerainty.[27] Afterwards, the Slavs of Dalmatia and Zahumlje took part in the Byzantine military actions against the Arabs inBari in 870–871.[27] The Roman cities in Dalmatia had long been pillaged by the Slavic tribes in the mountaines around them.[27] Basil I allowed the towns to pay tribute to the Slavic tribes to reduce the Slavs raiding.[27] Presumably a large portion of this tribute went to the prince ofDalmatian Croatia.[27] In late 870s, thetheme of Dalmatia ("thema Dalmatias") was established, but with no real Byzantine authority.[29] These small cities in the region (alsoDyrrachium) did not stretch into the hinterlands, and had none military capacity, thus Basil I paid a tax of '72 gold coins' to the princes of Zahumlje and Travunia.[29]
In 879, thePope asked for help from dukeZdeslav Trpimirović for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje. Later in 880, the Pope ask the same from Zdeslav's successor, princeBranimir.[citation needed]
The history of Zahumlje as a greater political entity starts with the emerging ofMichael of Zahumlje, an independentSouth Slavic ruler who flourished in the early part of the 10th century. A neighbour ofCroatian Kingdom andPrincipality of Serbia as well as an ally ofBulgaria, he was nevertheless able to maintain independent rule throughout at least a good part of his reign.[10]
Michael have come into territorial conflict with the neighbouring princePeter Gojniković, the ruler ofinner Serbia, who was extending his power westwards.[30][31] To eliminate that threat and as a close ally of Bulgaria, Michael warned the Bulgarian TsarSimeon I about the alliance between Peter and Symeon's enemy, theByzantine Empire.[30] In 912 Michael kidnapped the Venetian Doge's son Peter Badoari that was returning to Venice from Constantinople and sent him to Czar Simeon as a sign of loyalty. Symeon attacked inner Serbia and captured Peter, who later died in prison, and Michael was able to restore the majority of control.[32]
TheHistoria Salonitana maior, whose composition may have begun in the late 13th century,[33] cites a letter ofPope John X toTomislav, "king (rex) of the Croats", in which he refers to the first council in some detail. If the letter is authentic, it shows that the council was attended not only by the bishops of Croatian and Byzantine Dalmatia, but also by Tomislav, whose territory also included the Byzantine cities of Dalmatia, and by a number of Michael's representatives. Zahumlje may have been under Croatian influence, but remained a separate political entity. Both Zahumlje and Croatia were under the religious jurisdiction of theArchbishopric of Split. In this letter, John describes Michael as "the most excellent leader of the Zachlumi" (excellentissimus dux Chulmorum),[34][35] and is mentioned the Ston bishopric (ecclesia Stagnensis) which jurisdiction remained under Split until 1022.[36] It is uncertain whether the inscription and depiction of a Slavic ruler in the Church of St. Michael in Ston is a reference to Michael of Zahumlje, the 12th centuryMihailo I of Duklja or St. Michael himself.[37]
After the Italian city ofSiponto (Latin:Sipontum) was heavily jeopardized by the raiding Arabs and Langobards, Mihailo won a magnificent military victory by taking the city upon the recommendations from Constantinople and orders from his ally, King Tomislav Trpimirovic, but didn't keep it permanently.[38] Mihailo Višević entered into closer relations with the Byzantine Empire, after the death of Bulgaria's Tsar Simeon. He gained the grand titles of the Byzantine court asanthypatos and patrician (patrikios).[32] He remained as ruler of Zahumlje into the 940s, while maintaining good relations with thePapacy.[39]
After the death of Michael (after c. 930s or 940s), the fate of Zahumlje is uncertain due to lack of historical sources about it.[40] Some historians believe that Zahumlje came under the rule of princeČaslav of Serbia, but there's no evidence for it andDAI which was written in the mid-10th century clearly states that Zachlumia is a separate polity from Serbia.[40] The 13th centuryThomas the Archdeacon claimed that the Croatian kingdom included Zachlumia before and afterStephen Držislav (969–997), but that's also disputable.[40]
In the late 990s, Bulgarian Tsar Samuel made client states out of most of the Balkans, including Duklja and Zahumlje.[41][42] In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign againstJovan Vladimir to prevent a Byzantine-Serbian alliance, resulting in a surrender.[43] The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass throughDalmatia, taking control ofKotor and journeying to Dubrovnik. Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked Croatia in support of the rebel princesKrešimir III andGojslav and advanced northwest as far asSplit,Trogir andZadar, then northeast throughBosnia andRaška and returned to Bulgaria.[43][42]
By 1020, Byzantine EmperorBasil I expanded control in the whole region, but the Byzantines used local elite to rule over local polities although under Byzantine vassalage and supervision of Byzantine officials.[44] In thePope Benedict VIII's bull from 27 September 1022 is mentioned Zahumlje kingdom (regno Lachomis), and would be again in the bull ofPope Gregory VII from 1076 (asregno Zaculmi), which confirmed the jurisdiction of thearchdiocese of Dubrovnik.[44]
In a charter dated July 1039,Ljutovid of Zahumlje who was an independentSlavic ruler of Zahumlje, styled himself"Ljutovit,protospatharios epi tou Chrysotriklinou, hypatos, strategos" of Serbia and Zahumlje. According to historian Paul Stephenson, it "suggests that he had been courted by the emperor, and awarded nominal rights neighbouring lands, including Duklja, which was at the time at war with the empire.[45]
According to historical sources, the Serbian lands were under Byzantine control or vassalage until 1040s, but not under a direct control.[45]Vojislav of Duklja (fl. 1018–1043) soon took Zahumlje from the Byzantines.[46] During the rule ofConstantine Bodin (r. 1081–1101), neither Bosnia, Serbia nor Zahumlje was ever integrated into Doclea, each retained its own nobility and institutions and simply acquired aVojislavljević to head the local structure as Prince or Duke.[47] Zahumlje subsequently became part of theGrand Principality of Serbia.
Kočapar, the Prince of Duklja (r. 1102–1103), ruled in the name ofVukan I of Serbia. There was a split between the two, and Vukan sent forces to Duklja, making Kočapar flee to Bosnia and then Zahumlje, where he died.[48]Zavida ruled Zahumlje before getting into a conflict with his brothers, resulting in him being exiled to Duklja, where he would have the title ofLord ofRibnica.[49]Grand PrincesDesa (r. 1148–1162) andUroš II Prvoslav ruled Serbia together 1149–1153; Desa had the title of 'Prince of Duklja, Travunija and Zahumlje', mentioned in 1150 and 1151.[citation needed]
About 1150, the Byzantine EmperorManuel I Komnenos displeased with kingRadoslav of Duklja, divided up his lands between princes of the old Serbian family of Zavida, andStefan Nemanja secured the land of Hum.[50] After 1168 when Nemanja was raised to the Serbian throne with Manuel's favor, Hum passed to his brotherMiroslav.[50] He married a sister ofBan Kulin, who in meantime acquired the throne ofBosnia.[50] The subjects of Miroslav and Kulin included both Catholic and Orthodox.[50] Prince Miroslav himself was Orthodox.[51] In meantime, both Bosnia and Hum had been fought betweenKingdom of Hungary andByzantine Empire.[50] The Catholics supported the former and the Orthodox the latter.[50] A support of the growing heresy seemed the best solution for both Kulin and Miroslav.[50]
Following the death of Emperor Manuel in 1180 Miroslav started ecclesiastical superior of Hum.[52] He refused to allow Rainer, Latin Archbishop of Spalato (Split) whom he considered to be an agent of Hungarian king, to consecrate a bishop for the town ofSton.[52] In addition, Miroslav confiscated the Archbishop's money.[52] Rainer complained to thePope Alexander III, who sent Teobald to report on the matter.[52] The Pope's nuncio Teobald found Miroslav as a patron of heretics.[52] After this, the Pope wrote to kingBéla III of Hungary who was overlord of Hum (which Miroslav did not recognize), telling him to see that Miroslav performed his duty, but Miroslav remained asPrince of Hum.[52] In 1190–1192, Stefan Nemanja briefly assigned the rule of Hum to his sonRastko Nemanjić, while Miroslav held theLim region withBijelo Polje.[53] Rastko however took monastic vows and Miroslav continued ruling Hum after 1192.[53]
Latin vengeance came in March 1198, whenAndrew II of Hungary become the prince of Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum, while Miroslav died a year after and his wife was living in exile.[52] TheMiroslav Gospels are the oldest surviving documents written in Serbian recension ofOld Church Slavonic, very likely produced for the Church of St Peter in Lima, commissioned by prince Miroslav.[54]
Until beginning of the 13th century, areas of Zahumlje were under jurisdiction of the Roman Church.[55] WhenSava became the firstarchbishop of Serbia in 1219, he appointedIlarion as theOrthodox bishop of Hum.
Andrija Mirosavljević is entitled the rule of Hum, but the Hum nobility chose his brotherPetar. Andrija is exiled to Rascia, to the court of his cousin Grand PrinceStefan Nemanjić. In the meantime, Petar fought successfully with neighbouring Bosnia and Croatia. Stefan Nemanjić sided with Andrija and went to war and secured Hum and Popovo field for Andrija sometime after his accession. Petar was defeated and crossed the Neretva, continuing to rule the west and north of the Neretva, which had around 1205 been briefly occupied byAndrew II of Hungary.[56][57]Toljen II, the son ofToljen Mirosavljević, succeeded as prince, ruling 1227–1237. Andrija's sonsBogdan,Radoslav andGeorge succeed as princes of Hum in 1249, Radoslav held the supreme rule. During the war against Ragusa, he aided his kinsmanStephen Uroš I of Serbia, at the same time swearing allegiance toBéla IV of Hungary. Following an earthquake in the Hum capital of Ston, the Serbian Orthodox bishop of Hum moved to the church of St Peter and St Paul built on theLim River near the Serbian border in the 1250s.[56]
Radoslav of Zahumlje was from 1254 a vassal of Hungary, but probably afterwards his land were absorbed into Serbia.[58] However, he was at war with Serbia in 1268, while still under Hungarian suzerainty.[59] But seeking to centralize his realm,Stephen Uroš I of Serbia tried to stamp out regional differences by dropping references to Zahumlje (Hum), Trebinje and Duklja (Zeta), and called himself "King of all Serbian land and the Coast".[59] Miroslav's descendants dropped to the level of other local nobles.[59]
Paul I Šubić of Bribir asBan of Croatia and Dalmatia controlled Croatia fromGvozd Mountain to the riverNeretva mouth.[60] Paul becameLord of all of Bosnia in 1299.[61] Although supporting the king, Paul continued to act independently, and ruled over a large portion of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia.[61] In the course of the war betweenStephen Uroš II Milutin andStephen Dragutin, Paul Šubić expanded not only into western Hum, but also beyond the Neretva river, and took the region ofNevesinje andSton.[62] Paul appointed his eldest son,Mladen II, as Lord of Hum.[63] At least part of Paul's conquests were granted to his vassalConstantine Nelipčić.[62] Mladen succeeded his father in 1312. After Paul's death, Milutin and Dragutin concluded a peace, and went to war against theŠubić family.[62] In the war that followed Milutin took one of Mladen's brother captive, and to get him back Mladen Šubić had to agree to restore a part of Hum to Milutin.[62] After this agreement in 1313 the Neretva again became the border between eastern and western Hum.[62]
By 1325, theBranivojević family had emerged as strongest in Hum.[64] Probably at their highest point they ruled fromCetina River to the town ofKotor.[64] Though nominal vassals of Serbia, the Branivojević family attacked Serbian interests and other local nobles of Hum, who in 1326 turned against Serbia and Branivojević family.[64] The Hum nobles approached toStjepan Kotromanić II, the ban of Bosnia, who then annexed most of Hum.[64] TheDraživojevići of Nevesinje as vassals of Bosnian Ban, become the leading family of Hum in the 1330s.[65] Because of the war in 1327-1328 between Serbia and Dubrovnik, Bosnian lordship of inner Hum and the war in Macedonia,Stephen Uroš IV Dušan soldSton andPelješac to Dubrovnik, and turned to the east to acquire all of Macedonia.[65]
The region was overwhelmed by theHouse of Kotromanić from Bosnia in 1322–1326. By the mid-14th century, Bosnia apparently reached a peak under BanTvrtko I who came into power in 1353.[citation needed]
In the beginning of the 15th century,Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić ruled over the western Hum, andSandalj Hranić Kosača ruled over its eastern part, while the Neretva river remain a border between their possessions.[66]
The territory on the right bank of the Lower Neretva was at the time controlled by Kosača vassals, a local clan and magnates ofRadivojević–Jurjević–Vlatković.[67]
Bosnian regional lordStjepan Vukčić Kosača ruled over Zahumlje, or Humska zemlja as it was called at this point. In 1448 he assumed the titleherzog and styled himselfHerzog of Hum and the Coast, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest,[68][69] and since 1450,Herzog of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest.[70] This "Saint Sava" part of the title had considerable public relations value, becauseSava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths.[70] Stjepan's title will prompt theOttomans to start callingHumska zemlja by using the possessive form of the nounHerceg,Herceg's land(s) (Herzegovina), which remains a long-lasting legacy in the name of Bosnia and Herzegovina to this day.[71][68][72]
In 1451 he attacked Dubrovnik, and laid siege to the city.[73] He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor.[73] A reward of 15,000ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed.[73] Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.[73]
Most of Hum's territory was inhabited bySlavs,[74] andVlachs, and belonged to theEastern Church after theGreat Schism.[75] Hum's coastal region, including its capitalSton, had a mixed population ofCatholics and Orthodox.[51][75]
In contrast to Bosnia, where Roman Catholicism andBosnian Church were firmly established, eastern parts of Hum was mostly Orthodox, from 13th century and the rise of Nemanjići.[76] In the 14th- and 15th centuries, there was an influx of settlers from thežupa ofTrebinje, around forts Klobuk, Ledenica and Rudina, and theHum lands aroundGacko andDabar, toKotor. The people from Hum were mostly girls from Gacko, who took up working as servants to wealthy families.[77]
The historical name of the region is officially represented in the name of theEparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina of theSerbian Orthodox Church. Also, the honorific titleGrandVoivode (Duke) of Zahumlije has been granted at times to junior members of thePetrović-Njegoš dynasty that ruled inMontenegro until 1918. The last grand duke of Zahumlije wasPrince Peter of Montenegro, who died in 1932.[80]
Pri tome je car dosljedno izostavljao Dukljane iz ove srpske zajednice naroda. Čini se, međutim, očitim da car ne želi govoriti ο stvarnoj etničkoj povezanosti, već da su mu pred očima politički odnosi u trenutku kada je pisao djelo, odnosno iz vremena kada su za nj prikupljani podaci u Dalmaciji.
Izneseni nalazi navode na zaključak da se Hrvati nisu uopće naselili u južnoj Panoniji tijekom izvorne seobe sa sjevera na jug, iako je moguće da su pojedine manje skupine zaostale na tom području utopivši se naposljetku u premoćnoj množini ostalih doseljenih slavenskih populacija. Širenje starohrvatskih populacija s juga na sjever pripada vremenu od 10. stoljeća nadalje i povezano je s izmijenjenim političkim prilikama, jačanjem i širenjem rane hrvatske države. Na temelju svega ovoga mnogo je vjerojatnije da etnonim "Hrvati" i doseoba skrivaju činjenicu o prijenosu političke vlasti, što znači da je car političko vrhovništvo poistovjetio s etničkom nazočnošću. Točno takav pristup je primijenio pretvarajući Zahumljane, Travunjane i Neretljane u Srbe (DAI, c. 33, 8-9, 34, 4-7, 36, 5-7).
Sporovi hrvatske i srpske historiografije oko etničkoga karaktera sklavinija između Cetine i Drača bespredmetni su, jer transponiraju suvremene kategorije etniciteta u rani srednji vijek u kojem se identitet shvaćao drukčije. Osim toga, opstojnost većine sklavinija, a pogotovo Duklje (Zete) govori i u prilog ustrajanju na vlastitom identitetu kojim su se njihove elite razlikovale od onih susjednih ... Međutim, nakon nekog vremena (možda poslije unutarnjih sukoba u Hrvatskoj) promijenio je svoj položaj i prihvatio vrhovništvo srpskog vladara jer Konstantin tvrdi da su Zahumljani (kao i Neretvani i Travunjani) bili Srbi od vremena onog arhonta koji je Srbe, za vrijeme Heraklija, doveo u njihovu novu domovinu. Ta tvrdnja, naravno, nema veze sa stvarnošću 7. st., ali govori o političkim odnosima u Konstantinovo vrijeme.
Plemena u Zahumlju, Paganiji, Travuniji i Konavlima Porfirogenit naziva Srbima,28 razdvajajuči pritom njihovo političko od etničkog bića.29 Ovakvo tumačenje verovatno nije najsrećnije jer za Mihaila Viševića, kneza Zahumljana, kaže da je poreklom sa Visle od roda Licika,30 a ta je reka isuviše daleko od oblasti Belih Srba i gde bi pre trebalo očekivati Bele Hrvate. To je prva indicija koja ukazuje da je srpsko pleme možda bilo na čelu većeg saveza slovenskih plemena koja su sa njim i pod vrhovnim vodstvom srpskog arhonta došla na Balkansko poluostrvo.
...the enigmatic Litziki were associated with the archaic names of Poles(Lendizi, Liakhy),7 or with the Slavic tribe of Lingones mentioned by chronicler Adam of Bremen.8 Be that as it may, it is certain that, although his subjects were perceived as Serbs, the family of Prince Michael of Zahumlje did not descend from Serbs or Croats, and was not related to their dynasties.
Kao potporna analogija može poslužiti i podrijetlo Mihaela Viševića, vladara Zahumljana s područja Visle.21 Teško da je netko drugi (osim njega samoga i njegova roda) iznosio takvu obavijest. Ista hrvatska tradicija, ponešto izmijenjena, zadržala se u Dalmaciji sve do 13. stoljeća kada ju spominje Toma Arhiđakon: "Iz krajeva Poljske došlo je s Totilom sedam ili osam uglednih plemena, koji se zovu Lingoni."2
Do početka 20-ih godina 13. stoljeća prostori Humske zemlje bili su pod jurisdikcijom zapadne, odnosno rimske Crkve.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
