| Zabarwan Range | |
|---|---|
 Reflection of snow covered Zabarwan mountains in theDal Lake | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Mahadev Peak |
| Elevation | 3,966 m (13,012 ft) |
| Coordinates | 34°09′09″N74°59′14″E / 34.152443°N 74.987268°E /34.152443; 74.987268 |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 20 mi (32 km) N-W |
| Width | 8 mi (13 km) |
| Geography | |
 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Jammu and Kashmir |
| Region | Kashmir Valley |
| Districts | Srinagar,Pulwama andGanderbal |
| Settlement | Srinagar |
| Range coordinates | 34°08′27″N74°58′08″E / 34.140934°N 74.968898°E /34.140934; 74.968898 |
TheZabarwan Range is a short (20 mi (32 km) long)sub-mountain range betweenPir Panjal andGreat Himalayan Range in the central part of theKashmir Valley in the Union Territory ofJammu and Kashmir in India.[1][2]
The Zabarwan Range borders the central part of the Kashmir Valley in the east. Literally it is the mountain range betweenSind Valley andLidder Valley on the north and south, and between theZanskar Range andJehlum Valley on the east and west, respectively.[3] Specifically the range is known to be what overlooks theDal Lake and holds theMughal gardens of Srinagar. The north end of the range lies inGanderbal, while the south end lies inPampore. TheShankaracharya Temple is built on the edge of the central part of the Zabarwan Range. The highest peak of this range isMahadev Peak at 13,013 feet (3,966 m), which forms the distant background of the eastern mountain wall.[2][4][5][6]
On the northern slopes of the central part of the range there are three Mughal gardens built byEmperor Shah Jahan. These includeChashma Shahi,Nishat Bagh andShalimar Garden alongside thePari Mahal(the fairy palace). The recently builtIndira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in the lap of the Zabarwans is considered the largest tulip garden of Asia spread over 12 hectares of land.[7]
The Zabarwan mountain range possesses great Himalayan features with rich wildlife. TheDachigam National Park, spread over 141 km2, is the main feature of the range. The Dachigam National Park holds the last viable population ofKashmir stag (Hangul) and the largest population ofblack bear in Asia. The range is also home tomusk deer,leopard,Himalayan brown bear,leopard cat,jungle cat,red fox,jackal,Himalayan wolf,serow,Himalayan yellow-throated marten,long-tailed marmot,Indian porcupine,Himalayan mouse-hare,langur andHimalayan weasel.[2][3][8][9]
The climate of the Zabarwans can be summed up from the climate of Dachigam. It is asub-Mediterranean type, with two spells of dryness from April to June and September to November. The range has irregular weather conditions with a considerable variation in the amount of precipitation. Snow is the main source of precipitation, and in some parts melts till June. The annual minimum and maximum rainfall of the Zabarwans ranges between 32 mm to 546 mm.[2][3]
The crystalline axis of the Himalayan system contains the oldest rocks, and in the northern flank of this crystalline axis are found fossiliferous sediments of marine origin. The Zabarwan Range has crystalline rocks such asgranite,schists andphyllites with embeddedlimestone, which form the core of its parent range. The western region from Khanmoh to the east of Mahadev consists ofshale,calcareous slates and blue limestone. The sediments composing this range have been laid from Cambrian to Tertiary. The soil depth in Dachigam on the slope from lower to middle reaches is less than 25 cm, and hence falls under the category of very shallow soils.[3][10]
