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Youth Olympic Games

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International multi-sport event
For the recent winter games, held in Gangwon Province, South Korea, see2024 Winter Youth Olympics. For the upcoming summer games in Dakar, Senegal, see2026 Summer Youth Olympics.

Youth Olympic Games
The logo of Youth Olympic Games
Summer Games
Winter Games
Sports

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Regional Games
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Youth Olympic Games is an internationalmulti-sport event for athletes aged 15 to 18 years old.[1] Organized by theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC), the Games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the currentOlympic Games format, though in reverse order with the Olympic Winter Games held inleap years instead of the Games of the Olympiad. The first summer version was held inSingapore from 14 to 26 August2010 while the first winter version was held inAustria from 13 to 22 January2012.[2]

The idea of such an event was introduced byJohann Rosenzopf from Austria in 1998. On 6 July 2007, International Olympic Committee members at the 119thIOC session inGuatemala City approved the creation of a youth version of the Olympic Games, with the intention of sharing the costs of hosting the event between the IOC and the host city, whereas the travelling costs of athletes and coaches were to be paid by the IOC. These Games will also feature cultural exchange programs and opportunities for participants to meet Olympic athletes.

Several other Olympic events for youth, like theEuropean Youth Olympic Festival held every other year with summer and winter versions, and theAustralian Youth Olympic Festival, have proven successful. The Youth Games are modelled after these sporting events.[3] The YOG is also a successor to the discontinuedWorld Youth Games.

The Summer Youth Olympic Games of Singapore in 2010 andNanjing in2014 each played host to 3600 athletes and lasted 13 days, whereas the Winter YOG ofInnsbruck in 2012 had 1059 athletes andLillehammer in2016 had 1100 athletes and lasted 10 days. Even though this exceeded initial estimates,[4][5] the YOG are still both smaller in size as well as shorter than their senior equivalents. The most recent Summer YOG was the2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games ofBuenos Aires. The most recent Winter YOG was the2024 Winter Youth Olympic Games ofGangwon, South Korea. The next Summer YOG to take place will be the2026 Summer Youth Olympics ofDakar, Senegal. The next Winter YOG to take place will be the2028 Winter Youth Olympics of theDolomites andValtellina, Italy.

History

[edit]

The concept of the Youth Olympic Games came from Austrian industrial managerJohann Rosenzopf in 1998.[6] This was in response to growing global concerns about childhood obesity and the dropping participation of youth in sport activities, especially amongst youth in developed nations.[7] It was further recognized that a youth version of the Olympic Games would help foster participations in the Olympic Games.[8] Despite these reasons for having an Olympic event for young people, the IOC's response of holding a purely sporting event was negative.[9] IOC delegates wanted the event to be as much about cultural education and exchange as it was about sports, which is why the Culture and Education Program (CEP) was developed as a component of each celebration of the Games.[9]Jacques Rogge, IOC President, formally announced plans for the Youth Olympic Games at the 119thIOC session inGuatemala City on 6 July 2007.[10] There are several goals for the YOG, and four of them include bringing together the world's best young athletes, offering an introduction into Olympism, innovating in educating and debating Olympic values.[11] The city ofSingapore was announced as the host of the inaugural Summer Youth Olympics on 21 February 2008.[12] On 12 December 2008 the IOC announced thatInnsbruck, host of the1964 and1976 Winter Olympics, would be the host of the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012.[13]

Host city requirements

[edit]

The scale of the Youth Olympic Games is smaller than that of the Olympics, which is intentional and allows for smaller cities to host an Olympic event. Potential host cities are required to keep all events within the same city and no new sports venues should be built.[11] Exceptions to this building moratorium include a media centre, amphitheatre facilities for classes and workshops, and a village for coaches and athletes.[11] This village is to be the heart of the Games for the athletes, and the hub of activity.[11] No new or unique transportation systems are required as all athletes and coaches will be transported by local shuttles.[11] According to bid procedures, the athletics venue must hold 10,000 people, and a bidding city must have a 2,500-seat aquatics facility for the Summer editions.[14]

The first logo of Youth Olympic Games
The second logo of Youth Olympic Games
The third logo of Youth Olympic Games

Financing

[edit]

The original estimated costs for running the Games were US$30 million for the Summer and $15 million to $20 million for Winter Games (these costs did not include infrastructure improvements for venue construction). The IOC has stipulated that costs for infrastructure and venues is to be paid by the host city.[15] The IOC will pay travel costs to the host city and room and board for the athletes and judges, estimated at $11 million. The funding will come from IOC funds and not revenues. The budgets for the final two bids for the inaugural Summer Games as submitted by the IOC came in at $90 million, much higher than the estimated costs.[16] The cost of the first games in Singapore escalated to an estimated S$387 million ($284 million).[17][18] Sponsors have been slow to sign on for the YOG, due to the fact that it is a new initiative and corporations are not sure what level of exposure they will get.[16] The budget for the inaugural Winter Games to be held in Innsbruck has been estimated at $22.5 million, which does not include infrastructure improvements and venue construction.[19]

Participation

[edit]
See also:List of participating nations at the Summer Youth Olympic Games andList of participating nations at the Winter Youth Olympic Games

Over 200 countries and 3,600 athletes participated in the inaugural 2010 Youth Summer Olympics.[20] Participants are placed in the following age groups: 15–16 years, 16–17 years, and 17–18 years.[21] The athlete's age is determined by how old they are by 31 December of the year they are participating in the YOG.[11] Qualification to participate in the Youth Olympics is determined by the IOC in conjunction with the International Sport Federations (ISF) for the various sports on the program.[11] To ensure that all nations are represented at the YOG the IOC instituted the concept of Universality Places. A certain number of spots in each event are to be left open for athletes from under-represented nations regardless of qualifying marks. This is to ensure that every nation will be able to send at least four athletes to each Youth Olympic Games.[11] For team tournaments one team per continent will be allowed to compete along with a sixth team either representing the host nation or as proposed by the IF with IOC approval. There is a cap of two teams (one boys' and one girls') per nation.[11] Finally, no nation may enter more than 70 athletes in individual sports.[11]

Sports

[edit]

Summer Youth Olympics

[edit]

All sports on the core program of the Summer Olympics, as well as most of the optional sports added in the2020 and2024 Summer Olympics, have been represented in the program of the Summer Youth Olympics. Most team sports use versions with reduced team sizes, including replacing regularbasketball with3x3 basketball,football withfutsal,handball withbeach handball,field hockey with hockey5s,indoor volleyball withbeach volleyball, and, in 2026,baseball withbaseball5. The 2026 edition will mark the first time the summer youth program has an equal number of events for boys and girls.[22]

Unlike the traditional Games, it is up to the Organizing Committee to choose which disciplines will be chosen to be played in collective sports. Twenty-seven sports were introduced in the2010 Games. The Organizing Committee for the2014 Games, chosebeach volleyball (replacing their indoor counterpart) andfield hockey as optional sport. In the2018 Games, six sports were introduced:beach handball (replacing their indoor counterpart),breakdancing,futsal (replacingtheir association counterpart),karate,roller speed skating andsport climbing. The 28 Olympic core sports are expected to feature in the2026 Games, being confirmed in 2020.[23][24]

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current and discontinued Summer Youth Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The discontinued sports were previously part of the Summer Youth Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; abullet () denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration sport; amultiplication sign (×) denotes that the sport was showcased as a engagement sport.

SportDisciplineCode & PictogramBody10141826
ArcheryArcheryARCWorld Archery4333
AquaticsSwimmingSWMWorld Aquatics34363628
AthleticsAthleticsATHWorld Athletics36373636
BadmintonBadmintonBDMBWF2332
BaseballBaseball5BS5WBSC1
Basketball3x3 basketballBK3FIBA2442
BoxingBoxingBOXNo body
recognised
AIBA/IBA[sy 1][25]
11111310
CyclingRoad cyclingCRDUCI4
Dance SportBreakingBKGWDSF32
EquestrianShow jumpingEJPFEI2221
FencingFencingFENFIE7776
FootballFutsalFBSFIFA22
GymnasticsArtistic gymnasticsGARFIG1212125
HandballBeach handballHBBIHF22
JudoJUDIHF9998
RowingCoastal rowingROCWorld Rowing5
RugbyRugby sevensRU7World Rugby222
SailingSALWorld Sailing4452
Skate sportSkateboardingSKBWorld Skate2
Table TennisTTEITTF3333
TaekwondoTKWWorld Taekwondo10101011
TriathlonTRIWorld Triathlon3333
VolleyballBeach volleyballVBVFIVB222
WrestlingBeach wrestlingWRBUWW8
WushuWSUIWUF4
AquaticsDivingDIVWorld Aquatics455
CanoeCanoe slalomCSLICF344
Canoe sprintCSP344×
CyclingBMX freestyleCYCUCI1
BMX racingBMX1
Multi-disciplineCYC1[sy 2]3[sy 2]2[sy 3]
FootballFootballFBLFIFA22
GolfGolfGLFIGF33×
GymnasticsAcrobatic gymnasticsGACFIG1
Rhythmic gymnasticsGRY221
Trampoline gymnasticsGTR222
Multi-disciplineGYM1[sy 4]
HandballIndoor handballHBLIHF22
HockeyField hockeyHOCFIH2
Hockey5sHO522×
KarateKTEWKF6×
Modern PentathlonMPNUIPM333×
RowingRowingROWWorld Rowing444
ShootingSHOISSF466×
Skate sportInline speed skatingISSWorld Skate2
Sport climbingCLBIFSC2×
SurfingSRFISA×
TennisTENITF455×
VolleyballIndoor volleyballVVOFIVB2
WeightliftingWLFIWF11111212
WrestlingFreestyle wrestlingWREUWW9910
Greco-Roman wrestlingWRG559
Total events202220243151
Total sports33354125
  1. ^AIBA/IBA was the recognised body of boxing until 2023.
  2. ^abIn 2010 and 2014 Road, Mountain, and BMX Racing were combined into a single event with multiple stages.
  3. ^In 2018 Road and Mountain Cycling were combined into a single event with multiple stages.
  4. ^In 2018 gymnastics included amixed multi-discipline, multi-NOC team event.

Demonstration summer sports

[edit]

Six sports have been demonstrated at the Summer Youth Olympics. Skateboarding, Sports Climbing, Inline Speed Skating, and Wushu were demonstrated at the 2014 games and included in subsequent editions. Three sports were demonstrated at the 2018 games and have not yet been included in subsequent editions:

Winter Youth Olympics

[edit]

All sports on the core program of the Winter Olympics have been a part of every Winter Youth Olympics. In 2020,ski mountaineering was added as an optional sport (it was later added to the program of the 2026 Winter Olympics).[26] The 2024 Winter Youth Olympics marked the first time at any Olympic Games that the program included an equal number of events for male and female athletes.[27] No sports have been demonstrated at the Winter Youth Olympics. There have been 46 disciplines across 16 sports in the Winter Youth Olympics between the2012 Games to the2020 Games.

The following sports (or disciplines of a sport) make up the current and discontinued Winter Youth Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The discontinued sports were previously part of the Winter Youth Olympic Games program as official sports, but are no longer on the current program.

SportDisciplineCode & PictogramBody12162024
BiathlonBTHBIU5666
CurlingCURWorld Curling2222
IBSF sportBobsleighBOBIBSF2222
SkeletonSKN2222
Ice hockeyIHOIIHF4444
LugeLUGFIL4455
SkatingFigure skatingFSKISU5555
Short track speed skatingSTK5557
Speed skatingSSK8777
SkiingAlpine skiingALPFIS9999
Cross-Country skiingCCS4665
Freestyle skiingFRS46812
Nordic combinedNCB1233
Ski jumpingSJP3333
SnowboardingSBD4799
Ski mountaineeringSMTISMF5
Total events62708181
Total sports15151615

Culture and education

[edit]
Flags of participating nations at the2010 Summer Youth Olympics

Education and culture are also key components for the Youth edition. Not only does the education/culture aspect apply to athletes and participants, but also youth around the world and inhabitants of the host city and surrounding regions. To this end, a Culture and Education Program (CEP) will be featured at each Games.[8] The first CEP at the 2010 Singapore Games featured events that fostered cooperation amongst athletes of different nations. It had classes on topics ranging from health and fitness to the environment and career planning. Local students from Singapore made booths at the World Culture Village that represented each of the 205 participating National Olympic Committee.[28] The Chat with Champions sessions were the most popular portion of the program.[8] Participants were invited to hear inspirational talks given by former and current Olympic athletes.[8]

Also part of the CEP is the Young Ambassadors Programme, Young Reporters Programme and Athlete Role Models.[29] Under the Young Ambassadors Programme, a group of youths aged 18 to 25 years old are nominated by the NOCs to help promote the YOG in their regions and communities, and encourage the athletes to participate in the CEP programmes.

The Young Reporters Programme[30] provides journalism students or those who have recently started their journalism careers a cross-platform journalist-training programme and on-the-job experience during the YOG. Young Reporters, between the ages of 18 and 24, are selected by the Continental Associations of National Olympic Committees and will represent each of the five continents.

Acting as mentors to help support and advise young Olympians are the Athlete Role Models, who are typically active or recently retired Olympians nominated by the IFs, such as Japanese wrestler Kaori Icho,[31] Italian Simone Farina[32] and Namibian Frank Fredericks.[33]

Emphasis on exchange goes beyond the CEP. Another unique feature of the Youth Olympic Games is mixed-gender and mixed-national teams. Triathlon relays, fencing, table tennis, archery and mixed swimming relays are a few of the sports in which athletes from different nations and mixed genders can compete together.[8] YOG organizers are also using social media such as Facebook,Flickr, and Twitter as key platforms for engaging young athletes before, during, and after each celebration of the Games.[8] Multi-lingual, multi-cultural, and multi-age requirements are the targets of the program, which stress the themes of "Learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, and learning to live together".[28]

Editions

[edit]

In early November 2007,Athens,Bangkok,Singapore,Moscow, andTurin were selected by the IOC as the five candidate cities to host the inaugural Youth Olympic Games.[34] In January 2008, the candidates were further pared down to just Moscow and Singapore. Finally, on 21 February 2008, Singapore was declared host of the inaugural Youth Olympic Games 2010 via live telecast from Lausanne, Switzerland, winning by a tally of 53 votes to 44 for Moscow.[35]

On 2 September 2008, IOC announced that the executive board had shortlisted four cities among the candidates to host the first Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012. The four candidate cities wereHarbin, Innsbruck,Kuopio, andLillehammer.[36] IOC president Jacques Rogge appointedPernilla Wiberg to chair the commission which analysed the projects. As with the Summer Games, the list was then shortened to two finalists, Innsbruck and Kuopio, in November 2008. On 12 December 2008, it was announced that Innsbruck beat Kuopio to host the games.[36] Nanjing, China was selected by the IOC over Poznan, Poland to be the host-city of the 2014 Youth Olympics. The election was held on 10 February 2010, two days before the start of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[37]Lillehammer, Norway hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.[38]

Summer Youth Olympic Games

[edit]
EditionYearHost CityHost NationOpened byStart DateEnd DateNationsCompetitorsSportsEventsTop of themedal tableRef.
I2010Singapore SingaporePresident S. R. Nathan14 August26 August2043,52426201 China (CHN)[39]
II2014Nanjing ChinaPresident Xi Jinping16 August28 August2033,57928222 China (CHN)[40]
III2018Buenos Aires ArgentinaPresident Mauricio Macri6 October18 October2063,99732239 Russia (RUS)[41]
IV2026[a]Dakar Senegal31 October13 NovemberFuture event36247Future event[43]
V2030TBDTBDFuture eventFuture event
VI2034TBDTBDFuture eventFuture event
Host cities of the Summer Youth Olympic Games

Winter Youth Olympic Games

[edit]
EditionYearHost CityHost NationOpened byStart DateEnd DateNationsCompetitorsSportsEventsTop of themedal tableRef.
I2012Innsbruck AustriaPresident Heinz Fischer13 January22 January691,059763 Germany (GER)[44]
II2016Lillehammer NorwayKing Harald V12 February21 February711,100770 United States (USA)[45]
III2020Lausanne  SwitzerlandPresident Simonetta Sommaruga9 January22 January791,872881 Russia (RUS)[46]
IV2024Gangwon South KoreaPresident Yoon Suk-yeol19 January1 February781,802781 Italy (ITA)[47]
V2028Dolomites andValtellina Italy15 January29 JanuaryFuture eventFuture event
VI2032TBDTBDFuture eventFuture event
Host cities of the Winter Youth Olympic Games

Medal table

[edit]
Main article:All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 China (CHN)1055941205
2 Russia (RUS)967458228
 Mixed-NOCs (MIX)484652146
3 Japan (JPN)464638130
4 South Korea (KOR)44292598
5 United States (USA)394236117
6 Italy (ITA)393738114
7 Germany (GER)384748133
8 France (FRA)323342107
9 Hungary (HUN)25202368
10 Ukraine (UKR)22263179
11–127Remaining4294945871,510
Totals (127 entries)9639531,0192,935

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The games were originally scheduled for 2022, but they were postponed to 2026 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[42]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"No kidding: Teens to get Youth Olympic Games".USA Today. 25 April 2007. Retrieved19 May 2007.
  2. ^"FIS in favor of Youth Olympic Games".FIS. 8 May 2007. Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved20 May 2007.
  3. ^"Rogge wants Youth Olympic Games".BBC Sport. 19 March 2007. Retrieved19 May 2007.
  4. ^"IOC to Introduce Youth Olympic Games in 2010". 25 April 2007. Archived fromthe original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved20 May 2007.
  5. ^"1st Summer Youth Olympic Games in 2010"(PDF).International Olympic Committee Department of Communications. 2007. p. 8. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 18 November 2007. Retrieved24 August 2007.
  6. ^"Olympischer Frieden".Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 27 December 2010. Archived fromthe original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved4 February 2011.
  7. ^"Youth Olympic Games"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 28. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  8. ^abcdefStoneman, Michael."Welcome to the Family". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  9. ^ab"Youth Olympic Games"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 35. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  10. ^"IOC Session: A "go" for Youth Olympic Games".International Olympic Committee. 5 July 2007. Retrieved5 July 2007.
  11. ^abcdefghij"Factsheet Youth Olympic Games"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  12. ^Wang, Jeanette."Perfect Pitch"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  13. ^"Innsbruck Elected To Host the Inaugural Youth Olympic Winter Games In 2012". Gamebids.com. 12 December 2008. Archived fromthe original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  14. ^"2018 Youth Olympic Games: Appraising Abuja's Bid Plan". Leadershipeditors.com. 19 March 2011. Archived fromthe original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  15. ^"Youth Olympic Games Candidature Procedure and Questionnaire"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 52. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 August 2011. Retrieved7 July 2011.
  16. ^abLeyl, Sharanjit (15 August 2010)."Youth Olympic Games gamble for Singapore". BBC. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  17. ^"Cost of Youth Games goes up three-fold An extra $265 million". Comsenz Inc. Retrieved7 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^"Youth Olympic Games to cost $387 million". Singapore Democrats. Retrieved7 July 2011.
  19. ^"1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. pp. 12–14. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 October 2012. Retrieved7 July 2011.
  20. ^"About Us". Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games. Archived fromthe original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved19 May 2011.
  21. ^"Youth Olympic Games". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved19 May 2011.
  22. ^International Olympic Committee."Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2026 - Sports and Events Programme"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 December 2019. Retrieved6 December 2019.
  23. ^International Olympic Committee."Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2026 - Sports and Events Programme"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 December 2019. Retrieved6 December 2019.
  24. ^"Senegal and the IOC agree to postpone the Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2022 to 2026". Olympics.com. 15 July 2020. Retrieved21 February 2022.
  25. ^"IOC Session withdraws recognition of International Boxing Association".International Olympic Committee. 22 June 2023. Retrieved14 July 2024.
  26. ^"IOC Executive Board confirms gender equality and more innovation for Winter Youth Olympic Games Lausanne 2020".International Olympic Committee. 9 July 2017. Retrieved10 July 2017.
  27. ^"Official Programme of the Winter Youth Olympic Games Gangwon 2024"(PDF).International Olympic Committee. 16 October 2021.
  28. ^ab"Youth Olympic Games"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. p. 42. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved20 May 2011.
  29. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 17 August 2010. Retrieved17 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^"IOC announces the Young Reporters for the Youth Olympic Games". Retrieved30 January 2016.
  31. ^"Three-time Olympic champion and Athlete Role Model Kaori Icho on her love for wrestling". Retrieved30 January 2016.
  32. ^"Farina appointed to Youth Olympic Games role". Retrieved30 January 2016.
  33. ^"Meet Frank Fredericks, Athlete Role Model for Innsbruck 2012!". Retrieved30 January 2016.
  34. ^"Teenage Kicks: The Inaugural Youth Olympic Games". SportsPro. Retrieved12 July 2011.
  35. ^"Factsheet Youth Olympic Games"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved12 July 2011.
  36. ^ab"Innsbruck Elected To Host the Inaugural Youth Olympic Winter Games In 2012". Gamesbids.com. Archived fromthe original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved12 July 2011.
  37. ^"Nanjing, China Elected To Host 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games". Gamesbids.com. Archived fromthe original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved12 July 2011.
  38. ^"Lillehammer awarded 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games". 7 December 2011. Retrieved30 January 2016.
  39. ^"1st YOG Singapore 2010". IOC. Retrieved14 August 2010.
  40. ^"2nd YOG Nanjing 2014". IOC. Retrieved16 August 2014.
  41. ^"3rd YOG Buenos Aires 2018". IOC. Retrieved4 July 2013.
  42. ^"Senegal and the IOC agree to postpone the Youth Olympic Games Dakar 2022 to 2026". International Olympic Committee. 15 July 2020. Retrieved16 July 2020.
  43. ^"4th YOG Dakar 2022". IOC. Retrieved8 January 2020.
  44. ^"1st WYOG Innsbruck 2012". IOC. Retrieved13 January 2012.
  45. ^"2nd WYOG Lillehammer 2016". IOC. Retrieved12 February 2016.
  46. ^"3rd WYOG Lausanne 2020". IOC. Retrieved31 July 2015.
  47. ^"Gangwon 2024 | Winter Youth Olympic Games". IOC. Retrieved22 January 2024.

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