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 Chukchansi Yokuts woman, photo byEdward Curtis, 1924 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 6,273 alone and in combination[1] (2010) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( California) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Yokuts language[2] | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion,Christianity,Kuksu religion,[3] previouslyGhost Dance[3] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Maidu,Miwok,Ohlone, andWintu peoples |
TheYokuts (previously known asMariposas[4]) are anethnic group ofNative Americans native to centralCalifornia. Before European contact, the Yokuts consisted of up to 60 tribes speaking several related languages. Yokuts is both plural and singular; Yokut, while common, is erroneous.[5] Yokut should only be used when referring specifically to the Tachi Yokut Tribe ofLemoore. Some of their descendants prefer to refer to themselves by their respective tribal names; they reject the term Yokuts,' saying that it is anexonym invented by English-speaking settlers and historians. Conventional subgroupings include the Foothill Yokuts, Northern Valley Yokuts, andSouthern Valley Yokuts.[6]
Another name used to refer to the Yokuts was Mariposans.[7] Theendonym "Yokuts" itself means "people."[8] Many stories are told, depending on the tribe, on how the Yokuts and their land came to be, but most follow a similar form.[9]
Their creation story is such: Once the world was completely covered in water. Then came an eagle and a crow. As they were flying, they came upon a duck and asked the duck to bring up mud from the water so there can be land again. The duck did as he was asked, and this mud became the land of the Yokuts, more specifically theSierra Nevada and theCoast Mountains.[10] To this day, the crow and the eagle continue to be symbolic figures in Yokuts religious ceremonies.[10]
Yokuts life was rather peaceful. The more than 60 tribes had an estimated 400-600 or more people in each tribe at the time of contact with theSpaniards in 1770.[11] In Yokuts culture, men and women had different responsibilities.[12] Men usually did the hunting, fishing, and building, while the women gathered, maintained the home, and cared for the children.[13] Divorce was not difficult to achieve and could be done for a number of reasons, including affairs, laziness, and infertility.[12]
Artistic expression among the Yokuts included music, singing, and painting.[12] Basketmaking was also a way for the Yokuts to show their artistic skills by weaving designs and images into the baskets.[12] Other forms of expression were done on the bodies of the Yokuts, such as tattoos and piercings.[12]
The Yokuts partook in two important religious ceremonies, the annual mourning rite and the first fruit rite.[12] Shamans were important to the Yokuts as they were believed to have supernatural powers, helped conduct ceremonies, and were able to treat the sick.[12] However, shamans were able to use their power for good or evil, and depending on how they used their power they could be executed.[12]
The first time the Yokuts encountered Europeans was in 1772, when Spanish troops were in the area searching for soldiers.[10][12] In the 19th century,missions were introduced by the Spaniards and as they expanded they forced the Yokuts to work the land for farming.[10] The harsh working conditions along with disease and abuse led to the death of many Yokuts.[10] With their work force dwindling the missions moved further inland forcing those they encountered to convert and work.[10]
In 1833,malaria was brought by British fur traders, spreading through the native population through their use of the sweat houses.[10] This decrease in population left the Yokuts weak in numbers when gold was discovered, bringing with it more foreigners.[10]
Gold was discovered in California in 19th century.[10] The 1850s were a devastating time for California's Native Americans due to the incursion of European settlers into their homelands, who enslaved or killed the natives in great number. Thegold rush left the Yokuts with no land and a large decrease in their population.[14] In 1853, malaria spread once again among the Yokuts, killing more natives. By 1854, what was left of the Yokuts tribes was forced to move to the Fort Tejon Reservation.[10] The reservation briefly flourished, until a combination of mismanagement, droughts, and flooding caused its eventual failure and abandonment in 1864.[15] Tule Reservation was established in 1873 and many Yokuts moved there.[10] Disease, violence, and relocation severely diminished the Yokuts; today, they number only a fraction of their pre-contact population.[12]
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Estimates for the precontact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially (SeePopulation of Native California).Alfred L. Kroeber in 1925[16] put the 1770 population of the Yokuts at 18,000.
Several subsequent investigations suggested that the total should be substantially higher.[17]Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser 1980[18] suggested that the Yokuts had numbered about 70,000. They had one of the highest regional population densities in precontact North America.[2]
The federal government, which had recently acquired California after defeating Mexico in theMexican–American War, signed a treaty (one of 18 such treaties signed state-wide, setting aside seven and a half percent of California's land area) defining a proposed reservation and 200 head of cattle per year.[19]
The US Senate failed to ratify any of the 18 treaties in a secret vote cast on July 8, 1852, with every member either abstaining or voting no. The result of the vote was not made public until 1905. The newly organized state government took a different approach. In 1851, California GovernorPeter Burnett said that unless the Indians were moved east of the Sierras, "a war of extermination would continue to be waged until the Indian race should become extinct".[20]
Over the course of the next 50 years, settlers and eventually the California State Militia would wage war on the Yokuts and other native tribes in what became known as theCalifornia genocide. The Yokuts were reduced by around 93% between 1850 and 1900, with many of the survivors being forced intoindentured servitude sanctioned by the so-called "California StateAct for the Government and Protection of Indians". A few Valley Yokuts remain, the most prominent tribe among them being the Tachi Yokut. Kroeber estimated the population of the Yokuts in 1910 as 600.
Today, about 2,000 Yokuts are enrolled in the federally recognized tribe. An estimated 600 Yokuts are said to belong to unrecognized tribes.[2]
Yokuts tribes populated theSan Joaquin Valley,[2] from theSacramento-San Joaquin River Delta ("the delta") south toBakersfield and the adjacent foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which lies to the east.Tulare Lake was a population center for the Yokuts tribes until they were driven off by white settlers."..In 1858 or 1859, settlers beganethnically cleansing Tulare Lake, by killing or forcibly relocating the majority of theYokuts population. Severe floods in 1861 and 1867 killed thousands of cattle and caused settlers to request further dams on the inflows to Tulare Lake. From 1875 to 1877, large numbers of hogs and cattle were carried to Skull Island from the mainland on theMose Andross.[21]Presumably the last autonomous Indigenous people lived at the Tulare Lake archipelago in the 1870s. Yoimut detailed white settlers introducing cattle to the island and subsequently forcing the indigenous people out:
While we were at Chawlowin some white men put cattle on the island. The water was low and they drove them across from the east. There were hogs there already, but they were wild. As soon as the white people found out we were there, we began to have trouble. The tules were getting dry and we were afraid the white people would burn us out. So, we all left. My mother and stepfather took us to Téjon Ranch. We went in his brother's little wagon.[22]
In the northern half of the Yokuts region, some tribes inhabited the foothills of the Coast Range to the west. Some evidence shows Yokuts inhabiting theCarrizo Plain and creatingrock art in thePainted Rock area.
According toSan Diego State University, theYokutsan languages are members of thePenutian language family.[2]
Yokuts used spears, basket traps, and assorted other tools to hunt a variety of local animals, such as game birds, waterfowl, rabbits, turtles, various fish, mussels, and wasp grubs. Big game was hunted less frequently, but included deer, elk, and antelope. Their staple food was derived from acorn mash, though they also gathered tule roots and iris bulbs to make flour. Other foraged food includes manzanita berries, pine nuts, and seeds. They used a form of horticulture to cultivate tobacco. Salt came fromsalt grass.[23]
The contemporary Wukchumni and Choinumni communities do not yet have federal recognition.[26]
As of the2010 census there are a total of 6,273 people who identify as Yokuts.[12] Many of them live on reservations that have casinos, these casinos have been essential to providing the Yokuts with jobs, money, and healthcare.[12]
The Yokuts tribe of California are known to have engaged in trading with other California tribes of Native Americans in the United States including coastal peoples like, for example, the Chumash tribe of the Central California coast, and they are known to have traded plant and animal products.
Other items part of Yokuts trade included salts, soap stones, and obsidian.[13] They used marine shells as a form of money showing they had a functional monetary system in place.[13]
On April 5, 2015, it was reported that members of the Chukchansi tribe nearYosemite had been disenrolling other members from the tribe for decades, so that the tribe's casino profits would go to fewer people. In the autumn of 2014, several disenrolled Chukchansi tribe members (who were no longer receiving a share of casino profits) arrived at theChukchansi Gold Resort & Casino armed with guns, and violence ensued. As a result, a federal judge ordered that the casino be shut down.[27] The casino reopened on December 31, 2015, and a formal Grand Reopening Ceremony took place on January 15, 2016.
Every tribe has a head chief, winatun, and a village chief.[28]
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