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Yojana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Measure of distance
This article is about the measurement unit. For the government program, seeList of central government schemes in India.
Yojana
Unit systemArthashastra
Unit oflength
Conversions
in ...... is equal to ...
   SI units   12.8 km ;16 km (in ancientCambodia)
   Imperial/US units   2.7 miles

Ayojana (Devanagari: योजन;Khmer language: យោជន៍;[1]Thai:โยชน์;Burmese:ယူဇနာ) is a measure ofdistance that was used in ancientIndia,Cambodia,Thailand andMyanmar. Various textual sources from ancient India define Yojana as ranging from 3.5 to 15 km.[2][3]

Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE)

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Ashoka, in hisMajor Rock Edict No.13, gives a distance of 600 yojanas between the Maurya empire, and "where theYona king namedAntiyoga (is ruling)", identified as KingAntiochus II Theos, whose capital wasBabylon. A range of estimates, for the length of a yojana, based on the ~2,000 km from Baghdad toKandahar, on the eastern border of the empire, to the ~4,000 km to the Capital atPatna, have been offered by historians.[4][2]

....And this (conquest) has been won repeatedly by Devanampriya both [here] and among all (his) borderers, even as far as at (the distance of) six hundred yojanas where theYona king namedAntiyoga (is ruling), and beyond this Antiyoga, (where) four kings (are ruling), (viz, the king) namedTulamaya, (the king) namedAntekina, (the king) namedMaka, (and the king) namedAlikyashudala, (and) likewise towards the south, (where) theCholas andPandyas (are ruling), as far asTamraparni.

— 13th Major Rock Edict. Translation byE. Hultzsch (1857–1927).[5]

Yojana in geodesy

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Earth's diameter and/or circumference in yojanas as mentioned by classical Hindu astronomers[note 1]
DiameterCircumference
Aryabhata (476–550 CE)1,050 yojana
Surya Siddhānta
Varahamihira (6th century CE)3,200 yojana
Bhāskara I (c. 600 – c. 680 CE)1,050 or 1600 yojana
Brahmagupta (c. 598 –c. 668 CE)1,581 yojana5,000 yojana
Bhāskara II (1114–1185 CE)1,581 yojana4,967 yojana
Nilakantha Somayaji (1444 – 1545 CE)3,300 yojana

Hindu units of length

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Units

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In Hindu scriptures,Paramāṇu is the fundamental particle and smallest unit of length.

MeasurementEquals to... (in Hindu measurement)Notes
8 to 30 Paramāṇus1 trasareṇu[note 2]As perManusmriti, one trasareṇu is the size of the smallest movingspeck of dust visible to naked eye.[7][8][a]
8 trasarenu1 bālāgra (tip of a hair strand)
8 bālāgra1 likhsha (size of anit)[9][note 3]
8 liksha1 yūka (size of alouse)[10]
8 yūka1 yava (width ofbarley grain of medium size)[11]
8 yava1aṅgula (finger-breadth)Estimated between 1.73 cm (0.68 inches) to 1.91 cm (0.75 inches).[12][note 4]
6 finger1 pada (thebreadth of a foot)other sources define this unit differently: seePada (foot)
2 pada1 vitasti (span or distance between the tip of the forefinger and wrist)[13]~ 22.86 cm (9 inches)
2 vitasti1 hasta (cubit)~ 45.7 cm (18 inches)
2 hasta1 náriká~ 91.5 cm (36 inches / 3 feet)
2 náriká1 dhanu~ 183 cm (72 inches / 6 feet) to 192 cm ( 75.6 inches / 6 feet 3.5 inches)[14]
1 paurusaa man's height with arms and fingers uplifted (standing reach)[15]~ 192 cm (75 inches)
2,000 dhanu[16]1 gavyuti or gorutam (distance at which a cow's call or lowing can be heard)~ 3.66 to 3.84 km
4 gavyuti1 yojana~ 15 kilometers[3]

Variations in length

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The length of the yojana varied over time and locale, its length has been estimated as:

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^Some cells are left empty because those astronomers did not explicitly give a value. The values not mentioned in the table can be approximated using the value of π prevalent during their period.
  2. ^Trasareṇu is also known asRathāreṇu orRathadhuli. Each scripture gives number of Paramāṇus in a Trasareṇu differently. In Ayurvedic scriptures, 1 Trasareṇu is 30 Paramāṇu; InVasushastra texts, one Rathadhūli is 8 Paramāṇu[6]
  3. ^As perManusmriti andArthashastra, eight Trasareṇus equals one Liksha.
  4. ^The angula is defined in theŚulbasūtras as the length covered by 14 grains of millet arranged width-wise;Kautilya and later authors prefer 8 grains of barley (yava).

Sources

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  1. ^MISTI (2021).រង្វាស់រង្វាល់ខ្មែរបុរាណនិងសម័យ(PDF) (1st ed.). Ministry of Industry, Science, Technology & Innovation (MISTI). p. 15.
  2. ^abThapar, Romila (1997).Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas(PDF) (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 250–266.
  3. ^abGupta, C. C. Das (1951)."A NOTE ON AN EXPRESSION IN ROCK EDICT XIII OF AŚOKA".Proceedings of the Indian History Congress.14:68–71.ISSN 2249-1937.JSTOR 44303939.
  4. ^Inscriptions of Asoka p.43
  5. ^Inscriptions of Asoka p.43. Published in India in 1925. Domain.
  6. ^www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03)."Paramanu, Paramāṇu, Parama-anu: 30 definitions".www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved2023-09-17.
  7. ^Jha, Ganganatha (2016-12-11)."Manusmriti Verse 8.132".www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved2023-09-17.
  8. ^Bühler, George.The Laws of Manu.
  9. ^"लिक्षा".learnsanskrit.cc.
  10. ^"यूका".learnsanskrit.cc.
  11. ^Kalita, Kushal (2021-07-01)."The Matsya Purana (critical study)".www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved2023-09-17.
  12. ^"Issues in Indian metrology, from Harappa to Bhāskarāchārya"(PDF).Gaṇita Bhāratī.37:125–143.
  13. ^"Sanskrit Dictionary".
  14. ^Shrivastava, Shailaj Kumar (2017)."MEASUREMENT UNITS OF LENGTH, MASS AND TIME IN INDIA THROUGH THE AGES".Self Published.
  15. ^"Paurusha, Pauruṣa: 21 definitions".www.wisdomlib.org. 2017-04-17. Retrieved2023-04-28.
  16. ^Shamasastry, Rudrapatna (2020-01-09)."Kautilya Arthashastra Measurement of Space and Time [Chapter 20]".www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved2023-09-17.
  17. ^abRichard Thompson (1997), "Planetary Diameters in the Surya-Siddhanta",Journal of Scientific Exploration,11 (2): 193–200 [196][unreliable source?]
  18. ^Srimad Bhagavatam 10.57.18 (translation) "one yojana measures about eight miles"
  19. ^Alexander Cunningham,Measures of Distance. Yojana, Li, Krosa. inThe Ancient Geography of India: I. I. The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang, Trübner and Company, 1871, pp. 571–574
  20. ^O'Connor, John J.;Robertson, Edmund F.,"Aryabhata I",MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive,University of St Andrews
  1. ^jālāntaragate bhānau yat sūkṣmaṃ dṛśyate rajaḥ | prathamaṃ tat pramāṇānāṃ trasareṇuṃ pracakṣate ||132 ||
    The small mote that is seen when the sun shines through a lattice-hole they declare to be the ‘triad,’ the very first of measures.—(132)

Further reading

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