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Instead of having a single inventor, theInternet was developed by many people over many years. The following people areInternet pioneers who have been recognized for their contribution to its early and ongoing development. These contributions include theoretical foundations, building early networks, specifying protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.
This list includes people who were:
Among the pioneers, along with Cerf and Kahn,Bob Metcalfe,Donald Davies,Louis Pouzin,Steve Crocker andRay Tomlinson meet three out of the four criteria above; as well asJon Postel, considering the 2003 IEEE Internet award on which he is cited. Davies and Kahn are featured in the 1972 documentary filmComputer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing along with several early pioneers.
Other Internet pioneers, who have made notable contributions to the development of the Internet but do not meet any of the four criteria above, are listed in thefinal section of the article.
This article is in chronological order mirroring the development process for the Internet.
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (1915–1990) was a faculty member ofMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and researcher atBolt, Beranek and Newman. He developed the idea of a universalcomputer network at theInformation Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of theUnited States Department of DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).[3][4] He headed the IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "Man-Computer Symbiosis" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.[5]
In 2013, Licklider was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award by theInternet Society.
Paul Baran (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research atRAND Corporation starting in 1960 when Baran began investigating the development of large-scale survivable communication networks.[6] This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed Communications" that in 1964 described a detailed architecture fordistributed adaptive message block switching. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of adecentralized network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into message blocks; and delivery of these messages bystore and forward switching.[7][8][9] Baran's network design was never built; it was intended for voice communication using low-cost electronics and did not feature software switches.[10][11][12]
Baran provided input to the ARPANET project on distributed communications and dynamic routing.[13][14]
Baran received the inauguralSIGCOMM Award in 1989, the inauguralIEEE Internet Award in 2000 and the inauguralInternet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award from theInternet Society in 2012.[15]
Donald Davies (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept ofpacket switching fordata communications in 1965 at the United Kingdom'sNational Physical Laboratory (NPL).[16][9] In the same year, he proposed a national commercial data network in the UK employing high-speed switching nodes.[8][17] He refined his ideas in a paper written in 1966, which included the first description of aninterface computer to act as arouter.[18][19][20] Later in 1966, he established a team which produced a design for a local-area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching while developing a more formal design proposal for a national network based on a high-level network connected to local networks.[21][22]
Davies built the local-areaNPL network, the first implementation of packet switching in early 1969 and the first to use high-speed links.[23][24] His work influenced the ARPANET and research in Europe and Japan.[25][26][27][28] He carried outsimulation work ondatagram networks on a scale to provide data communication to much of the United Kingdom and designed an adaptive method ofcongestion control, which he calledisarithmic.[29][30][31]
In the 1970s, Davies worked oninternetworking andsecure communication.[28] He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking,A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.[1]
Davies received the inauguralIEEE Internet Award in 2000 and the inauguralInternet Hall of Fame "pioneers" award from theInternet Society in 2012.[15][32]
Roger Scantlebury (born 1936) led the pioneering work to implement packet switching and associatedcommunication protocols at the NPL in the late 1960s.[33][34] Scantlebury and his colleague Keith Bartlett were the first to describe the termprotocol in a modern data-communications context in an April 1967 memorandum entitledA Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network.[23][35] He proposed the use of packet switching in the ARPANET at the inauguralSymposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967 and convinced Larry Roberts the economics were favorable tomessage switching.[36][37][38][39][40]
During the 1970s, he was a major figure in theInternational Network Working Group (INWG) through which he was an early contributor to concepts used in theTransmission Control Program which became part of theInternet protocol suite.[41][42][43] He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.[1]
Robert W. Taylor (1932–2017) was director ofARPA'sInformation Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) from 1966 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.[44] The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."[45] And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become.
From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of theXerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), where technologies such asEthernet and theXerox Alto were developed.[46] He was the founder and manager ofDigital Equipment Corporation'sSystems Research Center until 1996.[47]
Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (1937–2018) was an Americancomputer scientist.[48] After earning hisPhD inelectrical engineering fromMIT in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT'sLincoln Laboratory where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab'sTX-2 computer to theSDCQ-32 computer inSanta Monica.[49]
In 1967, he became a program manager in theARPAInformation Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), where he managed the development of theARPANET, the first wide areapacket switching network. Roberts applied Donald Davies' concepts of packet switching in the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran and other researchers on network design.[13][25] After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO.
In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form ofTelenet, which became one of the firstpublic data networks in the world, and served as itsCEO from 1973 to 1980.[50]
In 2012, Roberts was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) became involved in the ARPANET project in early 1967.[51][52] He had studied the optimization of message delays in communication networks usingqueueing theory in his Ph.D. thesis,Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage, at MIT in 1962.[53][54][55]
After this, he moved toUCLA. In 1969, under his supervision, a team at UCLA connected a computer to anInterface Message Processor (IMP), becoming the first node on the ARPANET.[56][57] Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, during the 1970s, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to measure and mathematically model the performance of the ARPANET,[58][59][60] which underpinned the development of the network and the Transmission Control Program.[61][62] His theoretical work onhierarchical routing in the late 1970s with studentFarouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.[63][64]
In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Frank Heart (1929–2018) worked forBolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) from 1966 to 1994, during which time he managed the team that designed and implemented theInterface Message Processors (IMPs), therouting computers for theARPANET.
Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an Americanengineer andcomputer scientist. After earning aPh.D. degree fromPrinceton University in 1964, he worked forAT&T Bell Laboratories, as anassistant professor at MIT. He moved toBolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) where he was the principal designer of theIMP subnetwork and theIMP-Host protocol for the ARPANET.[65][66]
In 1972, he joined theIPTO withinARPA, where he worked on both satellite packet networks (which led toSATNET) and ground-based radio packet networks (which led toPRNET), and recognized the value of being able to communicate across heterogenous networks. Along with Vint Cerf, he authored the seminal paper oninternetworking,A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in 1974.[1][67][68]
Kahn left ARPA in 1986 to found theCorporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.[69]
David Walden (1942–2022) worked for BBN where he implemented the packet switching and routing software for theInterface Message Processor (IMP) of theARPANET.[70][71][72] He proposed what became known as theWalden message switching protocol,[73][74][41] and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper oninternetworking.[1]
Ray Tomlinson (1941–2016) worked for BBN. He carried out the first experimental message transfer between separate computer systems on the ARPANET in 1971.[75] His message was sent from oneDigital Equipment CorporationPDP-10 computer to another PDP-10, placed next to each other.[76][77] Tomlinson initiated the use of the "@" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine.[78] Tomlinson's idea for "network mail" was adopted on the ARPANET, which significantly increased network traffic.[79] As a result, he has been called "the inventor of modern email".[80][81]
The use of theFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) for network mail on the ARPANET was proposed inRFC 469 in March 1973.[82] ThroughRFC 561,RFC 680,RFC 724, and finallyRFC 733 in November 1977, a standardized framework was developed for "electronic mail" using FTP mail servers on the ARPANET.[83][84] Tomlinson discussed a network mail protocol among theInternational Network Working Group inINWG Protocol note 2, in September 1974, although it was never adopted.[85]
Furthermore, he participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973–74,[86] was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 2 in March 1977,[87] and version 3 in January 1978, which says that many of the changes introduced in that version were first described by Tomlinson the previous year when he put forward a "Proposal for TCP 3".[88][89][90]
Tomlinson received the IEEE Internet Award in 2004, withDavid H. Crocker, for networked email.
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Steve Crocker (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he led the creation of the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, theNetwork Control Protocol.[91] He also created theRequest for Comments (RFC) series,[92] authoring the very first RFC and many more.[93] He was instrumental in creating the ARPA Network Working Group, the forerunner of the modernInternet Engineering Task Force.
In 1972, Crocker moved to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to become a program manager. He formed theInternational Network Working Group (INWG),[94][95] then his research interests shifted toartificial intelligence. He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.[1]
He was a senior researcher atUSC'sInformation Sciences Institute (ISI) where he contributed to discussions on the Transmission Control Program in August 1977.[96] He was a founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory atThe Aerospace Corporation and a vice president atTrusted Information Systems. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer ofCyberCash, Inc. He has also been anIETF security area director, a member of theInternet Architecture Board, chair of theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of theInternet Society and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.[97]
For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002IEEEInternet Award "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Jon Postel (1943–1998) was a researcher at theUniversity of Southern California's (USC's)Information Sciences Institute (ISI). He was editor of much of the early theRFC series as well as versions 3 and 4 ofTCP/IP in January 1978 and February 1979, and the final version of TCP and Internet Protocol, which were published in January 1980 by DARPA on behalf of theDefense Communication Agency.[86] He was the creator of theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and the co-creator and longtime administrator of theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".[98]
TheInternational Network Working Group (INWG) discussed protocols for electronic mail in 1979,[99] which was referenced by Postel in his early work on Internet email. Postel first proposed an Internet Message Protocol in 1979 as part of theInternet Experiment Note (IEN) series.[100][101][102] In September 1980, Postel and Suzanne Sluizer publishedRFC 772 which proposed the Mail Transfer Protocol to enable servers to transmit "computer mail" on the ARPANET as a replacement for FTP.RFC 780 of May 1981 removed all references to FTP. In November 1981, Postel publishedRFC 788 describing theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol, which was updated byRFC 821 in August 1982. Addresses were extended tousername@host.domain byRFC 805 in February 1982. RFC 822, written byDavid H. Crocker, defined the format for messages.
TheInternet Society'sPostel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at the Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written byVint Cerf and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[15]
Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.[103] He is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet",[104][105] sharing this title withBob Kahn.[106][107]
He earned hisPh.D. fromUCLA in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, theNetwork Control Program. Cerf was anassistant professor atStanford University from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite. He authored the seminal paper oninternetworking,A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, in May 1974 withBob Kahn; the first specification of TCP with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December that year; and edited the second version of TCP in March 1977.[86] He was a program manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982 overseeing the first internetworking experiments withSATNET andPRNET. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both theInternet Society andInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.[108]
His many awards include theNational Medal of Technology,[103] theTuring Award,[109] thePresidential Medal of Freedom,[110] and membership in theNational Academy of Engineering and theInternet Society's Internet Hall of Fame.[15]
Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013) was an early researcher at theStanford Research Institute. HisAugmentation Research Center laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into thedomain name registry.[111]
Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers andcomputer networks to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.[112] He is best known for his work on the challenges ofhuman–computer interaction, resulting in the invention of thecomputer mouse,[113] and the development ofhypertext, networked computers, and precursors tographical user interfaces.[114]
John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on theFile Transfer Protocol.[115] Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.[116]
His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist atMIT, a stint as INFOODS Project Coordinator for theUnited Nations University, Distinguished Engineering Fellow atMCI WorldCom, and Internet Architecture Vice President atAT&T; he is now an independent consultant.[117] In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created theNetwork Startup Resource Center,[118] helping dozens of countries to establish connections withFidoNet,UseNet, and when possible theInternet.
In 2003, he received anInternational Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award.[119]In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of theAssociation for Computing Machinery for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.[120] In 2012, Klensin was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug Engelbart'sAugmentation Research Center (ARC) atSRI andPI for theNetwork Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET and theDefense Data Network (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.[121][122] In 2012, Feinler was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a French computer scientist. He built the first implementation of a wide-areadatagram packet-communications network,CYCLADES, that demonstrated the feasibility ofinternetworking, which he called a "catenet".[123][124][125] Concepts from his work were reflected in the development of TCP/IP.[126] He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.[1]
In 1997, Pouzin received the ACMSIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".[127] He was named aChevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Hubert Zimmerman (1941–2012) was a French software engineer who pioneered internetworking with Louis Pouzin.[128] He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program,[123][41] and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.[1]
Gérard Le Lann proposed thesliding window scheme for achieving reliable error and flow control on end-to-end connections.[129][130][131] He joined Vint Cerf's research team at Stanford University during 1973-4 and Cerf incorporated his sliding window scheme into the research work for the Transmission Control Program (TCP).[132][133]
Le Lann is included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque and mentioned in the Stanford TCP project completion report.[2][86]
Bob Metcalfe (born 1946) produced a design forEthernet and thePARC Universal Packet for internetworking while studying for his PhD at Harvard University and working atXerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973,[41] and participated in the initial design of TCP, worked out at Stanford during 1973–74.[86] He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.[1] In addition, along with Yogen Dalal, he contributed to discussions leading up to the splitting of TCP into TCP/IP.[134]
John Shoch worked on internetworking at Xerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program in June 1973,[135] August 1977,[96] and was acknowledged in an early version of TCP version v4 in September 1978.[89] He published several Internet Experiment Notes in the late 1970s and 1980,[136] and his work was referenced in the finalIP version 4 that would be standardized inRFC 760 (1980) andRFC 791 (1981).
Yogen K. Dalal,[137] also known asYogin Dalal,[138] is an Indian electrical engineer and computer scientist.[137] He was an ARPANET pioneer,[134] and a key contributor to the development ofinternetworking protocols.[139]
Dalal co-authored the firstTransmission Control Program specification, with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974.[132][140] It was published asRFC 675 (Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program) in December 1974.[141] It first used the terminternet as a shorthand forinternetworking, and laterRFCs repeated this use.[142] Dalal later proposed splitting Transmission Control Program intoTransmission Control Protocol andInternet Protocol between 1976 and 1977, leading to the development of TCP/IP.[134][139] He also worked atXerox PARC,[139] where he contributed to the development of theEthernet,[137] theXerox Network Systems (XNS),[139] and theXerox Star.[137]
After receiving aB.Tech inElectrical Engineering at theIndian Institute of Technology Bombay,[137] he went to the United States to study for amaster's degree atStanford University in 1972 and then aPhD in 1973.[143] His interest indata communication as agraduate student led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1972, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.[143] After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering andComputer Science,[137] and remained active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford for several years.[143] Between 1976 and 1977, Dalal proposed separating Transmission Control Program'srouting and transmission control functions into two discrete layers,[134] which led to the splitting of Transmission Control Program into the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.[139]
Due to his experience incommunication protocols, several key researchers were greatly interested in recruiting him, including Bob Kahn's ARPANET team atDARPA,Ray Tomlinson at BBN, Bob Taylor's team at Xerox PARC, andSteve Crocker at theInformation Sciences Institute (ISI).[138] In early 1977, Dalal joinedRobert Metcalfe's team at Xerox PARC, where he worked on the development of the Xerox Network Systems.[143] He also worked on the 10 Mbps Ethernet Specification at Xerox PARC, along withDEC andIntel, leading to theIEEE 802.3LAN standard.[139]
He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startuptech companiesClaris andMetaphor Computer Systems in the early 1980s. He later became a managing partner ofMayfield, and joined theBoard of Directors at several tech companies includingNarus andNuance.[137] In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.[144]
Carl Sunshine completed his PhD under Vint Cerf at the Digital Systems Laboratory, Stanford University. He worked on the first full TCP specification in December 1974 with Cerf and Yogen Dalal.[86][132] He later worked forRAND andThe Aerospace Corporation. Sunshine published a notable paper on internetworking in 1977,[145][146] among many papers on networking.[147] During the 1980s, he chaired theInternational Network Working Group,[148] and edited two books on communication protocols.[149][150]
Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a Britishcomputer scientist and a leader in the international development of the Internet.[151] In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.[152] In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.[153] His research group atUniversity College London adopted TCP/IP in 1982, ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.[154][155] Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to theNewly Independent States in theSouthern Caucasus andCentral Asia. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Adrian Stokes (1945–2020) was a researcher at UCL'sInstitute of Computer Science working for Peter Kirstein in 1973. He worked on the first implementation of email in the United Kingdom in 1974 as well as the early monitoring software for the interconnection of the ARPANET withBritish academic networks, the first international heterogenous computer network.[155][156][157]
He contributed to a number of books on communication protocols and computer networking from the late 1970s to the early 1990s.[158][159][160]
Judith Estrin worked withVinton Cerf on theTransmission Control Protocol project at Stanford University in the 1970s.[132][161] Her role within the research team was to help with the initial implementation tests ofTCP with University College London.[162][163]
Danny Cohen (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over theARPANet and theInternet starting in 1973.[164] After serving on the computer science faculty atHarvard University (1969–1973) andCaltech (1976), he joined theInformation Sciences Institute (ISI) atUniversity of Southern California (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the ARPANet, packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.[165] He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 3 in January 1978.[89]
In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over theARPANet, the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked onDistributed Interactive Simulation through several projects funded byUnited States Department of Defense. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"[166] which adopted the terminology ofendianness for computing.
Cohen was elected to theNational Academy of Engineering in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems[167] and as anIEEE Fellow in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.[168] In 1993 he received aUnited States Air ForceMeritorious Civilian Service Award. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Starting in the 1980sDave Farber (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networksCSNET,NSFNET, and theNational Research and Education Network (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as chief technologist at the USFederal Communications Commission (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.[169]
Farber is anIEEE Fellow,ACM Fellow, recipient of the 1995SIGCOMM Award for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,[170] and the 1996John Scott Award for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of theElectronic Frontier Foundation, theElectronic Privacy Information Center advisory board, the board of trustees of theInternet Society, and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet.
On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of theInternet Hall of Fame for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.[171]
Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working withJon Postel at theInformation Sciences Institute (ISI) in 1983, proposed theDomain Name System (DNS) architecture.[172][173] He wasIETF chair from 1994 to 1996.[174]
Mockapetris received the 1997John C. Dvorak Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003IEEE Internet Award for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from theUniversity of California, Irvine. In May 2005, he received the ACMSigcomm lifetime award. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
| We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code. -Dave Clark at IETF 24 [175] |
David D. Clark (born 1944) is an Americancomputer scientist.[176] He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 4 in September 1978.[90]
During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became theInternet Architecture Board. He is currently a senior research scientist at theMIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACMSIGCOMM Award "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."[177] In 1998 he received theIEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".[178] In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of theAssociation for Computing Machinery for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".[179] In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,[180] and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."[181]
The younger brother of Steve was awarded theIEEE Internet Award in 2004, together withRay Tomlinson for their work on network messaging – the invention of email. Dave started networking withArpanet and is still active in development.
Susan Estrada foundedCERFnet, one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration withPSINet andUUnet, Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.[182][183] She wroteConnecting to the Internet in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the board of trustees of theInternet Society.
![Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo[184]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNetwork_Time_Protocol_(logo).jpg)
David L. Mills (1938–2024) was an Americancomputer engineer.[185] Mills earned hisPhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from theUniversity of Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on theARPA sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developedDEC PDP-8 based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to anIBM System/360mainframe computer.[186][187]
Mills was the chairman of theGateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.[188] He invented theNetwork Time Protocol (1981),[189][190] theDEC LSI-11 basedfuzzball router that was used for the 56 kbit/sNSFNET (1985),[191] theExterior Gateway Protocol (1984),[192] and inspired the author ofping (1983).[193] He was an emeritus professor at theUniversity of Delaware following his retirement in 2008 after 22 years of teaching for the university.[194]
In 1999 he was inducted as aFellow of theAssociation for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, as a Fellow of theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to theNational Academy of Engineering (NAE). In 2013 he received theIEEE Internet Award "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."[195]
Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed thespanning-tree protocol which is fundamental to the operation ofnetwork bridges.[196] She also played an important role in the development oflink-state routing protocols such asIS-IS (which had a significant influence onOSPF).[197] In 2010 she received theACM SIGCOMM Award "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."[198]
Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, theNational Science Foundation (NSF) began construction of several regionalsupercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of theNational Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:[199]
Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe (European Academic Research Network, EARN - President;EBONE - Board member) and Ireland (HEAnet - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of theCouncil of European National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.[200] In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[201]
Stephen "Steve" Wolff participated in the development ofARPANET while working for the U.S. Army.[202] In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at theNational Science Foundation (NSF) where he managed the development ofNSFNET.[203] He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-DARPA project to prove the feasibility of IP networking atgigabit speeds.[204] His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modernInternet with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.[205] In 1994 he left NSF to joinCisco as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.[202] In 2011 he became the CTO atInternet2.[206]
In 2002 theInternet Society recognized Wolff with itsPostel Award. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."[207] The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.[207]
Sally Floyd (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilizeInternet congestion.[208] She invented therandom early detection active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially availablerouters, and devised the now-common method of addingdelay jitter to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.[209] Floyd, withVern Paxson, in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge ofnetwork topology as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.[210] This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award.
Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCPSelective acknowledgement (SACK),Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), theDatagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) andTCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC).
She received theIEEE Internet Award in 2005 and the ACMSIGCOMM Award in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control.[208] She has been involved in theInternet Advisory Board, and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.[208]
Van Jacobson is an Americancomputer scientist, best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling.[211] His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms (Jacobson's algorithm)[212][213] to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[214] He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144:Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links, popularly known asVan Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, includingtraceroute,tcpdump, and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of themulticast backbone (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,[215] vat,[216] and wb.[217]
For his work, Jacobson received the 2001ACMSIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement,[211] the 2003IEEEKoji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award,[214] and was elected to theNational Academy of Engineering in 2006.[218] In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 1955) is a Britishphysicist andcomputer scientist.[219] In 1980, while working atCERN, he proposed a project usinghypertext to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[220] While there, he built a prototype system namedENQUIRE.[221] Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together withRobert Cailliau, created the first client and server implementations for what became theWorld Wide Web. Berners-Lee is the director of theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of theWeb Science Trust, and founder of theWorld Wide Web Foundation.[222]
In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of theWorld Wide Web Hall of Fame.[223] In 2004, Berners-Lee wasknighted by QueenElizabeth II for his pioneering work.[224] In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of theUnited States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C.[225][226] In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Robert Cailliau (French:[kaˈjo], born 1947), is aBelgianinformatics engineer andcomputer scientist who, working withTim Berners-Lee andNicola Pellow atCERN,developed theWorld Wide Web.[227] In 2012 he was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by theInternet Society.[15]
Simon S. Lam (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by theInternet Society for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”[228]
In 1990, while a professor atUniversity of Texas at Austin, he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer[229] and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.
Lam's idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT's Kerberos, 1988–1992). Lam wrote a proposal to theNSA University Research Program, which was funded for two years.[230] By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, namedSecure Network Programming (SNP).
They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in theUSENIX Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality[231][232]
SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development ofWWW, which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL andTLS, developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today'sTLS 1.3 is used for alle-commerce applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications.
Lam and his students won the 2004ACM Software System Award for SNP. He received the 2004 ACMSIGCOMM Award for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into theNational Academy of Engineering in 2007.
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Marc L. Andreessen (born 1971) is an Americansoftware engineer,entrepreneur, andinvestor. Working withEric Bina while atNCSA, he co-authoredMosaic, the first widely usedweb browser. He is also co-founder ofNetscape Communications Corporation.[233]
Eric J. Bina (born 1964) is an Americancomputer programmer. In 1993, together withMarc Andreessen, he authored the first version ofMosaic while working atNCSA at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[223] Mosaic is famed as the firstkiller application that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder ofNetscape Communications Corporation.[234]
Scott Shenker received the IEEE Internet Award in 2006 for contributions to the study ofresource sharing.
Lixia Zhang received the IEEE Internet Award in 2009 forInternet architecture and modeling.
Stephen Deering received the IEEE Internet Award in 2010 forIP multicasting andIPv6.
Jun Murai is a professor atKeio University. He is the founder ofJUNET and theWIDE Project. Murai received the IEEE Internet Award in 2011 for leadership in the development of the global Internet, especially in Asia. He was inducated into theInternet Hall of Fame in 2013, recognizing his administrative and co-ordination efforts in establishing Internet connectivity in Japan, and serving as President of Japan Network Information Center.[235]
Mark Handley is Professor of Networked Systems in the Department of Computer Science ofUniversity College London, where he leads the Networks Research Group. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2012 for exceptional contributions to the advancement of Internet technology for network architecture, mobility, and/or end-use applications.
Jon Crowcroft is theMarconi Professor of Communications Systems in theDepartment of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2014 for contributions to research in and teaching of Internet protocols, including multicast, transport, quality of service, security, mobility, and opportunistic networking.
KC Claffy s director of the Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis at theUniversity of California, San Diego. She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools. In 2017 she was awarded theJonathan B. Postel Service Award and inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame in 2019.
Vern Paxson is a professor ofComputer Science at theUniversity of California, Berkeley. He is an active member of theInternet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community and served as the chair of theIRTF from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on theIESG as Transport Area Director for the IETF.
In 2006 Paxson was inducted as aFellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). TheACM's Special Interest Group on Data Communications (SIGCOMM) gave Paxson its 2011 award, "for his seminal contributions to the fields of Internet measurement and Internet security, and for distinguished leadership and service to the Internet community." The annualSIGCOMM Award recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.[236] He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools.
Henning Schulzrinne received the IEEE Internet Award in 2016.
Deborah Estrin received the IEEE Internet Award in 2017.
Ramesh Govindan received the IEEE Internet Award in 2018.
Jennifer Rexford received the IEEE Internet Award in 2019.
Eve Schooler andStephen Casner received the IEEE Internet Award in 2020 for contributions to Internet multimedia standards and protocols.
Ian Foster received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.
Carl Kesselman received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.
A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at theGates Computer Science Building, Stanford University.[237] The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:[2][nb 1]
BIRTH OF THE INTERNET
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF
THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)
WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973
WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND
KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD
TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.
THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.
CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.
CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE
WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.
WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)
WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),
STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.
BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,
PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.
KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS
VINTON CERF
DAG BELSNES JAMES MATHIS
RONALD CRANE JUNIORBOB METCALFE
YOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBIN
JUDITH ESTRINJOHN SHOCH
RICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE
GERARD LE LANN KUNINOBU TANNO
DARPA
ROBERT KAHN
COLLABORATING GROUPS
BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN
WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR •RAY TOMLINSON
MIT
NOEL CHIAPPA • DAVID CLARK •STEPHEN KENT •DAVID P. REED
NDRE
YNGVAR LUNDH •PAAL SPILLING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON
FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON
ANDREW HINCHLEY •PETER KIRSTEIN •ADRIAN STOKES
USC-ISI
ROBERT BRADEN •DANNY COHEN • DANIEL LYNCH •JON POSTEL
ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.
DEDICATED 28 July 2005
Some other people, who have made notable contributions to the development of Internet but do not meet the criteria defined at the top of the article, include the following.
Wesley Clark (1927–2016) had a key insight in the planning for theARPANET. In April 1967, he suggested toBob Taylor andLarry Roberts the idea of using separate small computers (later namedInterface Message Processors) as a way of forming amessage switching network and reducing load on the local computers.[238][239][240][241][242][243]
Severo Ornstein (born 1930) was part of theBolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) team that wrote the winning proposal submitted in 1968 toARPA for theARPANET. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for theInterface Message Processor (IMP).[71]
William Crowther (born 1936) was part of the original BBN IMP team. He implemented a distributed distance vector routing system for the ARPAnet.[71]
David Boggs (1950–2022) worked on internetworking atXEROX PARC. He participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973–74.[86]
Sylvia B. Wilbur (born 1938) was a British computer scientist at University College London who programed the local node for the ARPANET connection toBritish academic networks, was one of the first to exchange email in Britain in 1974, and became a leading researcher oncomputer-supported cooperative work.[157][155]
Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015) was an Americancomputer scientist and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed theIANA function withJon Postel until this was transferred toICANN, then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee ofISI.[244]
As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of theInternet Engineering Steering Group of theIETF from 1990 to March 1998.[245]
Together withBob Braden, she received the 2006Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet.[246] She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336,Who's Who in the Internet (1992).[247]
Mark P. McCahill (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at theUniversity of Minnesota he led the development of theGopher protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of theWorld Wide Web, and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.[248][249][250]
Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of theWWW Project atCERN working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform web browser,Line Mode Browser, that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.[251] She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in asandwich course at Leicester Polytechnic (nowDe Montfort University).[251][252] She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau onMacWWW,[253] the first web browser for theclassic Mac OS.[254][227]
The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks
The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.
Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work.
As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.
Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.
Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching.
We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer's group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).
Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet
In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965 [5], Davies forecast today's "killer app" for his new communication service: "The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate."
Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages efficiently.
Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an "interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control
The NPL network ran at multi-megabit speeds in the late 1960s, faster than any network at the time.
The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.
The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies.
The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... In 1969 Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave what must have been a quite gruelling series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The system first went 'live' early in 1969
It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized.
Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.
the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA
Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the numbers.
[Scantlebury said] We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).
At the New York meeting, a small team of engineers (E. Aupperle, V. Cerf, B. Kahn, A. McKenzie, R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, et al.) with implementation experience in ARPANET (US), Cyclades (F), MERIT (US), and NPL (UK) created a first draft of an International Transmission Protocol (ITP). ... Specifically noted were the Walden Message-Switching Protocol, ARPA H-H Protocol, NPL High-Level Protocol, CYCLADES Protocol, and EPSS Protocol.... Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as "fathers of the Internet," maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been.
Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons
W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967, to Engelbart )were reviewed.
In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. ... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.
On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.
The third paper by Kleinrock [5] derives procedures for optimizing the capacity of the transmission facility in order to minimize cost and average message delay. ... [5] L KLEINROCK. Analytic and simulation methods in Computer Network Design AFIPS Conference Proceedings, May 1970
7. H. Frank, R. E. Kahn and L. Kleinrock, "Computer communication network design—experience with theory and practice", AFIPS Spring Joint Comput. Conf., pp. 255-270, 1972.
Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.
The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., [16]) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... [16] KLEINROCK, L., AND KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977).
Kahn, the principal architect
For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.
Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Ornstein, William Crowther, and David Walden
Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.
The discussion will generally be limited to ARPA-like protocols (CRO-71), but will also consider suggested variations such as Walden's message-switching protocol. ... At the same time, the basic protocol selection should be reviewed to see if the message-switching protocol of Walden might be better suited for a secure net. He discusses the handling of "ports" as capabilities (in an access control sense) but does not consider the potential problems of controlling the establishment of end-to-end communications paths (i.e., setting up the encipherment keys). Since the "connections" in his scheme would only exist for the flow of one message, the dialog-oriented approach that we have taken for the SC might not apply. [*The notion of connection appears to be prerequisite for end-to-end encipherment (using a separate encryption key for each dialog), and to implement the explicit opening and closing of a particular communication path. However, end-to-end protection is possible by a combination of encipherment and other protection means.] In contrast, the current ARPA net protocol is connection-oriented (a connection is created by control commands for use during a dialog) and therefore seems to fit well with our scheme. However, the intuitive appeal of using a message-oriented protocol for a message-switched network deserves additional attention.
In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
I had a whole team of graduate students, some of whose names are now fairly familiar in the industry. Judy Estrin, who is Gerald Estrin's daughter, was one of my master's degree students. Of course, she went on to found Bridge Communications, and now she's running, or she's executive VP of the company that makes those little NCD X displays. A guy named Richard Karp, another old high school friend of mine, decided to go back to graduate school and I took him on as a research assistant. He wrote the first TCP in BCPL on the PDP 11/20 at Stanford. He went on to get a Ph.D. in theorem proving and now is president of a company called ISDN Technologies out on the west coast in Palo Alto. Another person is Yogan Dalal who was a graduate student at Stanford and was deeply involved in the design of the TCP, the first go around, and also did a lot of work on the first documents that came out in 1974. He is now vice president of software engineering at Claris Corporation, a spin off from Apple. A guy named Carl Sunshine, who has written several books on the subject of internetting, did his dissertation work in my group, and is now running a lab at Aerospace Corporation. He took a job that Steve Crocker vacated in order to go to work for Trusted Information Systems. (Laugh) I mean, you'll never be able to disentangle this group. Let's see. Then I had visitors who were there, not graduate students. I already mentioned that Gerard Lelann was with us for a year. There was another guy from Norway, Dag Belsnes. He did some really interesting work on pure datagram protocols and how you get reliable connection initiation. In fact, he managed to prove that a three way handshake was not enough and that you actually needed a five way handshake to make sure that everything was right. And we decided that was overkill and accepted the limitations the three way handshake imposed on us. There were some others. A guy named James Mathis who went on to work at SRI International on the packet radio project and now is at Apple. He built the first TCP for an Apple system. Also Darryl Rubin, now a vice president at Microsoft, and Ronald Crane who is a key person at Apple.
Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers.
The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine.
[In] 1975 ... there were already some 40 British academic research groups using the link.
I mean, when we actually got it working, and started sending emails—it was one of the first things we started to do. I was probably one of the first people in this country [the United Kingdom] ever to send an email, back in 1974.
...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians.Also published atIEEE Computer,October 1981 issue.
Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration 'Interface Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.
W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.
Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network
Clark suggested installing a minicomputer at every site on this new network.