Yoga in Britain is the practice ofyoga, including modernyoga as exercise, inBritain. Yoga, consisting mainly of postures (asanas), arrived in Britain early in the 20th century, though the first classes that contained asanas were described as exercise systems for women rather than yoga. Classes calledyoga, again mainly for women, began in the 1960s. Yoga grew further with the help of television programmes and the arrival of major brands includingIyengar Yoga andAshtanga (vinyasa) yoga.
Before the 20th century, yoga was known only from the reports of travellers to India, which described deceptive vagabonds pretending to be pious. Among the first to publicise yoga in Britain in the early 1900s was theoccultistAleister Crowley, who helped to link yoga withmagic in the public mind. In the 1930s, instructors such asMary Bagot Stack taught postures similar to several modern asanas to women in Britain between the world wars, but these were not then described as yoga. At the same time, magazines such asHealth and Strength ran articles on yoga, without mentioning asanas. In 1948Sir Paul Dukes presented theBBC's first yoga television programmes to a small audience.
Classes called yoga began in the 1960s, becoming popular especiallyamong women. Yogini Sunita attracted a large following in Birmingham from 1960. TheBritish Wheel of Yoga developed from the Birmingham Yoga Club, founded by Wilfred Clark; it provided classes in venues such as church halls, trained teachers, and accreditedyoga teacher training programmes. The 1968 visit of the rock music groupThe Beatles toMaharishi Mahesh Yogi'sashram in India drovecounter-cultural interest in yoga.ITV gained a television audience of 4 million with its 1971 seriesYoga for Health.
Iyengar Yoga was the first of the major yoga brands to arrive, with classes taught from 1970, initially under theInner London Education Authority. With the commercialisation of classes from the 1980s, more energetic styles such as Ashtanga yoga. became popular, and private studios largely replaced local authority classes. TheSports Council made the British Wheel of Yoga the governing body of yoga in Britain in the 1990s. In the 21st century, yoga became so widespread as to become an "unremarkable" part of daily life,[1] and many new types of yoga appeared, fromaerial yoga todoga (yoga with dogs) andon paddleboards. Yoga in its modern form is being studied academically by theSchool of Oriental and African Studies.
The yoga scholarMark Singleton notes that early British travellers who visited India consideredyoga practitioners to be unpleasant,vagrants at best andlibertines at worst. John Ovington in hisA Voyage to Suratt, In the Year, 1689[2] described them as "holymendicants" who had a "sordid aspect";[a] he attributed their taking solemn vows to remain in strange postures all their lives as "Delusions ofSatan".[4] Similarly,John Fryer in his 1698A New Account of East-India and Persia[5] recorded a "Jougie" who had a gold ring in his "Virile Member" to keep him from sexual activity, and wrote ofascetics who held postures until their limbs withered; he called such people "Vagabonds" who pretended to be pious.[4]
Early in the 1900s, the occultistAleister Crowley travelled to India, devoting himself toRāja yoga at theMeenakshi Temple inMadurai. He learnt someasanas and studiedPatanjali'sYoga Sutras. He wrote that he had attained the spiritual state ofdhyana, which he called the seventh stage of the path to enlightenment, interpreting Patanjali'seight limbs of yoga as a sequence.[6] In 1939, Crowley gave a series of lectures on yoga, under the "modest"[7] pseudonym of Mahatma Guru Sri Paramahansa Shivaji,[b] which were published the same year under the titleEight Lectures on Yoga.[8] This work helped to link yoga in the mind of the British public withmagic, yogis withfakirs, andtantra with "Western esoteric sexual practices".[9]
In the 1930s,Health and Strength magazine ran two kinds of article relating to yoga. The first spoke of "yoga" but without mentioning asanas; the second, which it did not call "yoga", for women, including postures such as those now calledTrikonasana,Paschimottanasana, andSalabhasana.[10] In July 1935, the magazine featured Adonia Wallace demonstrating the "Exercises Which Gave Me Fame"[11] as "The Girl with the Perfect Figure",[11] with the poses now calledRajakapotasana,Urdhva Dhanurasana,Natarajasana, andEka Pada Viparita Dandasana.[11] Similar postures were taught to the Women's League of Health and Beauty in Britain byMary Bagot Stack in the period between the world wars with the "Bagot Stack Stretch-and-Swing System". Stack had travelled to India, and had learnt some yoga poses there.[12]
TheBBC broadcast the first yoga television programmes in 1948 and 1949 to a small audience,[c] presented by the ex-MI6 agentSir Paul Dukes, who had an interest in spirituality; he had visitedPierre Bernard's Country Club inNyack, New York which taught hatha yoga. Astill shows three women inShirshasana (tripod headstand) on a circular stage.[15]
Classes in yoga as exercise started to appear across Britain in the 1960s, and asana sessions became a common option amongadult education evening classes. For example, inBirmingham, a local newspaper editor, Wilfred Clark, gave a lecture on yoga to theWorkers' Educational Association in 1961, meeting such an enthusiastic response that he proposed yoga classes to thelocal education authority, and founded in turn the Birmingham Yoga Club, the Midlands Yoga Association, and finally theBritish Wheel of Yoga in 1965. Yoga groups soon sprang up all over Britain.[16]
The yoga researcherSuzanne Newcombe states that yoga in Birmingham was largely inspired by aBrahmin woman from a devout Catholic family inBombay, born as Bernadette Bocarro. She trained as aFranciscan nun but left the convent and then learnt "Pranayama Yoga" in Bombay, marrying another Indian Catholic, Roydon Cabral. In 1960 she moved to Birmingham, taught yoga to a few friends, and by 1961 presented herself in asari as "Yogini Sunita", exciting curiosity by sitting on the floor. An interviewer described her at that time as "wearing a flame-coloured sari, sandals and long silver earrings with her dark hair swept back in achignon."[13] She was a charismatic teacher, attracting many middle-class women with her calm, relaxed manner, her skill and air of authority when teaching relaxation, and her ability to combine bringing up a family with a busy schedule of teaching and writing.[13][17]
Yoga reached London's evening classes in 1967. TheInner London Education Authority (ILEA) stated that classes in "Hatha Yoga (sic)" should not cover the philosophy of Yoga, favouring "Keep Fit" classes in asanas and "pranayamas (sic)" especially for people aged over 40, and expressing concern about the risk of "exhibitionism" and the lack of suitably qualified teachers. The ILEA's Peter McIntosh watched some classes taught byB. K. S. Iyengar, was impressed by his 1966 bookLight on Yoga, and from 1970 ILEA-approvedyoga teacher training was run by one of Iyengar's pupils,Silva Mehta. Since the ILEA had insisted that classes should be free of yoga philosophy, Iyengar was careful to encourage students to follow their own religious traditions, rather than trying to follow his own family'sVisistadvaita, a qualified non-dualism withinHinduism.[18] The ILEA had considered the British Wheel of Yoga, but, Newcombe suggests, since the Wheel had argued that yoga was not aphysical education topic, McIntosh doubted they would be able to provide good quality yoga as ILEA physical education.[19]
In 1968, the rock music groupThe Beatles ledcounter-cultural interest,travelling to India and practisingTranscendental Meditation with theMaharishi Mahesh Yogi in hisashram at the "yoga capital of the world",[20]Rishikesh.[21] InCrosby, on Merseyside, Kailash Puri, aSikh woman from Punjab, taught yoga, pranayama and relaxation in the wave of interest generated by The Beatles; her students Frank and Hazel Wills ran a yoga slot on the BBC lunchtime programmePebble Mill at One starting in 1973.[17]
Yoga classes grew beyond those of local education authorities whenITV screenedYoga for Health from 1971, watched by an audience estimated at 4 million.Richard Hittleman was brought in from the United States for want of a suitable British presenter. Themodel andballerinaLyn Marshall was chosen to demonstrate the poses under his instruction, on the grounds that "any reasonably fit person"[22] could benefit from yoga, even though, as Newcombe remarks, Marshall was, as a trained dancer, hardly average.[22] Marshall went on to publish a series of illustrated guides to yoga, includingWake Up to Yoga (1975) andKeep Up with Yoga (1976).[23] Newcombe estimates that the number of people, mainly middle-class women,[d] practising yoga in Britain rose from about 5,000 in 1967 to 50,000 in 1973 and 100,000 by 1979; most of their teachers were also women. With the rise offeminism and higher education for women, middle-class British women were starting to resent being housewives, and given their relative economic freedom, were ready to experiment with new lifestyles such as yoga. Newcombe speculates that their husbands may have found having their wives attending "course on traditionally feminine subjects like flower arranging or cooking ... less threatening and more respectable than employment outside the home."[25] The women saw evening classes as safe, interesting, and a good place to make friends with like-minded people. Further, women in Britain were accustomed to gendered physical education, dating back to Mary Bagot Stack before the Second World War.[26]
Adult education funding was cut sharply in the 1980s whenMargaret Thatcher was prime minister, and yoga moved from public to private classes.[27] In the 1990s, commercial yoga studios started to appear in city centres. At the same time, yoga was recognised as a valid sporting activity by theUK Sports Council; it recognised theBritish Wheel of Yoga as yoga's governing body, without giving it powers to enforceyoga teaching standards.[27] A more energetic style,Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga, became popular in the new studios with their audience of young, ambitious and often male practitioners. The style, founded byK. Pattabhi Jois, made yoga into anaerobic exercise with continuous flowing movements, the asanas linked byvinyasa sequences based onSurya Namaskar, the salute to the sun.[27]
The firstIyengar Yoga Institute (IYI) outside India was founded inMaida Vale, London, in 1983.[28] Silva Mehta and her children Shyam Mehta andMira Mehta, both yoga teachers taught by Iyengar, helped to run the institute, initially largely unpaid.[29][30] The old IYI building was replaced in 1994, and the new one was officially opened by Iyengar in person in 1997. From the start, Iyengar personally assessed the quality of the teaching every year.[31]
Alongside the yoga brands, many teachers, for example in England, offer an unbranded "hatha yoga", oftenmainly to women, creating their own combinations of poses. These may be in flowing sequences (vinyasas), and new variants of poses are often created.[32][33][34] The gender imbalance has sometimes been marked; in Britain in the 1970s, women formed between 70 and 90 per cent of most yoga classes, as well as most of the yoga teachers.[25] This caused yoga to evolve as a female practice, taught by women to women.[35] In 2016, the British Wheel of Yoga found that its members were 86% white British, 2.8% British Asian, and 0.5% black British.[36] ABMJ Open survey of yoga practitioners found that 91% of those who responded were white, and 87% of respondents were female.[36]
In 2013, theBrighton Yoga Festival was founded by Davy Jones and Mikaela Perera.[37][38] Since then it has run annually, with a day of classes in different styles of yoga and meditative practices, held in theBrighton area during the summer.[39]
By 2019, yoga had become "massively popular" in Britain,[17] to the extent that its practice was altogether "unremarkable";[1] some 500,000 people practise it regularly each week, and as many as 3 million have at least tried it.[40][41]
In 1993, theSports Council gave the British Wheel of Yoga the status of "National Governing Body" for yoga as a "sports activity", effectively taking control away from local authorities. The Wheel ran yoga teacher training programmes and accredited the programmes of other organisations.[42]
By the 21st century, yoga teaching in Britain had changed from mainly publicly funded (by local education authorities) to mainly private, whether in small local groups, advertised classes in venues such as church halls (often British Wheel of Yoga), organised groups like Iyengar Yoga, Ashtanga yoga andBikram Yoga, or commercial studios providing many different styles of yoga.[27][41][43]
A 2019 project bringing yoga into schools has had "a profound impact" onNorfolkprimary school children with special needs such asattention deficit hyperactivity disorder andautism.[44] TheNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence has recommended that employers should arrange lunchtime yoga classes to help reduceobesity.[45]
Yoga in Britain is practised in varied settings andin many hybrid forms, fromashrams tovillage halls toprisons; withdogs,paddleboards, andaerially;for children and for those withParkinson's; to awakenKundalini, and as Christian "PraiseMoves".[46] A hotel in theLake District offers yoga withring-tailed lemurs.[47]
Britain has pioneered the academic study of yoga: theSchool of Oriental and African Studies in London has created a Centre of Yoga Studies, hosting the Hatha Yoga Project which traced the history of physical yoga. The school teaches a master's degree in yoga and meditation.[48] Its researchers have includedscholar practitioners such as Singleton andJames Mallinson who do yoga themselves,[49] andSuzanne Newcombe, who has specifically investigated yoga in Britain in its period of rapid growth and acceptance from 1960 to 1980, as documented in her bookYoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis.[50]
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