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Yodh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets
Not to be confused withyouth.
"Yudh" redirects here. For other uses, seeYudh (disambiguation).
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Yodh
Phoenician
𐤉
Hebrew
י
Aramaic
𐡉
Syriac
ܝ
Arabic
ي[note]
Phonemic representationj,i,e
Position in alphabet10
Numerical value10
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
GreekΙ
LatinI,J
CyrillicІ,Ј

Yodh (also spelledjodh,yod, orjod) is the tenthletter of the Semiticabjads, includingPhoenicianyōd 𐤉,Hebrewyudי‎,Aramaicyod 𐡉,Syriacyōḏ ܝ, andArabicyāʾي‎. Its sound value is/j/ in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as along vowel, representing//.[citation needed]

The Phoenician letter gave rise to theGreekIota (Ι),[1]LatinI andJ,CyrillicІ,CopticIauda (Ⲓ) andGothiceis.

The termyod is often used to refer to the speech sound[j], apalatal approximant, even in discussions of languages not written in Semitic abjads, as in phonological phenomena such as English "yod-dropping".

Origins

[edit]
See full article:Proto-Sinaitic script

Yod originated from ahieroglyphic "hand", or*yad.

D36

Before the late nineteenth century, the letter yāʼ was written without its two dots, especially those in theLevant.

Arabic yāʼ

[edit]
Yāʾ
ي
Usage
Writing systemArabic script
TypeAbjad
Language of originArabic language
Sound values[j],[]
Alphabetical position4
Other
Writing directionRight-to-left
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The letterي is namedyāʼ (يَاء). It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
يـيـيـيـ

It is pronounced in four ways:

  • As a consonant, it is pronounced as apalatal approximant/j/, typically at the beginnings of words in front of short or long vowels.
  • Along/iː/ usually in the middle or end of words. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with akasra in the preceding letter in some traditions.
  • Along/eː/ In manydialects, as a result of themonophthongization that the diphthong/aj/ underwent in most words.
  • A part of adiphthong,/aj/. Then, it has no diacritic but could be marked with a sukun in some traditions. The preceding consonant could have no diacritic or havefatḥa sign, hinting to the first vowel in the diphthong, i.e./a/.

As a vowel, yāʾ can serve as the "seat" of thehamza:ئ

Yāʾ serves several functions in the Arabic language. Yāʾ as a prefix is the marker for a singularimperfective verb, as inيَكْتُبyaktub "he writes" from the rootك-ت-ب K-T-B ("write, writing"). Yāʾ with ashadda is particularly used to turn a noun into an adjective, called anisbah (نِسْبَة). For instance,مِصْرMiṣr (Egypt) →مِصْرِيّMiṣriyy (Egyptian). The transformation can be more abstract; for instance,مَوْضَوعmawḍūʿ (matter, object) →مَوْضُوعِيّmawḍūʿiyy (objective). Still other uses of this function can be a bit further from the root:اِشْتِرَاكishtirāk (cooperation) →اِشْتِرَاكِيّishtirākiyy (socialist). The common pronunciation of the final/-ijj/ is most often pronounced as[i] or[iː].

A form similar to but distinguished from yāʾ is theʾalif maqṣūrah (أَلِف مَقْصُورَة) "limited/restrictedalif", with the formى. It indicates a final long/aː/.

Alif maqṣūrah

[edit]
Further information:Aleph § alif_maqsura

In Arabic,alif maqṣūrah is the letteryāʼ without its two dots, and it is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ىـىـىـىـ

However, this letter cannot be used initially or medially in Arabic. Thealif maqṣūrah withhamza is thus written as:

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ئـئـئـئـ

Perso-Arabic ye

[edit]
Pashto alphabet
پټچڅځډړژږښکګڼهۀيېیۍئ

Persian alphabet
ابپتثجچحخدذرزژسشصضطظعغفقکگلمنوهی

In thePersian alphabet, the letter is generally calledye followingPersian-language custom. In its isolated and final forms, the letter does not have dots (ی), much like the ArabicAlif maqṣūrah or, more to the point, much like the custom in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes Maghreb. On account of this difference, Perso-Arabicye is located at a differentUnicodecode point than both of the standard Arabic letters. In computers, the Persian version of the letter automatically appears with two dots initially and medially: (یـ ـیـ ـی).

Position in word:IsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Naskh glyph form:
(Help)
یـیـیـیـ
Nastaʿlīq glyph form:یــــیــــیــــیــــ

InKashmiri, it uses a ring instead of dots below (ؠ) (ؠ ؠـ ـؠـ ـؠ).

Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ؠـؠـؠـؠـ

Returned yāʾ

[edit]

In different calligraphic styles like theHijazi script,Kufic, andNastaʿlīq script, a finalyāʾ might have a particular shape with the descender turned to the right (ـے), calledal-yāʾ al-mardūdah/al-rājiʿah ("returned, recurredyāʾ"),[2] either with two dots or without them.[3]

InUrdu this is calledbaṛī ye ("big ye"), but is an independent letter used for /ɛː, eː/ and differs from the basic ye (choṭī ye, "little ye"). For this reason the letter has its owncode point in Unicode. Nevertheless, its initial and medial forms are not different from the otherye (practicallybaṛī ye is not used in these positions).

Position in word:IsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Naskh glyph form:
(Help)
ےـےـےے
Nastaʿlīq glyph form:ےــــےــــےے

Hebrew yod

[edit]
Orthographic variants
Various print fontsCursive
Hebrew
Rashi
script
SerifSans-serifMonospaced
ייי

Hebrew spelling:יוֹד;[4][5] colloquialיוּד

The letter appears with or without a hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example
  • Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans:י
  • Tahoma, Alef, Heebo:י

Pronunciation

[edit]

In bothBiblical andModern Hebrew, Yod represents apalatal approximant ([j]). As amater lectionis, it represents the vowel[i]. At the end of words with a vowel or when it is marked with ash'va nach, it represents the formation of a "diphthong", such as/ej/,/aj/,/oj/, or/uj/ .

Significance

[edit]

Ingematria, Yod represents the number ten.

As aprefix, it designates the third person singular (or plural, with aVav as asuffix) in the future tense.

As asuffix, it indicates first person singular possessive;av (father) becomesavi (my father).

"Yod" inHebrew signifiesiodine. Iodine is also called يودyod in Arabic.

In religion

[edit]
"Double Yod" redirects here. For the use in Yiddish, see§ Yiddish.

Two Yods in a row (יי) designate the name of GodAdonai and in pointed texts are written with the vowels of Adonai, which is done as well with theTetragrammaton.

As Yod is the smallest letter, muchkabbalistic and mystical significance is attached to it. According to theGospel of Matthew,Jesus mentioned it during theAntithesis of the Law, when he says: "One jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled." Jot, or iota, refers to the letter Yod; it was often overlooked by scribes because of its size and position as amater lectionis. In Modern Hebrew, the phrase "tip of the Yod" refers to a small and insignificant thing, and someone who "worries about the tip of a Yod" is someone who is picky and meticulous about small details.

Muchkabbalistic and mystical significance is also attached to it because of its gematria value as ten, which is an important number in Judaism, and its place in the name of God.[6]

Yiddish

[edit]

InYiddish,[7] the letter yod is used for several orthographic purposes in native words:

  • Alone, a single yodי may represent the vowel[i] or the consonant[j]. When adjacent to another vowel, or another yod,[i] may be distinguished from[j] by the addition of a dot below. Thus the wordYidish 'Yiddish' is spelledייִדיש. The first yod represents [j]; the second yod represents [i] and is distinguished from the adjacent [j] by a dot; the third yod represents [i] as well, but no dot is necessary.
  • Thedigraphיי, consisting of two yods, represents the diphthong [ej].
  • A pair of yods with a horizontal line (pasekh) under them,ײַ, represents the diphthong [aj] in standard Yiddish.
  • The digraph consisting of avov followed by a yod,וי, represents the diphthong [oj].

In traditional as well as inYIVO orthography,Loanwords from Hebrew or Aramaic in Yiddish are spelled as they are in their language of origin. In Soviet orthography, they are written phonetically like other Yiddish words.

Syriac yod

[edit]
Position in wordIsolatedFinalMedialInitial
Glyph form:
(Help)
ܝ‎ـܝ‎ـܝ‎ـܝ‎ـ

Character encodings

[edit]
Character information
Previewיيیܝ
Unicode nameHEBREW LETTER YODARABIC LETTER YEHARABIC LETTER FARSI YEHSYRIAC LETTER YUDHSAMARITAN LETTER YUT
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode1497U+05D91610U+064A1740U+06CC1821U+071D2057U+0809
UTF-8215 153D7 99217 138D9 8A219 140DB 8C220 157DC 9D224 160 137E0 A0 89
Numeric character referenceייييییܝܝࠉࠉ


Character information
Preview𐎊𐡉𐤉
Unicode nameUGARITIC LETTER YODIMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER YODHPHOENICIAN LETTER YOD
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode66442U+1038A67657U+1084967849U+10909
UTF-8240 144 142 138F0 90 8E 8A240 144 161 137F0 90 A1 89240 144 164 137F0 90 A4 89
UTF-1655296 57226D800 DF8A55298 56393D802 DC4955298 56585D802 DD09
Numeric character reference𐎊𐎊𐡉𐡉𐤉𐤉

References

[edit]
  1. ^Victor Parker,A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), 67.
  2. ^Gacek, Adam (2008).The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement. Leiden: Brill. p. 29.ISBN 978-9004165403.
  3. ^Yūsofī, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn (1990)."Calligraphy".Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV. pp. 680–704.Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved2015-10-03.
  4. ^Morfix.mako.co.il[permanent dead link]
  5. ^"Fileformat.info".Archived from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved2018-03-21.
  6. ^"Inner.org".Archived from the original on 2023-05-22. Retrieved2004-11-06.
  7. ^Weinreich, Uriel (1992).College Yiddish. New York:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. pp. 27–8.

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