Rabin was born in Jerusalem to Jewish immigrants fromEastern Europe and was raised in aLabor Zionist household. He learned agriculture in school and excelled as a student. As a teenager, he joined thePalmach, thecommando force of theYishuv. He eventually rose through its ranks to become its chief of operations during the1948 Arab–Israeli War. In late 1948, he joined the newly formedIsrael Defense Forces and continued to rise as a promising officer, with a 27-year career as a professional soldier. He ultimately attained the rank ofRav Aluf, the most senior rank in the Israeli Defense Force (often translated as lieutenant general). In the 1950s, Rabin helped shape the training doctrine of the IDF and he led itsOperations Directorate from 1959 to 1963. He was appointedchief of the general staff in 1964 and oversaw Israel's victory in the 1967Six-Day War.
In1992, Rabin was re-elected as prime minister on a platform embracing theIsraeli–Palestinian peace process. He signed several historic agreements with the Palestinian leadership as part of theOslo Accords. In 1994, Rabin won theNobel Peace Prize together with long-time political rivalShimon Peres and Palestinian leaderYasser Arafat. Rabin also signed apeace treaty with Jordan in 1994. In November 1995, he was assassinated byYigal Amir, an extremist who opposed the terms of the Oslo Accords. Amir was convicted of Rabin's murder and sentenced tolife imprisonment. Rabin was the firstnative-born prime minister of Israel, the only prime minister to be assassinated, and the second to die in office afterLevi Eshkol. Rabin has become a symbol of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.
Personal life
Family background
Rabin was born atShaare Zedek Medical Center inJerusalem on 1 March 1922,Mandatory Palestine, to Nehemiah (1886 – 1 December 1971) and Rosa (née Cohen; 1890 – 12 November 1937) Rabin, immigrants of theThird Aliyah, the third wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe. Nehemiah was born Nehemiah Rubitzov in theshtetl Sydorovychi nearIvankiv in the southernPale of Settlement (present-dayUkraine).[4] His father Menachem died when he was a boy, and Nehemiah worked to support his family from an early age. At the age of 18, he emigrated to the United States, where he joined thePoale Zion party and changed his surname to Rabin. In 1917, Nehemiah Rabin went to Mandatory Palestine with a group of volunteers from theJewish Legion.
Yitzhak's mother, Rosa Cohen, was born in 1890 inMogilev in Belarus. Her father, arabbi, opposed theZionist movement and sent Rosa to a Christian high school for girls inGomel, which gave her a broad general education. Early on, Rosa took an interest in political and social causes. In 1919, she traveled to Palestine on the steamshipRuslan. After working on akibbutz on the shores of theSea of Galilee, she moved to Jerusalem.[5]
Rabin's parents met in Jerusalem during the1920 Nebi Musa riots.[6] They moved toTel Aviv's Chlenov Street nearJaffa in 1923. Nehemiah became a worker for thePalestine Electric Corporation and Rosa was an accountant and local activist. She became a member of the Tel Aviv City Council.[7] The family moved again in 1931 to a two-room apartment on Hamagid Street in Tel Aviv.[8]
Early life and education
Yitzhak (Isaac) Rabin grew up inTel Aviv, where the family relocated when he was one year old. He enrolled in the Tel Aviv Beit Hinuch Leyaldei Ovdim (בית חינוך לילדי עובדים, "School House for Workers' Children") in 1928 and completed his studies there in 1935. The school taught the children agriculture as well as Zionism.[9] Rabin mostly received good marks in school, but he was so shy that few people knew he was intelligent.[10]
In 1935, Rabin enrolled at an agricultural school on kibbutzGivat Hashlosha that his mother founded. It was here in 1936 at the age of 14 that Rabin joined theHaganah and received his first military training, learning how to use a pistol and stand guard. He joined a socialist-Zionist youth movement,HaNoar HaOved.[11]
In 1937, he enrolled at the two-yearKadoorie Agricultural High School. He excelled in a number of agriculture-related subjects but disliked studyingEnglish language—the language of the British "enemy".[12][13] He originally aspired to be anirrigation engineer, but his interest in military affairs intensified in 1938, when theongoing Arab revolt worsened. A young Haganah sergeant namedYigal Allon, later a general in the IDF and prominent politician, trained Rabin and others at Kadoorie. Rabin finished at Kadoorie in August 1940.[14] For part of 1939, the British closed Kadoorie, and Rabin joined Allon as a security guard atKibbutz Ginosar until the school re-opened.[15] When he finished school, Rabin considered studying irrigation engineering on scholarship at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, although he ultimately decided to stay and fight in Palestine.[16]
In 1941, during his practical training at kibbutzRamat Yohanan, Rabin joined the newly formedPalmach section of theHaganah, under the influence ofYigal Allon. Rabin could not yet operate a machine gun, drive a car, or ride a motorcycle, butMoshe Dayan accepted the new recruit.[18] The first operation he participated in was assisting Allied forces in theSyria–Lebanon campaign againstVichy French forces duringWorld War II (the same operation in which Dayan lost his eye) in June–July 1941.[19] Allon continued to train the young Palmach forces.
As a Palmachnik, Rabin and his men had to lie low to avoid arousing inquiry from the British administration. They spent most of their time farming, training secretly part-time.[20] They wore no uniforms and received no public recognition during this time.[21] In 1943, Rabin took command of a platoon atKfar Giladi. He trained his men in modern tactics and how to conduct lightning attacks.[22]
After the end of the war the relationship between the Palmach and the British authorities became strained, especially with respect to the treatment of Jewish immigration. In October 1945 Rabin planned a Palmach raid on theAtlit detainee camp in which 208Jewish illegal immigrants who had been interned there were freed. In theBlack Shabbat, a massive British operation against the leaders of the Jewish Establishment in the British Mandate of Palestine and the Palmach, Rabin was arrested and detained for five months. After his release he became the commander of the second Palmach battalion and rose to the position of Chief Operations Officer of the Palmach in October 1947.
During the1948 Arab–Israeli War, Rabin directed Israeli operations in Jerusalem and fought the Egyptian army in theNegev. During the beginning of the war he was the commander of theHarel Brigade, which fought on the road to Jerusalem from thecoastal plain, including the Israeli "Burma Road", as well as many battles in Jerusalem, such as securing the southern side of the city by recapturingkibbutzRamat Rachel.
Altalena on fire after being shelled near Tel Aviv
During thefirst truce Rabin commanded IDF forces on the beach of Tel Aviv confronting theIrgun during the tragicAltalena Affair. The Altalena ship carried volunteers from abroad coming to fight in War of Independence and large amounts of weapons and ammunition for the war. It was organized byHillel Kook of theIrgun. The day after much of the contents were offloaded atKfar Vitkin the ship was attacked at Ben Gurion's orders off the Tel Aviv shore, set on fire, later towed out to sea and sunk. Large number of volunteers were killed on board and after jumping in the sea. Rabin called the gun on shore "The Holy Gun". "Despite the tension and bloodshed, Begin went on the radio calling on members of the Irgun not to fight the IDF:Do not raise a hand against a brother, not even today. It is forbidden for a Hebrew weapon to be used against Hebrew fighters."[23] This probably prevented the likelihood of civil war. Hillel Kook was arrested.
In the following period he was the deputy commander ofOperation Danny, the largest scale operation to that point, which involved four IDF brigades. The cities ofRamle andLydda were captured, as well as the major airport in Lydda, as part of the operation. Following the capture of the two townsthere was an expulsion of their Arab population. Rabin signed the expulsion order, which included the following:
... 1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age. ... 2. Implement immediately.[24]
Later, Rabin was chief of operations for the Southern Front and participated in the major battles ending the fighting there, includingOperation Yoav andOperation Horev.
In the beginning of 1949 he was a member of the Israeli delegation to the armistice talks with Egypt that were held on the island ofRhodes. The result of the negotiations were the1949 Armistice Agreements, which ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Following thedemobilization at the end of the war he was the most senior (former) member of thePalmach that remained in the IDF.
Like many Palmach leaders, Rabin was politically aligned with the left wing pro-SovietAhdut HaAvoda party and laterMapam. These officers were distrusted by Prime MinisterDavid Ben-Gurion and several resigned from the army in 1953 aftera series of confrontations. Those members of Mapam who remained, such as Rabin,Haim Bar-Lev andDavid Elazar, had to endure several years in staff or training posts before resuming their careers.[25]
Under his command, the IDF achieved victory overEgypt, Syria andJordan in theSix-Day War in 1967. After theOld City ofJerusalem was captured by the IDF, Rabin was among the first to visit the Old City, and delivered a famous speech onMount Scopus, at theHebrew University. In the days leading up to the war, it was reported that Rabin suffered anervous breakdown and was unable to function.[28] After this short hiatus, he resumed full command over the IDF.
Ambassador to the United States (1968–1973)
Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Yitzhak Rabin and his wifeLeah in the company of PMGolda Meir and Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger in Washington, D.C., February 1973
Following his retirement from the IDF he becameambassador to the United States beginning in 1968, serving for five years. In this period the US became the major weapon supplier of Israel and in particular he managed to get the embargo on theF-4 Phantom fighter jets lifted. During the 1973Yom Kippur War he served in no official capacity.[citation needed]
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Defense Minister Shimon Peres visiting the Missile Boat Flotilla in 1975Rabin as Prime Minister with US PresidentJimmy Carter in 1977
Following Golda Meir's resignation in April 1974, Rabinwas elected party leader, after he defeatedShimon Peres. The rivalry between these two Labour leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role, and even for who deserved credit for government achievements.[29] Rabin succeededGolda Meir asPrime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, includingRatz, theIndependent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bareparliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel's history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. TheNational Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November.
In foreign policy, the major development at the beginning of Rabin's term was theSinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means.[30] This agreement followedHenry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy and a threatened"reassessment" of the United States' regional policy and its relations with Israel. Rabin notes it was "an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American–Israeli relations."[31] But the agreement was an important step towards theCamp David Accords of 1978 and thepeace treaty with Egypt signed in 1979.
Operation Entebbe was perhaps the most dramatic event during Rabin's first term of office. On his orders, the IDF performed a long-range undercover raid to rescue passengers of anairliner hijacked by militants belonging to thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine'sWadie Haddad faction and the GermanRevolutionary Cells (RZ), who had been brought toIdi Amin'sUganda.[32] The operation was generally considered a tremendous success, and its spectacular character has made it the subject of much continued comment and study.
Towards the end of 1976 his coalition government with the religious parties suffered a crisis: Amotion of no confidence had been brought byAgudat Yisrael over a breach of theSabbath on an Israeli Air Force base when fourF-15 jets were delivered from the US and the National Religious Party had abstained. Rabin dissolved his government and decided on new elections,which were to be held in May 1977.
Rabin was narrowly reelected as party leader over Shimon Peresin February 1977.[33]
Following the March 1977 meeting between Rabin and U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter, Rabin publicly announced that the U.S. supported the Israeli idea of defensible borders; Carter then issued a clarification. A "fallout" in U.S./Israeli relations ensued. It is thought that the fallout contributed to the Israeli Labor Party's defeat in the May 1977 elections.[34] On 15 March 1977,Haaretz journalist Dan Margalit revealed that ajoint dollar account in the names of Yitzhak and Leah Rabin, opened in a Washington, D.C., bank during Rabin's term of office as Israel ambassador (1968–73), was still open, in breach of Israeli law.[35] According to Israeli currency regulations at the time, it was illegal for citizens to maintain foreign bank accounts without prior authorization. Rabin resigned on 7 April 1977, following the revelation byMaariv journalist S. Isaac Mekel that the Rabins held two accounts in Washington, not one, containing $10,000, and that a Finance Ministry administrative penalty committee fined themIL150,000.[36][37] Rabin withdrew from the party leadership and candidacy for prime minister.
Opposition Knesset member (1977–1984)
Following Labour Party's defeatin the 1977 election,Likud'sMenachem Begin became prime minister, and Labor (which was part of theAlignment alliance) entered the opposition.[citation needed] Until 1984 Rabin, as a member of Knesset, sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.[38]
From 1984 until 1990, Labor was in government as part of the coalitions which formed the21st and22nd governments during the11th Knesset and the23rd government during the first portion of the10th Knesset.
On 4 August 1985 Minister of Defence Rabin introduced an Iron Fist policy in the West Bank, reviving the use of British Mandate eralegislation to detain people without trial, demolish houses, close newspapers and institutions as well as deporting activists. The change in policy came after a sustained public campaign demanding a tougher policy following theMay 1985 prisoner exchange in which 1,150 Palestinians had been released.[39]
In December 1987, the most significant series of demonstrations and riots by Palestinians since the start of the Israeli broke out, soon transforming into a sustained popular uprising known as theFirst Intifada and marked by civil disobediance, strikes, boycotts of Israeli goods and institutions, and the creation of underground local institutions likeclassrooms andcooperatives.[40] After initially failing to recognise the seriousness of the situation while out of the country on a diplomatic trip to the United States, Rabin adopted harsh measures to stop the uprising, ordering the Israeli military to use "force, might, and beatings" on Palestinian demonstrators.[41][42] The measures led to significant international criticism, with the derogative term "bone breaker" was used as a critical internationalslogan.[43] The combination of the failure of the "Iron Fist" policy, Israel's deteriorating international image, and Jordan cutting legal and administrative ties to theWest Bank with the U.S.'s recognition of thePLO as the representative of thePalestinian people forced Rabin to seek an end to the violence through negotiation and dialogue with the PLO.[43][44]
In 1988 Rabin was responsible for the assassination ofAbu Jihad in Tunis and two weeks later he personally supervised the destruction of theHizbullah stronghold inMeidoun duringOperation Law and Order, in which the IDF said 40–50 Hizbullah fighters were killed. Three Israeli soldiers were killed and seventeen wounded.[45][46]
Minister of Defence Rabin planned and executed the 27 July 1989 abduction of theHizbullah leader SheikhAbdel Karim Obeid and two of his aides fromJibchit inSouth Lebanon. Hizbullah responded by announcing the execution ofColonel Higgins, a senior American officer working withUNIFIL who had been kidnapped in February 1988.[47][48]
Opposition Knesset member (1990–1992)
In "the dirty trick", the Labor Party left the coalition of the 23rd government in an effort to form a new coalition to be led by Peres. This failed asYitzhak Shamir formed the24th government with Labor in the opposition for the remainder of the10th Knesset.
From 1990 to 1992, Rabin again sat on the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee.[38]
Following the backfiring of "the dirty trick" on Peres and the Labor Party, Rabin unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the party to schedule a leadership election in 1990.[49][50] A prospective leadership race in 1990 had looked promising to Rabin. Peres was weakened from the backfiring of "the dirty trick", and polling showed Rabin to be the nation's most popular politician. Additionally, many of Peres' longtime backers in the party had begun shifting their support to Rabin.[50] In July 1990, the Labor Party's 120 member Leadership Bureau voted to recommend that the party hold an immediate leadership election.[50] However, one week later, on 22 July 1990, the 1,400 member Labor Party Central Committee voted 54 to 46% against holding an immediate leadership contest.[49][50] This set the party up to not hold a leadership election until at least following year, unless the next Knesset election were to have been scheduled earlier than the anticipated 1992.[49] The committee's vote to reject Rabin's push for a 1990 leadership contest was regarded as anupset result.[49]
Rabin at home with his wife, grandson, daughter, then son-in-law, and two of his granddaughters in 1992.Bill Clinton watches Jordan'sKing Hussein (left) and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (right) sign theIsrael–Jordan peace treatyYitzhak Rabin,Bill Clinton, andYasser Arafat during theOslo Accords on 13 September 1993Rabin shaking hands with new Russian immigrants on their flight to Israel in 1994
In the1992 Israeli legislative election, the Labor Party, led by Rabin, strongly focused on his popularity. The party managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However, the left-wing bloc in theKnesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the failure of small nationalist parties to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor-led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition withMeretz, a left wing party, andShas, aMizrahiultra-orthodox religious party.
On 25 July 1993, afterHezbollah fired rockets into northern Israel, Rabin authorized a week-longmilitary operation in Lebanon.[51] Rabin played a leading role in the signing of theOslo Accords, which created thePalestinian National Authority and granted it partial control over parts of theGaza Strip andWest Bank. Prior to the signing of the accords, Rabin receiveda letter from PLO chairmanYasser Arafat renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel, and on the same day, 9 September 1993, Rabin sent Arafat a letter officially recognizing the PLO.[52] Two days earlier, Rabin explained that his main motive for negotiating with Palestinians was that, "The Palestinians will be better at it than we were, ... because they will allow no appeals to the Supreme Courtand will prevent the Israeli Association of Civil Rights from criticizing the conditions there by denying it access to the area. They will rule by their own methods, freeing, and this is most important, the Israeli army soldiers from having to do what they will do."[53]
After the announcement of theOslo Accords there were many protest demonstrations in Israel objecting to the Accords. As these protests dragged on, Rabin insisted that as long as he had a majority in theKnesset he would ignore the protests and the protesters. In this context he said, "they (the protesters) can spin around and around like propellers"[54] but he would continue on the path of the Oslo Accords. Rabin's parliamentary majority rested on non-coalition member Arab support.[55] Rabin also denied the right of American Jews to object to his plan for peace, calling any such dissent "chutzpah".[56] The Oslo agreement was also opposed byHamas and other Palestinian factions, which launchedsuicide bombings at Israel.[57]
After the historical handshake with Yasser Arafat,[58] Rabin said, on behalf of the Israeli people,
"We who have fought against you, the Palestinians, we say to you today, in a loud and a clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough!"[59][60]
Rabin significantly reformed Israel's economy, as well as its education and healthcare systems. His government significantly expanded theprivatization of business, moving away from the country's traditionally socialized economy. The scheme was described byMoshe Arens as a "privatization frenzy". In 1993, his government set up the "Yozma" program, under which attractive tax incentives were offered to foreignventure capital funds that invested in Israel and promised to double any investment with government funding. As a result, foreign venture capital funds invested heavily in the growing Israeli high-tech industry, contributing to Israel's economic growth and status as a world leader in high-tech. In 1995, the National Health Insurance Law was passed. The law created Israel'suniversal health care system, moving away from the traditionallyHistadrut-dominated health insurance system. Doctors' wages were also raised by 50%. Education spending was raised by 70%, with new colleges being built in Israel's peripheral areas, and teachers' wages rising by one-fifth. His government also launched new public works projects such as theCross-Israel Highway and an expansion ofBen Gurion Airport.[62][63][64][65]
I always believed that most of the people want peace and are ready to take a risk for it.
—Rabin declared to the rally in 1995, shortly before his death.[66]
(right to left) Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat receiving the Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords
For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994Nobel Peace Prize, along withYasser Arafat andShimon Peres.[67][68] According to Israeli political scientist Efraim Inbar, the road for Israel to Oslo began with Rabin. While not committed to Palestinian statehood, he called for a peaceful coexistence between Israel as a Jewish state next to a Palestinian entity.[69] Likewise, according toEfraim Karsh, "many Palestinians viewed the peace treaty with Israel as a temporary measure only".[70][verification needed] The two sides agreed on certain principles, setting the terms for further negotiations, with the promise of a permanent resolution within a number of years.[69]
Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.
— Yitzhak Rabin, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture, 10 December 1994[71]
Rabin delivering his speech at the 4 November 1995 rally, shortly before his assassinationShort video about Yitzhak Rabin from theIsraeli News Company
On the evening of 4 November 1995 (12th ofHeshvan on the Hebrew calendar),[72] Rabin was assassinated byYigal Amir, a law student andright-wing extremist who opposed the signing of theOslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at theKings of Israel Square (now Rabin Square) inTel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three shots at Rabin with asemi-automatic pistol. Two shots hit Rabin, and the third lightly injured Yoram Rubin, one of Rabin's bodyguards. Rabin was taken to the nearbyIchilov Hospital, where he died on the operating table of blood loss and two puncturedlungs. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards and police. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced tolife imprisonment. After an emergency cabinet meeting, Israel's foreign minister,Shimon Peres, was appointed as acting Israeli prime minister.[73]
Rabin's assassination shocked the Israeli public and much of the rest of the world. Hundreds of thousands of Israelis gathered at the square where Rabin was assassinated to mourn his death. Young people, in particular, turned out in large numbers, lighting memorial candles and singing peace songs. On 6 November 1995, he was buried onMount Herzl. Rabin's funeral was attended by many world leaders, among them U.S. presidentBill Clinton, Australian Prime MinisterPaul Keating, Egyptian presidentHosni Mubarak, andKing Hussein of Jordan. Clinton delivered a eulogy whose final words were inHebrew – "Shalom, haver" (Hebrew:שלום חבר,lit. 'Goodbye, friend').[74][75]
The square where he was assassinated,Kikar Malkhei Yisrael (Kings of Israel Square), was renamedRabin Square in his honor. Many other streets and public institutions in Israel have also subsequently been named after him. After his assassination, Rabin was hailed as a national symbol and came to embody the ethos of the "Israeli peace camp", despite his military career and hawkish views earlier in life.[76] In November 2000, his wife Leah died and was buried alongside him.
After the murder, it was revealed thatAvishai Raviv, a well-known right-wing extremist at the time, was aShin Bet agent-informer codenamed Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew Amir was plotting to kill Rabin.[77] After Rabin's assassination, his daughterDalia Rabin-Pelossof entered politics and was elected to the Knesset in 1999 as part of theCenter Party. In 2001, she served as Israel's deputyminister of defense.[78]
Monument marking the site of the assassination: Ibn Gabirol Street betweenTel Aviv City Hall and Gan Ha'ir
Graves of Yitzhak (right) and Leah Rabin (left) onMount Herzl
In 1995 the Israeli Postal Authority issued a commemorative Rabin stamp.[80]
In 1996 Israeli songwriterNaomi Shemer translatedWalt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!" toHebrew and wrote music for it to mark the anniversary of Rabin's assassination. The song is since commonly performed or played in Yitzhak Rabin memorial day services.
TheYitzhak Rabin Centre was founded in 1997 by an act of theKnesset, to create "[a] Memorial Centre for Perpetuating the Memory of Yitzhak Rabin." It carries out extensive commemorative and educational activities emphasising the ways and means of democracy and peace.
Mechinat Rabin, an Israeli pre-army preparatory program for training recent high school graduates in leadership prior to theirIDF service, was established in 1998.
In 2005 Rabin received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed byAlexandra Hildebrandt. The award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights.
Many cities and towns in Israel have named streets, neighbourhoods, schools, bridges and parks after Rabin. The country's largest power station,Orot Rabin, two government office complexes (at theHaKirya inTel Aviv and theSail Tower inHaifa), the Israeli terminal of theArava/Araba border crossing with Jordan, and two synagogues are also named after him. Outside Israel, there are streets and squares named after him inBonn,Berlin,Chicago,Madrid,Miami,New York City, andOdesa and parks inMontreal,Paris,Rome andLima.[81] The community Jewish high school inOttawa is also named after him.[82][83]
TheCambridge University Israel Society hosts its annual academic lecture in honour of Yitzhak Rabin.[84]
Rabin twice served as prime minister (Israel'shead of government). His first stint spanned from 3 June 1974 through 20 June 1977, leading the 17th government during the8th Knesset. His second stint lasted from 13 July 1992 until his assassination on 4 November 1995, leading the 25th government during the13th Knesset. Rabin was a member of the Knesset from 1974 until his assassination. For several months in 1992, Rabin served as theKnesset's opposition leader, at the time an unofficial and honorary role. Rabin also served asambassador of Israel to the United States from 1968 until 1973.
Labor Party leadership
Peres twice served as leader of the Israeli Labor Party.
Shir LaShalom, the "Peace Song" sung by Rabin at the peace rally shortly before his assassination
References
^Colloquially often/rəˈbiːn/ in both English and Hebrew, assuming the Israeli Hebrew ultimate stress. However, "Rabin" (originally anAshkenazic form ofReuben)[1] was traditionally pronounced with a penultimate stress like most words in Ashkenazic Hebrew. Listen to Yitzhak pronounce ithere. Not to be confused with itsTalmudic homograph, which is a portmanteau ofrabbi andAbin.[2]
^William B. Quandt (2005)Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967 University of California Press,ISBN978-0-520-24631-7, p. 182
^Avner, Yehuda (2010).The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press.ISBN978-1-59264-278-6.
^Torgerson, Dial (8 April 1977). "Israel's Rabin Quits in Financial Scandal – Prime Minister Resigning to Share Trial With Wife Over Illegal Bank Account".Los Angeles Times. p. I-1.
^Hiltermann, Joost R. (1991).Behind the Intifada. Labor and Women’s Movements in the Occupied Territories. Princeton University Press.ISBN0-691-07869-6. p. 114.
^Rabin, Yitzhak (1996).The Rabin Memoirs, Expanded Edition with Recent Speeches, New Photographs, and an Afterword. University of California Press. p. 401.ISBN978-0-520-20766-0.Let me say to you, the Palestinians: We are destined to live together, on the same soil in the same land. We, the soldiers who have returned from battle stained with blood, we who have seen our relatives and friends killed before our eyes, we who have attended their funerals and cannot look into the eyes of parents and orphans, we who have come from a land where parents bury their children, we who have fought against you, the Palestinians – we say to you today in a loud and clear voice; Enough of blood and tears. Enough.
^Karsh, Efraim (2006).Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press. p. 181.ISBN978-0-300-10603-9.many Palestinians viewed the peace treaty with Israel as a temporary measure only. (The quote is missing in the revised edition of the book, published in 2013.)
Sprinzak, Ehud (2000), Yoram Peri (ed.), "Israeli Radical Right",The Association of Yitzhak Rabin, Stanford University Press
Tessler, Mark (1974).A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press.
Further reading
Crichlow, Scott. "Idealism or Pragmatism? An Operational Code Analysis of Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres."Political Psychology 19.4 (1998): 683–706.
Medzini, Meron. "Rabin and Hussein: From Enemies at War to Partners in Peace." inThe Palgrave Handbook of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019) pp. 435–46.
Rabinovich, Itamar (2017).Yitzhak Rabin: Soldier, Leader, Statesman. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-30-021229-7.excerpt
Sharon, Assaf, "The Long Paralysis of the Israeli Left" (review of Dan Ephron,Killing a King: The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel, Norton, 290 pp.; andItamar Rabinovich,Yitzhak Rabin: Soldier, Leader, Statesman, Yale University Press, 272 pp.),The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 17 (7 November 2019), pp. 32–34.
External links
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