.jpg) .jpg) Yi woman inYunnan | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 China | 9 million (2010) |
 Vietnam | 4,827 (2019)[1] |
| Languages | |
| Yi,Southwestern Mandarin | |
| Religion | |
| Majority:Bimoism (native Yi variety of Shamanism); minority:Taoism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tibetan,Bamar (Burman),Nakhi,Qiang,Tujia | |
| Yi people | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 彝族 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Nuosu | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 诺苏 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 諾蘇 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Lolo | |||||||||
| Chinese | 倮倮 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Burmese name | |||||||||
| Burmese | ယီလူမျိုး | ||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese | Lô Lô | ||||||||
| Thai name | |||||||||
| Thai | โล-โล | ||||||||
| Nuosu name | |||||||||
| Nuosu | ꆈꌠꉙ | ||||||||
TheYi orNuosu people (Nuosu:Yi:ꆈꌠ,[nɔ̄sū]; see also§ Names and subgroups) are anethnic group insouthern China. Numbering nine million people, they are the seventh largest of the 55ethnic minority groups recognized by theChinese government. They live primarily in rural areas ofSichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou, andGuangxi, usually in mountainous regions. TheLiangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is home to the largest population of Yi people within China, with two million Yi people in the region. In neighbouringVietnam, as of 2019[update], there are 4,827Lô Lô people (a subgroup of the Yi) living in theHà Giang,Cao Bằng, andLào Cai provinces, in the country's north.
The Yi speak variousLoloish languages, closely related toBurmese. The prestige variety isNuosu, which is written in theYi script.
Of the more than 9 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live inYunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas,[citation needed] often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China.
The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas directly affect the climate and precipitation of these areas. These striking differences are the basis of the old saying that "The weather is different a few miles away" in the Yi area. Yi populations in different areas are very different from one another, making their living in completely different ways.[2]
Although different groups of Yi refer to themselves in different ways (including Nisu, Sani, Axi, Lolo, and Acheh) and sometimes speak mutually unintelligible languages, they have been grouped into a single ethnicity by theChinese and the various local appellations can be classified into three groups:
Groups listed below are sorted by their broad linguistic classification and the general geographic area where they live. Within each section, larger groups are listed first.
| Classification | Approximate total population | Groups |
|---|---|---|
| Southern | 1,082,120 | Nisu, Southern Nasu, Muji, A Che, Southern Gaisu, Pula, Boka, Lesu, Chesu, Laowu, Alu, Azong, Xiuba |
| Southeastern | 729,760 | Poluo, Sani, Axi, Azhe, Southeastern Lolo, Jiasou, Puwa, Aluo, Awu, Digao, Meng, Xiqi, Ati, Daizhan, Asahei, Laba, Zuoke, Ani, Minglang, Long |
| Central | 565,080 | Lolopo, Dayao Lipo, Central Niesu, Enipu, Lopi, Popei |
| Eastern | 1,456,270 | Eastern Nasu, Panxian Nasu, Wusa Nasu, Shuixi Nosu, Wuding Lipo, Mangbu Nosu, Eastern Gepo, Naisu, Wumeng, Naluo, Samei, Sanie, Luowu, Guopu, Gese, Xiaohei Neisu, Dahei Neisu, Depo, Laka, Lagou, Aling, Tushu, Gouzou, Wopu, Eastern Samadu |
| Western | 1,162,040 | Mishaba Laluo, Western Lolo, Xiangtang, Xinping Lalu, Yangliu Lalu, Tusu, Gaiji, Jiantou Laluo, Xijima, Limi, Mili, Lawu, Qiangyi, Western Samadu, Western Gepo, Xuzhang Lalu, Eka, Western Gaisu, Suan, Pengzi |
| Northern | 2,534,120 | Shengba Nosu, Yinuo Nosu, Xiaoliangshan Nosu, Butuo Nosu, Suodi, Tianba Nosu, Bai Yi, Naruo, Naru, Talu, Mixisu, Liwu, Northern Awu, Tagu, Liude, Naza, Ta'er |
| Unclassified | 55,490 | Michi (Miqie), Jinghong Nasu, Apu, Muzi, Tanglang, Micha, Ayizi, Guaigun |
According to Yi legend, all life originated in water and water was created by snowmelt, which as it dripped down, created a creature called the Ni. The Ni gave birth to all life. Ni is another name for the Yi people. It is sometimes translated as black because black is a revered color in Yi culture.[7] Yi tradition tells us that their common ancestor was named Apu Dumuꀉꁌꅋꃅ orꀉꁌꐧꃅ (Axpu Ddutmu orAxpu Jjutmu). Apu Dumu had three wives, each of whom had two sons. The six sons migrated to the area that is nowZhaotong and spread out in the four directions, creating the Wu, Zha, Nuo, Heng, Bu, and Mo clans.[8] The Yi practiced a lineage system where younger brothers were treated as slaves by their elders, which resulted in a culture of migration where younger brothers constantly left their villages to create their own domains.[7]
The Heng clan divided into two branches. One branch, known as the Wumeng, settled along the western slope of the Wumeng Mountain range, extending their control as far west as modern dayZhaotong, Yunnan. The other branch, known as the Chele, moved along the eastern slope of the Wumeng Mountain range and settled to the north of theChishui River. By theTang dynasty (618–907), the Chele occupied the area from todayXuyong county in Sichuan toBijie city in Guizhou. The Bu clan fragmented into four branches. The Bole branch settled inAnshun, the Wusa branch settled inWeining, the Azouchi branch settled inZhanyi, and the Gukuge branch settled in northeast Yunnan. The Mo clan, descended from Mujiji (慕齊齊), split into three branches. One branch known as the Awangren, led by Wualou, settled in southwest Guizhou and formed theZiqi Kingdom. Wuake led the second branch, the Ayuxi, to settle near Ma'an Mountain south ofHuize. Wuana led the third branch to settle inHezhang. In the 3rd century AD, Wuana's branch split into the Mangbu branch inZhenxiong, led by Tuomangbu, and Luodian (羅甸) in Luogen, led by Tuoazhe. By 300, Luodian covered over much of theShuixi region. Its ruler, Moweng (莫翁), moved the capital to Mugebaizhage (modernDafang), where he renamed his realm theMu'ege kingdom, otherwise known as the Chiefdom of Shuixi.[8]
| Kingdom | Ruling clan | Modern area |
|---|---|---|
| Badedian | Mangbu | Zhenxiong |
| Luodian/Luoshi | Bole | Anshun |
| Mu'ege | Luo | Dafang |
| Ziqi/Yushi | Awangren | SouthwestGuizhou |
After the Eastern Han dynasty, theShu of theThree Kingdoms conducted several wars against the ancestors of Yi under the lead ofZhuge Liang. They defeated the king of Yi,ꂽꉼ (Mot Hop,孟获) and expanded their conquered territory in Yi area. After that, theJin Dynasty succeeded Shu as thesuzerain of Yi area but with weak control.
To further solidify a buffer zone between itself and the expansionistic Nanzhao kingdom, in 846 the Tang bestowed upon the patriarch of the Bole patriclan the hereditary title King of the Luodian kingdom (Luodian guo wang). In the same year the Tang forged a relationship with the Awangren branch of the Mo patriclan, which had settled in the Panxian–Puan area of southwest Guizhou, and recognized the Awangren as leaders of the Yushi kingdom. A year later, in 847, the Tang acknowledged the formation of the Badedian kingdom located in northeast Yunnan and headed by the Mangbu branch of the Azhe patriclan. These four kingdoms, Zangge (Mu'ege), Luodian, Yushi, and Badedian formed an initial Tang defensive perimeter between Nanzhao-controlled territory to the southwest and Tang China.[9]
— John E. Herman
Some historians believe that the majority of the kingdom ofNanzhao were of theBai people,[10] but that the elite spoke a variant ofNuosu (also calledYi), aTibeto-Burman language closely related toBurmese.[11] TheCuanman people came to power in Yunnan duringZhuge Liang's Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against theSui dynasty in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa.[12] The White Mywa (Baiman) tribes, who are considered the predecessors of the Bai people, settled on the fertile land of western Yunnan around the alpine fault lakeErhai. The Black Mywa (Wuman), considered to be predecessors of the Yi people, settled in the mountainous regions of eastern Yunnan. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe was known as azhao.[13] In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom's population has been debated for a century. Chinese scholars tend to favour the theory that the rulers came from the aforementioned Bai or Yi groups, while some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that theTai ethnic group was a major component, that later moved south into modern-dayThailand andLaos.[14]
In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏), founded the Great Meng (大蒙) and took the title of Qijia Wang (奇嘉王; "Outstanding King"). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty.[15] In 652, Xinuluo absorbed the White Mywa realm of Zhang Lejinqiu, who ruledErhai Lake andCang Mountain. This event occurred peacefully as Zhang made way for Xinuluo of his own accord. The agreement was consecrated under an iron pillar inDali. Thereafter the Black and White Mywa acted as warriors and ministers respectively.[13]
In 704 theTibetan Empire made the White Mywa tribes into vassals or tributaries.[12]
In the year 737 AD, with the support of theTang dynasty, the great-grandson of Xinuluo,Piluoge (皮羅閣), united the sixzhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Mandarin, "Southern Zhao"). The capital was established in 738 at Taihe, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south ofDali). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland.[16] Under the reign of Piluoge, the White Mywa were removed from eastern Yunnan and resettled in the west. The Black and White Mywa were separated to create a more solidified caste system of ministers and warriors.[13]
Nanzhao existed for 165 years until A.D. 902. After 35 years of tangled warfare, Duan Siping (段思平) of the Bai birth founded theKingdom of Dali, succeeding the territory of Nanzhao. Most Yi of that time were under the ruling of Dali. Dali's sovereign reign lasted for 316 years until it was conquered byKublai Khan. During the era of Dali, Yi people lived in the territory of Dali but had little communication with the royalty of Dali.
Kublai Khan included Dali in his domain. The Yuan emperors remained firmly in control of the Yi people and the area they inhabited as part of Kublai Khan's Yunnan Xingsheng (云南行省) at current Yunnan, Guizhou and part of Sichuan. In order to enhance its sovereign over the area, the Yuan dynasty set up a dominion for Yi, Luoluo Xuanweisi (罗罗宣慰司), the name of which means localappeasement government for Lolos. Although technically under the rule of theYuan emperor, the Yi still had autonomy during the Yuan dynasty. The gulf between aristocrats and the common people increased during this time.
Beginning with theMing dynasty, the Chinese empire expedited its cultural assimilation policy in Southwestern China, spreading the policy of‹See RfD›gaitu guiliu (改土歸流, 'replacingtusi (local chieftains) with "normal" officials').[17] The governing power of many Yi feudal lords had previously been expropriated by the successors of officials assigned by the central government. With the progress ofgaitu guiliu, the Yi area was dismembered into many communities both large and small, and it was difficult for the communities to communicate with each other as there were often Han-ruled areas between them.
TheKangxi Emperor of theQing dynasty defeatedWu Sangui and took over the land of Yunnan and established a provincial government there. WhenOrtai became the Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou during the era ofYongzheng Emperor, the policy of‹See RfD›gaitu guiliu and cultural assimilation against Yi were strengthened. Under these policies, Yi who lived near Kunming were forced to abandon their convention of traditionalcremation and adopt burial, a policy which triggered rebellions among the Yi. The Qing dynasty suppressed these rebellions.
After theSecond Opium War (1856–1860), manyChristian missionaries from France and Great Britain visited the area in which the Yi lived. Although some missionaries believed that Yi of some areas such asLiangshan were not under the ruling of Qing dynasty and should be independent, most aristocrats insisted that Yi was a part of China despite their resentment against Qing rule.
Long Yun, a Yi, was the military governor ofYunnan, during theRepublic of China rule on mainland China.
The Fourth Front Army of theCCP encountered the Yi people during theLong March and many Yi joined the communist forces.[18]
After the establishment of the PRC, several Yi autonomous administrative districts of prefecture or county level were set up in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. With the development of automotive traffic and telecommunications, the communications among different Yi areas have been increasing sharply.
Yi people face systematic discrimination and abuse as migrant laborers in contemporary China.[19]
The Chinese government recognizes sixmutually unintelligible Yi languages, from various branches of theLoloish family:[21]
Northern Yi is the largest with some two million speakers and is the basis of the literary language. It is ananalytic language.[22] There are also ethnically Yi languages of Vietnam which use theYi script, such asMantsi.
Many Yi inYunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi knowStandard Chinese andcode-switching between Yi and Chinese is common.
TheYi script was originallylogosyllabic likeChinese and dates to at least the 13th century, but seems to be completely independent of any other known script. Until the early 20th century, usage of this script was primarily the domain ofbimo priests for transmitting ritual texts from generation to generation. It was not until the mid-twentieth century that elite families inLiangshan began to use the script for non-religious purposes, such as letter writing.[23]
There were perhaps 10,000 characters, many of which were regional, since the script had never been standardized across the Yi peoples. A number of works of history, literature and medicine, as well as genealogies of the ruling families, written in the Old Yi script are still in use and there are Old Yi stone tablets and steles in the area.
An attempt toromanize the script was made in the 1950s but it failed to gain traction. In the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional script was standardized into asyllabary. Syllabic Yi is widely used in books, newspapers, street signs, and education, although with increasing influence from Chinese.[24]
Descent and inheritance in Yi society was traditionally patrilineal and men were generally considered superior to women. Men practiced polygamy andlevirate marriage. Women were excluded from oral genealogies.[25] In certain locales, Yi women still lag behind men in terms of primary education and very few Yi women become educational instructors or political leaders. Yi women noticeably drank and smoked more than Han Chinese women.[26]
The Yi use a son-fatherpatronymic naming system. The last character of the father's name transfers to become the first character of the son's name. The last character of the son's name is then used as the first character of the grandson's name. A complete Yi name is composed of the clan name, the branch clan name, the father's name, and the person's own name (ex. Aho Bbujji Jjiha Lomusse). Aho is the name of a tribe, Bbuji is the name of a clan, Jjiha is the father's name, and Lomusse is a personal name. The name therefore means Lomusse the son of Jjiha of the Bbujji clan of the Aho tribe. Within the clan he would just be called Lomusse and within the tribe he would be called Jjiha Lomusse. Yi names use the suffixes -sse and -mo to express maleness and femaleness respectively.[27]
This system can also be seen in the names of Nanzhao's rulers:[28]
This is a tradition closely tied to Tibeto-Burman traditions and suggests that the rulers of Nanzhao were not Tai people.[28]
Traditional Yi society was divided into four castes, the aristocraticnuohuo/nzymo Black Yi, the commonerqunuo/quho White Yi, theajia/mgajie, and thexiaxi/gaxy. The Black Yi made up around 7 per cent of the population while the White Yi made up 50 per cent of the population. The two castes did not intermarry and the Black Yi were always considered of higher status than the White Yi, even if the White Yi was wealthier or owned more slaves. The White and Black Yi also lived in separate villages. The Black Yi did not farm, which was traditionally done by White Yi and slaves. Black Yi were responsible only for administration and military activities. The White Yi were not technically slaves but lived as indentured servants to the Black Yi. The Ajia made up 33 per cent of the population. They were owned by both the Black and White Yi and worked as indentured laborers lower than the White Yi. The Xiaxi were the lowest caste. They were slaves who lived with their owners' livestock and had no rights. They could be beaten, sold, and killed for sport. Membership of all four castes was through patrilineal descent.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The prevalence of the slave culture was so great that sometimes children were named after how many slaves they owned. For example: Lurbbu (many slaves), Lurda (strong slaves), Lurshy (commander of slaves), Lurnji (origin of slaves), Lurpo (slave lord), Lurha, (hundred slaves), Jjinu (lots of slaves).[27]
Cases of the caste slavery system's influence could be found as late as the 1980s and early 1990s, whennuohuo clans prevented marriage withqunuo or punished members who did.[36]
I once asked anuoho friend, a highly educated man completely at home in the Chinese scholarly world, what he would do if his daughter, then about fourteen, were to want to marry aquho. He said he would oppose it. I asked him if this were not an old-fashioned attitude. He admitted that it was, but gave two explanations. First, he said, he just wouldn't feel right inside. More important, othernuoho might boycott his family for marrying out, and they would thenceforth have trouble marrying within thenuoho caste. This had happened to some of his affinal relatives in another county.
It is important to point out at the same time, however, that caste stratification in Liangshan has never, as far as I can tell, included notions of pollution or automatic deference, which are so important in the Indian caste system. In areas where there are bothnuoho andquho, they socialize freely with one another, eating at each other's houses and often becoming close friends. None of this, however, breaks down the marriage barrier; only among highly educated urbanites is intermarriage ever considered, and then it is usually decided against; mostnuoho would rather have their daughters marry a Hxiemga (Han Chinese) than aquho.[37]— Stevan Harrell
The most famous hero in Yi mythology is Zhyge Alu. He was the son of a dragon and an eagle who possessed supernatural strength, anti-magic, and anti-ghost powers. He rode a nine-winged flying horse called "long heavenly wings." He also had the help of a magical peacock and python. The magical peacock was called Shuotnyie Voplie and could deafen the ears of those who heard its cry, but if invited into one's house, would consume evil and expel leprosy. The python, called Bbahxa Ayuosse, was defeated by Zhyge Alu, who wrestled with it in the ocean after transforming into a dragon. It was said to be able to detect leprosy, cure tuberculosis, and eradicate epidemics. Like the Chinese mythological archer,Hou Yi, Zhyge Alu shoots down the suns to save the people.[38] In the Yi religionBimoism, Zhyge Alu aids the bimo priests in curing leprosy and fighting ghosts.[39]
Jiegujienuo was a ghost that caused dizziness, slowness in action, dementia and anxiety. The ghost was blamed for ailments and exorcism rituals were conducted to combat the ghost. The bimo erected small sticks considered to be sacred, the kiemobbur, at the ritual site in preparation.[39]
TheTorch Festival is one of the Yi people's main holidays. According to Yi legend, there were once two men of great strength, Sireabi and Atilaba. Sireabi lived in heaven while Atilaba on earth. When Sireabi heard of Atilaba's strength, he challenged Atilaba to a wrestling match. After suffering two defeats, Sireabi was killed in a bout, which greatly angered thebodhisattavas, who sent a plague of locusts to punish the earth. On the 24th day of the 6th month of thelunar calendar, Atilaba cut down many pine trees and used them as torches to kill the locusts, protecting the crops from destruction. The Torch Festival is thus held in his honor.[40]
The Yi play a number of traditional musical instruments, including large plucked and bowed string instruments,[41] as well as wind instruments calledbawu (巴乌) andmabu (马布). The Yi also play the hulu sheng, though unlike other minority groups in Yunnan, the Yi do not play the hulu sheng for courtship or love songs (aiqing). The kouxian, a small four-pronged instrument similar to the Jew's harp, is another commonly found instrument among the Liangshan Yi. Kouxian songs are most often improvised and are supposed to reflect the mood of the player or the surrounding environment. Kouxian songs can also occasionally function in the aiqing form. Yi dance is perhaps the most commonly recognized form of musical performance, as it is often performed during publicly sponsored holidays and/or festival events.
ArtistColette Fu, great-granddaughter ofLong Yun has spent time from 1996 till present photographing the Yi community in Yunnan Province. Her series of pop-up books, titledWe are Tiger Dragon People, includes images of many Yi groups.[42][43]
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
InYunnan, some of the Yi have adoptedBuddhism as a result of exchanges with other predominantly Buddhist ethnic groups present in Yunnan, such as theDai and theTibetans. The most important god of Yi Buddhism isMahākāla, a wrathful deity found inVajrayana andTibetan Buddhism. In the 20th century, many Yi people in China converted toChristianity, after the arrival ofGladstone Porteous in 1904 and, later, medical missionaries such asAlfred James Broomhall, Janet Broomhall, Ruth Dix and Joan Wales of theChina Inland Mission. According to missionary organizationOMF International, the exact number of Yi Christians is not known. In 1991 it was reported that there were as many as 1,500,000 Yi Christians inYunnan Province, especially in Luquan County where there are more than 20 churches.
The Yi are known for the extent of their inter-generational transmission of traditional medicine through oral tradition and written records. Their traditional medicine system has been academically inventoried.[45] Since the prefecture the Yi medicinal data was collected from also contains the cave containing human-infectable SARS clades and it is known that people living in the vicinity SARS caves show serological signs of past infection,[46][47] it has been suggested that the Yi were repeatably exposed to coronavirus over their history, passively learned to medicinally fend off coronavirus infection centuries ago, and committed the results into their inter-generational record of medicinal indications.[48]
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population.)
| County/city | Yi % | Yi population | Total population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sichuan province | 2.58 | 2,122,389 | 82,348,296 |
| Panzhihua city | 10.11 | 110,326 | 1,091,657 |
| Dong district | 1.25 | 3,945 | 315,707 |
| Xi district | 1.84 | 3,148 | 170,862 |
| Renhe district | 19.06 | 38,907 | 204,170 |
| Miyi county | 13.21 | 27,381 | 207,300 |
| Yanbian county | 19.08 | 36,945 | 193,618 |
| Leshan city | 3.53 | 117,355 | 3,324,139 |
| Jinkouhe district | 10.15 | 5,373 | 52,916 |
| Ebian Yi autonomous county | 30.65 | 43,269 | 141,166 |
| Mabian Yi autonomous county | 39.15 | 66,723 | 170,425 |
| Pingshan county | 2.00 | 5,004 | 250,620 |
| Yaan city | 2.04 | 31,013 | 1,522,845 |
| Hanyuan county | 4.51 | 15,686 | 347,471 |
| Shimian county | 11.17 | 13,769 | 123,261 |
| Garze Tibetan autonomous prefecture | 2.56 | 22,946 | 897,239 |
| Luding county | 4.40 | 3,424 | 77,855 |
| Jiulong county | 37.01 | 18,806 | 50,816 |
| Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture | 44.43 | 1,813,683 | 4,081,697 |
| Xichang city | 16.48 | 101,369 | 615,212 |
| Muli Tibetan autonomous county | 27.71 | 34,489 | 124,462 |
| Yanyuan county | 47.67 | 149,568 | 313,765 |
| Dechang county | 23.18 | 43,810 | 188,980 |
| Huili county | 17.33 | 75,064 | 433,185 |
| Huidong county | 6.91 | 24,279 | 351,310 |
| Ningnan county | 21.85 | 37,134 | 169,962 |
| Puge county | 76.55 | 106,521 | 139,156 |
| Butuo county | 95.44 | 132,285 | 138,604 |
| Jinyang county | 78.42 | 109,813 | 140,028 |
| Zhaojue county | 96.75 | 200,951 | 207,712 |
| Xide county | 85.74 | 118,048 | 137,676 |
| Mianning county | 33.39 | 108,289 | 324,332 |
| Yuexi county | 72.54 | 172,505 | 237,800 |
| Ganluo county | 68.66 | 120,445 | 175,426 |
| Meigu county | 97.81 | 172,356 | 176,214 |
| Leibo county | 51.36 | 106,757 | 207,873 |
| Guizhou province | 2.39 | 843,554 | 35,247,695 |
| Baiyun district | 1.04 | 1,961 | 187,695 |
| Qingzhen city | 1.65 | 7,761 | 471,305 |
| Liupanshui city | 9.56 | 262,308 | 2,744,085 |
| Zhongshan district | 5.64 | 25,549 | 453,293 |
| Liuzhi special district | 11.32 | 61,319 | 541,762 |
| Shuicheng county | 11.70 | 79,339 | 678,228 |
| Pan county | 8.97 | 96,101 | 1,070,802 |
| Qianxi'nan Bouyei Miao autonomous prefecture | 2.05 | 58,766 | 2,864,920 |
| Xingyi city | 2.02 | 14,521 | 719,605 |
| Xingren county | 2.44 | 10,372 | 425,091 |
| Puan county | 2.66 | 6,905 | 259,881 |
| Qinglong county | 6.76 | 17,436 | 258,031 |
| Anlong county | 2.28 | 9,094 | 399,384 |
| Bijie prefecture | 7.41 | 468,800 | 6,327,471 |
| Bijie city | 4.26 | 48,094 | 1,128,230 |
| Dafang county | 10.84 | 92,295 | 851,729 |
| Qianxi county | 8.67 | 60,420 | 697,075 |
| Jinsha county | 4.17 | 20,696 | 496,063 |
| Zhijin county | 3.81 | 31,420 | 825,350 |
| Nayong county | 5.72 | 37,840 | 661,772 |
| Weining Yi Hui Miao autonomous county | 9.06 | 95,629 | 1,056,009 |
| Hezhang county | 13.48 | 82,406 | 611,243 |
| Yunnan province | 11.11 | 4,705,658 | 42,360,089 |
| Kunming city | 6.65 | 384,531 | 5,781,294 |
| Wuhua district | 2.56 | 10,580 | 413,420 |
| Panlong district | 1.59 | 5,468 | 344,754 |
| Guandu district | 3.38 | 47,311 | 1,398,305 |
| Xishan district | 5.07 | 30,617 | 603,363 |
| Dongchuan district | 3.26 | 8,984 | 275,564 |
| Chenggong county | 1.22 | 2,202 | 180,685 |
| Jinning county | 7.64 | 20,443 | 267,739 |
| Fumin county | 7.44 | 10,422 | 140,046 |
| Yiliang county | 6.06 | 24,051 | 396,677 |
| Shilin Yi autonomous county | 32.49 | 72,779 | 223,978 |
| Luquan Yi Miao autonomous county | 22.45 | 96,388 | 429,355 |
| Xundian Hui Yi autonomous county | 8.91 | 42,934 | 481,721 |
| Anning city | 3.34 | 9,872 | 295,173 |
| Qujing city | 3.85 | 210,351 | 5,466,089 |
| Qilin district | 2.16 | 14,041 | 648,956 |
| Malong county | 3.41 | 6,326 | 185,766 |
| Shizong county | 6.21 | 21,718 | 349,770 |
| Luoping county | 6.44 | 33,159 | 515,211 |
| Fuyuan county | 7.16 | 47,076 | 657,474 |
| Huize county | 2.00 | 16,910 | 844,485 |
| Zhanyi county | 2.16 | 8,406 | 389,838 |
| Xuanwei city | 4.46 | 57,708 | 1,292,825 |
| Yuxi city | 19.32 | 400,412 | 2,073,005 |
| Hongta district | 9.02 | 36,905 | 409,044 |
| Jiangchuan county | 5.48 | 14,087 | 257,078 |
| Chengjiang county | 1.82 | 2,726 | 149,748 |
| Tonghai county | 5.82 | 16,017 | 275,063 |
| Huaning county | 21.29 | 41,844 | 196,519 |
| Yimen county | 26.75 | 45,362 | 169,581 |
| Eshan Yi autonomous county | 52.36 | 79,289 | 151,426 |
| Xinping Yi Dai autonomous county | 46.20 | 122,259 | 264,615 |
| Yuanjiang Hani Yi Dai autonomous county | 20.97 | 41,923 | 199,931 |
| Zhaotong prefecture | 3.23 | 148,521 | 4,592,388 |
| Zhaotong city | 2.58 | 18,758 | 727,959 |
| Ludian county | 2.51 | 8,686 | 345,740 |
| Qiaojia county | 2.86 | 13,183 | 461,034 |
| Daguan county | 1.98 | 4,667 | 235,802 |
| Yongshan county | 4.72 | 17,130 | 362,943 |
| Zhenxiong county | 5.78 | 63,463 | 1,097,093 |
| Yiliang county | 4.24 | 20,269 | 477,811 |
| Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture | 26.31 | 668,937 | 2,542,530 |
| Chuxiong city | 19.05 | 95,959 | 503,682 |
| Shuangbai county | 43.10 | 66,110 | 153,403 |
| Mouding county | 22.03 | 43,032 | 195,322 |
| Nanhua county | 36.07 | 82,223 | 227,970 |
| Yaoan county | 25.38 | 50,526 | 199,071 |
| Dayao county | 29.52 | 82,620 | 279,838 |
| Yongren county | 49.44 | 51,223 | 103,606 |
| Yuanmou county | 24.25 | 49,179 | 202,779 |
| Wuding county | 30.18 | 79,254 | 262,601 |
| Lufeng county | 16.61 | 68,811 | 414,258 |
| Honghe Hani Yi autonomous prefecture | 23.57 | 973,732 | 4,130,463 |
| Gejiu city | 20.27 | 91,902 | 453,311 |
| Kaiyuan city | 33.09 | 96,647 | 292,039 |
| Mengzi county | 29.38 | 99,917 | 340,051 |
| Pingbian Miao autonomous county | 18.51 | 27,596 | 149,088 |
| Jianshui county | 29.02 | 149,071 | 513,712 |
| Shiping county | 53.67 | 148,987 | 277,580 |
| Mile county | 30.92 | 153,235 | 495,642 |
| Luxi county | 7.99 | 29,202 | 365,585 |
| Yuanyang county | 24.01 | 87,137 | 362,950 |
| Honghe county | 14.23 | 38,086 | 267,627 |
| Jinping Miao Yao Dai autonomous county | 11.97 | 37,837 | 316,171 |
| Lüchun county | 4.92 | 9,894 | 201,256 |
| Hekou Yao autonomous county | 4.42 | 4,221 | 95,451 |
| Wenshan Zhuang Miao autonomous prefecture | 10.62 | 347,194 | 3,268,553 |
| Wenshan county | 17.28 | 74,255 | 429,639 |
| Yanshan county | 21.11 | 92,356 | 437,508 |
| Xichou county | 3.95 | 9,332 | 236,120 |
| Malipo county | 2.25 | 6,036 | 267,986 |
| Maguan county | 9.16 | 32,056 | 350,002 |
| Qiubei county | 18.05 | 78,327 | 434,009 |
| Guangnan county | 5.84 | 42,675 | 730,376 |
| Funing county | 3.17 | 12,157 | 382,913 |
| Pu'er city | 16.58 | 411,120 | 2,480,346 |
| Simao district | 15.12 | 34,904 | 230,834 |
| Ning'er Hani Yi autonomous county | 19.45 | 36,589 | 188,106 |
| Mojiang Hani autonomous county | 9.23 | 32,812 | 355,364 |
| Jingdong Yi autonomous county | 39.92 | 140,556 | 352,089 |
| Jinggu Dai Yi autonomous county | 20.59 | 59,476 | 288,794 |
| Zhenyuan Yi Hani Lahu autonomous county | 27.28 | 56,119 | 205,709 |
| Jiangcheng Hani Yi autonomous county | 13.47 | 13,503 | 100,243 |
| Menglian Dai Lahu Va autonomous county | 2.40 | 4,999 | 208,593 |
| Lancang Lahu autonomous county | 6.74 | 31,255 | 464,016 |
| Ximeng Va autonomous county | 1.05 | 907 | 86,598 |
| Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture | 5.61 | 55,772 | 993,397 |
| Jinghong city | 5.56 | 24,673 | 443,672 |
| Menghai county | 2.28 | 7,175 | 314,068 |
| Mengla county | 10.15 | 23,924 | 235,657 |
| Dali Bai autonomous prefecture | 12.94 | 426,634 | 3,296,552 |
| Dali city | 2.95 | 15,385 | 521,169 |
| Yangbi Yi autonomous county | 46.09 | 48,565 | 105,380 |
| Xiangyun county | 7.26 | 31,733 | 437,371 |
| Binchuan county | 6.27 | 20,332 | 324,412 |
| Midu county | 8.35 | 24,791 | 296,860 |
| Nanjian Yi autonomous county | 47.24 | 99,159 | 209,887 |
| Weishan Yi Hui autonomous county | 34.07 | 100,879 | 296,124 |
| Yongping county | 26.56 | 47,391 | 178,438 |
| Yunlong county | 5.45 | 10,739 | 196,978 |
| Eryuan county | 3.00 | 9,443 | 315,003 |
| Jianchuan county | 2.88 | 4,771 | 165,900 |
| Heqing county | 5.40 | 13,446 | 249,030 |
| Baoshan prefecture | 3.23 | 75,877 | 2,348,315 |
| Baoshan city | 4.61 | 39,025 | 846,865 |
| Shidian county | 3.62 | 11,360 | 314,187 |
| Longling county | 1.83 | 4,758 | 260,097 |
| Changning county | 6.04 | 20,123 | 333,241 |
| Lijiang prefecture | 18.68 | 210,431 | 1,126,646 |
| Lijiang Naxi autonomous county | 2.42 | 8,871 | 366,705 |
| Yongsheng county | 12.43 | 46,703 | 375,769 |
| Huaping county | 8.26 | 12,808 | 154,968 |
| Ninglang Yi autonomous county | 61.97 | 142,049 | 229,204 |
| Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture | 1.99 | 9,805 | 491,824 |
| Lushui county | 2.28 | 3,915 | 171,974 |
| Lanping Bai Pumi autonomous county | 2.91 | 5,727 | 196,977 |
| Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture | 3.29 | 11,616 | 353,518 |
| Zhongdian county | 6.50 | 9,586 | 147,416 |
| Weixi Lisu autonomous county | 1.38 | 2,016 | 146,017 |
| Lincang prefecture | 15.77 | 367,880 | 2,332,570 |
| Lincang county | 5.43 | 15,478 | 285,163 |
| Fengqing county | 27.61 | 117,883 | 426,943 |
| Yun county | 37.96 | 158,099 | 416,507 |
| Yongde county | 8.68 | 29,521 | 339,918 |
| Zhenkang county | 17.19 | 31,334 | 182,258 |
| Shuangjiang Lahu Va Blang Dai autonomous county | 1.57 | 2,605 | 165,982 |
| Gengma Dai Va autonomous county | 3.57 | 11,193 | 313,220 |
| Longlin autonomous county (Guangxi) | 1.03 | 3,563 | 347,462 |
_-_Yunnan_Provincial_Museum-_DSC02056.JPG)
_Province_(1910)_(14780854764).jpg)
| Sino-Tibetan |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austroasiatic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Austronesian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hmong-Mien | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kra–Dai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tungusic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turkic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indo-European | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overseas diaspora |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Immigrants and expatriates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Underlined: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to2020 census | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sichuan topics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | |||||
| History |
| ||||
| Geography | |||||
| Culture | |||||
| People | |||||
| Religion | |||||
| Languages |
| ||||
| Tourist attractions | |||||
