Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko (Russian:Евгений Александрович Евтушенко;[1] 18 July 1933 – 1 April 2017)[2][3] was a Soviet and Russian poet, novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, publisher, actor, editor, university professor, and director of several films.
Yevtushenko was bornYevgeny Aleksandrovich Gangnus (he later took his mother's last name, Yevtushenko) inIrkutsk Oblast ofSiberia in a small town calledZima[4][5][6] on 18 July 1933[7] to a peasant family of noble descent. He had Russian, Baltic German, Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian, and Tatar roots. His maternal great-grandfather Joseph Baikovsky belonged toszlachta, while his wife was of Ukrainian descent. They were exiled to Siberia after a peasant rebellion headed by Joseph. One of their daughters – Maria Baikovskaya – married Ermolai Naumovich Yevtushenko who was of Belarusian descent. He served as a soldier in theImperial Army duringWorld War I and as an officer in theRed Army during theCivil War. His paternal ancestors were Germans who moved to the Russian Empire in 1767. His grandfather Rudolph Gangnus, a math teacher ofBaltic German descent, married Anna Plotnikova ofRussian nobility.[8] Both of Yevtushenko's grandfathers were arrested duringStalin's purges as "enemies of the people" in 1937.[9]
Yevtushenko's father, Aleksandr Rudolfovich Gangnus, was a geologist, as was his mother, Zinaida Ermolaevna Yevtushenko, who later became a singer.[10] The boy accompanied his father on geological expeditions toKazakhstan in 1948, and to Altai, Siberia, in 1950. Young Yevtushenko wrote his first verses and humorouschastushki while living in Zima, Siberia. His parents were divorced when he was 7 and he was raised by his mother.[9] By age 10, he had composed his first poem. Six years later a sports journal was the first periodical to publish his poetry. At 19, he published his first book of poems,The Prospects of the Future.[9]
After theSecond World War, Yevtushenko moved toMoscow and from 1951 to 1954 studied at theGorky Institute of Literature in Moscow, from which hedropped out. In 1952, he joined theUnion of Soviet Writers after publication of his first collection of poetry. His early poemSo mnoyu vot chto proiskhodit ("That's what is happening to me") became a very popular song, performed by actor-songwriterAlexander Dolsky. In 1955, Yevtushenko wrote a poem about the Soviet borders being an obstacle in his life. His first important publication was the 1956 poemStantsiya Zima ("Zima Station"). In 1957, he was expelled from the Literary Institute for "individualism". He was once labeled "the head of the intellectual juvenile delinquents" whose poems were "pygmy spittle".[11][12] He was banned from travelling but gained wide popularity with the Soviet public. His early work also drew praise fromBoris Pasternak,Carl Sandburg andRobert Frost.[13][14]
Yevtushenko was one of the authors politically active during theKhrushchev Thaw. In 1961, he wrote what would become perhaps his most famous poem,Babiyy Yar, in which he denounced theSoviet distortion of historical fact regarding theNazimassacre of the Jewish population ofKyiv in September 1941, as well as theanti-Semitism still widespread in the Soviet Union. The usual Soviet policy in relation tothe Holocaust in Russia was to describe it as general atrocities against Soviet citizens and to avoid mentioning that it was agenocide of the Jews. However, Yevtushenko's workBabiyy Yar "spoke not only of the Nazi atrocities, but the Soviet government's own persecution of Jewish people."[15] The poem was published in a major newspaper,Literaturnaya Gazeta,[16] achieved widespread circulation in numerous copies, and later was set to music, together with four other Yevtushenko poems, byDmitri Shostakovich in hisThirteenth Symphony, subtitledBabi Yar. Of Yevtushenko's work, Shostakovich has said, "Morality is a sister of conscience. And perhaps God is with Yevtushenko when he speaks of conscience. Every morning, in place of prayers, I reread or repeat by memory two poems by Yevtushenko: 'Career' or 'Boots'."[13]
After the22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in October 1961 – at which the former dictatorJoseph Stalin was denounced in public for crimes committed in the 1930s, Yevtushenko was allowed to join the editorial board of the journalYunost, and in October 1962 was sent to Cuba as a correspondent ofPravda. In 1962, knowing that there was backlash against the anti-Stalin campaign, Yevtushenko wroteNasledniki Stalina (The Heirs of Stalin), in which he stated that although Stalin was dead,Stalinism and its legacy still dominated the country; in the poem he also directly addressed the Soviet government, imploring them to make sure that Stalin would "never rise again".[17] The poem also taunted neo-Stalinists for being out of touch with the times, saying "No wonder they suffer heart attacks." It was well known that Khrushchev's most dangerous rival,Frol Kozlov had recently had a heart attack.[18] Yevtushenko wrote in his memoirs that he sent a copy of the poem to Khrushchev, who approved its publication. Published originally inPravda on 21 October 1962, the poem was not republished until a quarter of a century later, in the times of the comparatively liberalParty leaderMikhail Gorbachev.
In January 1963, he began a tour of West Germany and France, and while he was in Paris, arranged for hisPrecocious Autobiography to be serialised inL'Express. This created a scandal in Moscow. In February, he was ordered to return to the USSR and at the end of March he was accused by the writer G. A. Zhukov of an 'act of treason' and in April another writer, Vladimir Fedorov, proposed that he be expelled from the Writers' Union.[19] No official action was taken against him, but he was barred from travelling abroad for several years.
Yevtushenko became one of the best known poets of the 1950s and 1960s in the Soviet Union.[20] He was part of the 1960s generation, which included such writers asVasily Aksyonov,Andrei Voznesensky,Bella Akhmadulina,Robert Rozhdestvensky,Anatoly Gladilin; as well as actorsAndrei Mironov,Aleksandr Zbruyev,Natalya Fateyeva, and many others. During the time,Anna Akhmatova, a number of whose family members suffered under the communist rule, criticised Yevtushenko's aesthetic ideals and his poetics. The poet Victor Krivulin quoted her, saying that "Yevtushenko doesn't rise above an average newspaper satirist's level. Yevtushenko and Andrei Voznesensky's works just don't do it for me, therefore neither of them exists for me as a poet."[21]
Alternatively, Yevtushenko was much respected by others at the time both for his poetry and his political stance toward the Soviet government. "DissidentPavel Litvinov had said that '[Yevtushenko] expressed what my generation felt. Then we left him behind.'"[9] Between 1963 until 1965, for example, Yevtushenko, already an internationally recognisedlittérateur, was banned from travelling outside the Soviet Union.[22] In 1963, he was nominated for theNobel Prize in Literature for his poemBabiyy Yar.[23][24]
Generally, however, Yevtushenko was still the most extensively travelled Soviet poet, possessing an amazing capability to balance between moderate criticism of the Soviet regime, which gained him popularity in the West, and, as noted by some, a strong Marxist–Leninist ideological stance,[9] which allegedly proved his loyalty to Soviet authorities.
At that time, KGB ChairmanVladimir Semichastny and the next KGB ChairmanYuri Andropov reported to the Communist Politburo on the "Anti-Soviet activity of poet Yevtushenko." Nevertheless, some nicknamed Yevtushenko "Zhenya Gapon," comparing him to FatherGeorgy Gapon,[25] a Russian priest who at the time of the Revolution of 1905 was both a leader of rebellious workers and asecret police agent.
Nevertheless, "when, in 1987, Yevtushenko was made an honorary member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters, Brodsky himself led a flurry of protest, accusing Yevtushenko of duplicity and claiming that Yevtushenko's criticism of the Soviet Union was launched only in the directions approved by the Party and that he criticised what was acceptable to the Kremlin, when it was acceptable to the Kremlin, while soaking up adulation and honours as a fearless voice of dissent."[22] Further, of note is "Yevtushenko's protest of the trial ofAndrei Sinyavsky andYuli Daniel, an event now credited with inaugurating the modern dissident movement and readying the national pulse forperestroika. Both writers had toiled under pseudonyms and stood accused, in 1966, of "anti-Soviet activity" for the views espoused by their fictional characters. But Yevtushenko's actual position was that the writers were guilty, only punished too severely."[27] "Yevtushenko was not among the authors of the "Letter of the 63" who protested [their convictions]."[9]
On 23 August 1968, Yevtushenko sent a telegram to the Soviet prime ministerAlexei Kosygin lamenting theinvasion of Czechoslovakia, but "when Yevtushenko was nominated for the poetry chair at Oxford in 1968,Kingsley Amis,Bernard Levin, and the Russian-Hungarian historianTibor Szamuely led the campaign against him, arguing that he had made life difficult for his fellow Soviet writers."[27]
He was filmed as himself during the 1950s as a performing poet-actor. Yevtushenko contributed lyrics to several Soviet films and contributed to the script ofSoy Cuba (I Am Cuba, 1964), a Soviet propaganda film.[28] His acting career began with the leading role inVzlyot (Take-Off, 1979) by directorSavva Kulish, where he played the leading role as Russian rocket scientistKonstantin Tsiolkovsky.[29] Yevtushenko also made two films as a writer/director. His filmDetsky Sad (Kindergarten, 1983)[30] and his last film,Pokhorony Stalina (Stalin's Funeral, 1990)[31] deal with life in the Soviet Union.[29]
In 1989, Yevtushenko was elected as a representative forKharkiv in theSoviet Parliament (Congress of Peoples Deputies), where he was a member of the pro-democratic group supportingMikhail Gorbachev.[9] In 1991, he supportedBoris Yeltsin, as the latter defended the parliament of theRussian Federation during the hardline coup that sought to oust Gorbachev and reverse "perestroika".[14][32] Later, however, when Yeltsin sent tanks into restiveChechnya, Yevtushenko reportedly "denounced his old ally and refused to accept an award from him."[32]
In the post-Soviet era, Yevtushenko actively discussed environmental issues, confronted Russian Nationalist writers from the alternative Union of the Writers of Russia, and campaigned for the preservation of the memory of victims of Stalin'sGulag. In 1995, he published his huge anthology of contemporary Russian poetry entitledVerses of the Century.[33]
After October 2007, Yevtushenko divided his time between Russia and the United States, teaching Russian and European poetry and the history of world cinema at theUniversity of Tulsa inOklahoma and atQueens College of theCity University of New York as well as at Florida Atlantic University. In a 1995 interview, he said, "I like very much the University of Tulsa. My students are sons of ranchers, even cowboys, oil engineers. They are different people, but they are very gifted. They are closer to Mother Nature than the big city. They are more sensitive."[34]
In the West, he was best known for his criticism of theSoviet bureaucracy and appeals for getting rid of the legacy ofStalin.[35] He was working on a three-volume collection of 11th to 20th-century Russian poetry and planned a novel based on his time in Havana during theCuban Missile Crisis (he was, reportedly, good friends withChe Guevara,Salvador Allende andPablo Neruda).[13][14][32]
In October 2007, he was an artist-in-residence with the College of Arts and Humanities at theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, and recited his poemBabi Yar before a performance ofDmitri Shostakovich'sSymphony No. 13 by the University of Maryland Symphony Orchestra. The first time that the two works that Shostakovich set to Yevtushenko texts were performed on the same program, was in 1998 at the University of Houston'sMoores School of Music, under the baton of Franz Anton Krager, with Yevtushenko present. The performance was the idea of the then-President of the Moores School of Music Society, Philip Berquist, a long-time friend of Yevtushenko, after the poet informed him that the two works had never been performed together. Yevtushenko had told Berquist thatLeonard Bernstein had wanted to do so, but it never came to realisation.
The first translation of Yevtushenko's poetry into English wasYevtushenko: Selected Poems, a translation byRobin Milner-Gulland andPeter Levi published in 1962.[36]
Michael Weiss, writing inThe New York Sun in 2008, asserted that "Yevtushenko's politics have always been a complicated mixture of bravery, populism, and vulgar accommodation with dictatorship."[27] Judith Colp ofThe Washington Times, for example, described Yevtushenko as "his country's most controversial modern poet, a man whose reputation is poised between courageous behind-the-scenes reformer and failed dissident."[9] Indeed, "as the Sovietologist and literary criticRobert Conquest put it in a 1974 profile: 'The writers who had briefly flourished [under Khrushchev's thaw] went two different ways.Solzhenitsyn and his like into silenced opposition; Yevtushenko and his like, sometimes reluctantly, sometimes in the hope of still influencing matters a little, into well-rewarded collaboration.'"[27] Some argue that before the appearance of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,Andrei Sakharov, and the dissident movement in the Soviet Union, Yevtushenko, through his poetry, was the first voice to speak out against Stalinism[15] (althoughBoris Pasternak is often considered "to have helped give birth to the dissident movement with the publication of hisDoctor Zhivago").[9] Colp adds: "Sovietologist Stephen Cohen of Princeton University contends that Yevtushenko was among those Soviets who didn't become dissidents but in their own way tried to improve conditions and prepare the way for reform, [saying that] 'They exhibited a kind of civic courage that many Americans didn't recognize.'"[9] Kevin O'Connor, in hisIntellectuals and Apparatchiks, noted that Yevtushenko was "a popular liberal who never experienced the sort of intimidation that characterized regime's treatment of dissident writers Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn andVladimir Voinovich (each of whom was forced to leave the USSR)."[37]
The exile poetJoseph Brodsky repeatedly criticised Yevtushenko for what he perceived as his "conformism", especially after the latter was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[32][38] Commenting on this controversy inA Night in the Nabokov Hotel, an anthology of Russian poetry in English translation,Anatoly Kudryavitsky wrote that "A few Russian poets enjoyed virtual pop-star status, unthinkable if transposed to other parts of Europe. In reality, they were far from any sort of protest against Soviet totalitarianism and therefore could not be regarded as anything else but naughty children of the regime."[39] Furthermore, some criticised Yevtushenko regarding Pasternak's widow, given that "when Pasternak's widow,Olga Ivinskaya, was imprisoned on trumped-up charges of illegally dealing in foreign currency, Yevtushenko publicly maligned her [and added] thatDoctor Zhivago was not worth publishing in the Soviet Union."[9] Brodsky once said of Yevtushenko, "He throws stones only in directions that are officially sanctioned and approved."[10]
Moreover, "the poetIrina Ratushinskaya, upon her release from prison and arrival in the West, dismissed Yevtushenko asan official poet and the novelistVasily Aksyonov has also refused contact [with Yevtushenko]."[40] Responding to the criticism, Yevtushenko reportedly said:
Who could sanction me to writeBabi Yar, or my protests against the(1968) Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia? Only I criticised Khrushchev to his face; not even Solzhenitsyn did that. It is only the envy of people who couldn't stand against the propaganda machine, and they invented things about my generation, the artists of the '60s. Our generation was breaking the Iron Curtain. It was a generation crippled by history, and most of our dreams were doomed to be unfulfilled – but the fight for freedom was not in vain.[32]
Yevtushenko further notes that "in several cases [he] personally rose to the defense of these writers, interceding privately forRatushinskaya's release from prison, defendingAksyonov and others who were expelled from the Writers' Union."[40]
Critics differ on the stature of Yevtushenko in the literary world. Yevtushenko's defenders point to how much he did to oppose the Stalin legacy, his animus fueled by the knowledge that both of his grandfathers had perished in Stalin's purges of the 1930s. He was expelled from his university in 1956 for joining the defense of a banned novel,Vladimir Dudintsev'sNot by Bread Alone. He refused to join in the official campaign against Boris Pasternak, the author ofDoctor Zhivago and the recipient of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature. Yevtushenko denounced theinvasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968; interceded with the KGB chief,Yuri Andropov, on behalf of another Nobel laureate, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn; and opposed theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979."[10]
Yevtushenko was known for his many alleged liaisons.[32] Yevtushenko was married four times: in 1954, he marriedBella Akhmadulina, who published her first collection of poems in 1962. After divorce, he married Galina Sokol-Lukonina. Yevtushenko's third wife was English translator Jan Butler (married in 1978), and his fourth Maria Novikova, whom he married in 1986.[28] He had five sons:[32] Dmitry,Sasha, Pyotr, Anton and Yevgeny. His wife taught Russian atEdison Preparatory School inTulsa, Oklahoma. Yevtushenko himself spent half the year at theUniversity of Tulsa, lecturing on poetry and European cinema.[32]
Yevtushenko died on the morning of 1 April 2017, at the Hillcrest Medical Center in Tulsa. His widow, Maria Novikova, reported that he died peacefully in his sleep of heart failure.[41] His son Yevgeny reported that Yevtushenko had been diagnosed with cancer about six years before and that he had undergone surgery to remove part of a kidney, but the disease had recently returned.[42] "His wife, Maria Novikova, and their two sons, Dmitry and Yevgeny, were reportedly with him when he died."[10] Following his death, Yevtushenko was described by his friend and translatorRobin Milner-Gulland as "an absolute natural talent at performance" onBBC Radio 4'sLast Word programme.[43] Milner-Gulland also wrote, in an obituary inThe Guardian, that "there was a brief stage when the development of Russian literature seemed almost synonymous with his name", and that amidst his characteristics of "sharpness, sentiment, populism, self-confidence and sheer enjoyment of the sound of language", he was "above all a generous spirit".[44] Raymond H. Anderson stated inThe New York Times that his "defiant" poetry "inspired a generation of young Russians in their fight against Stalinism during the Cold War".[45]
In 1962, Yevtushenko was featured on the cover ofTime magazine. In 1993, he received a medal as 'Defender of Free Russia,' which was given to those who took part in resisting the hard-line Communist coup in August 1991. In July 2000 the Russian Academy of Sciences named a star in his honour. In 2001, his childhood home in Zima Junction, Siberia, was restored and opened as a permanent museum of poetry.[14] Yevtushenko received in 1991 the American Liberties Medallion, the highest honour conferred by the American Jewish Committee.[46] He was made aLaureate of the International Botev Prize, in Bulgaria in 2006. In 2007, he was awarded theOvid Prize, Romania, in recognition of his body of work.[47]
"Golden Chain of the Commonwealth" (2011)- the highest award of the NGO "Russian-speaking community of creators"
The Russian national "The Poet" award (2013)[56][57]
Honorary Citizen of Irkutsk Region (2015) – for meritorious service, creative activities contributing to raising the profile of the Irkutsk region of the Russian Federation and abroad[58]
Order of the "Polar Star" (2016) – for outstanding achievements in the field of literature and arts[60]
2015 – China International Prize "Chzhunkun" ( Chin. Ex. 中坤国际诗歌奖, pinyin : Zhōngkūn guójì shīgē jiǎng ) for his outstanding contribution to the world of poetry[61]
2007, on the initiative of theWorld Congress of Russian Jews (WCRJ), nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 for the poem "Babi Yar"
22 January 2005 in Turin, the Italian literary award Grinzane Cavour (Yevtushenko was awarded the Premio of Grinzane Cavour ) – for their ability to convey the eternal themes by means of literature, especially to the younger generation"[62]
TheGrinzane Cavour Prize (22 January 2005, Turin, Italy) – "for his ability to convey the eternal themes of the means of literature, especially to the younger generation"[citation needed]
^Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (30 November 1962).Yevtushenko, The Selected Poetry of Yevgeny. Harmondsworth, Eng.; Baltimore: Penguin Classics.ISBN9780140420692.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Kevin O'Connor,Intellectuals and Apparatchiks, Lexington Books, 2008, p. 89.
^Dovlatov, S. And then Brodsky said... Graph, Issue 3.3, 1999, p.10.
^Kudryavitsky, A. Introduction. InA Night in the Nabokov Hotel. 20 Contemporary Poets from Russia Edited by Anatoly Kudryavitsky. Dublin, Dedalus Press 2006) (OnlineArchived 28 July 2007 at theWayback Machine
^Matt Mullins. "Poetry of a Revolutionary: Celebrated Russian Writer Yevgeny Yevtushenko Visits Madison this Week,"Wisconsin State Journal p. F1, 18 March 2001.
