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| Yenisey Governorate Енисейская губерния (Russian) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governorate of theRussian Empire (1822–1917),Russian Republic andRSFSR (1917–1925) | |||||||||
| 1822–1925 | |||||||||
.svg) Yeniseysk Governorate within the Russian Empire | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Krasnoyarsk | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• | 2,516,930 km2 (971,790 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
| 570,161 | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1822 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1925 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||
 Media related toYeniseysk Governorate at Wikimedia Commons | |||||||||
Yeniseysk Governorate (Russian:Енисе́йская губе́рния,romanized: Yeniseyskaya guberniya)[2][3][4][5][6][7] was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of theRussian Empire, theRussian Republic, and theRussian SFSR in 1822–1925.
In 1724 theYeniseysk Province based onYeniseysk was established within theSiberian Governorate, disestablished in 1775. Its extents approximately corresponded to the future Yeniseysk Governorate.
The Governorate was established on January 26 (February 7), 1822 when the territory ofSiberia General Governorate was divided into twogovernorates general:West-Siberian andEast-Siberian according to the decree ofAlexander I "On the division of Siberia into two general governments"[8][9] of the administrative reform under the project ofMikhail Speransky.[2]
On July 22 (August 3), 1822, the Yeniseysk Governorate[10] with the administrative center ofKrasnoyarsk[11] was separated from theTomsk Governorate to become a part of East-Siberian Governorate General.[12]
The Yeniseysk Governorate were located in the western part of Eastern Siberia between 52° 20' and 77° 33' north latitude and 95° and 128° east longitude.[3] It stretched from the southern to the northern limits of the Russian Empire. The area looked like an irregular polygon, elongated in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The greatest length of the Yeniseysk Governorate fromChina to the extreme northern tip ofAsia (a cape in the east of theTaymyr Peninsula) is 2800verst, the greatest width from west to east is up to 1300verst. In the north, the Yeniseysk Governorate was bounded by theNorthern Ocean, In the northeast by theVilyuysk okrug of theYakutsk Oblast, in the east and southeast by the Kirensky Uyezd and Nizhneudinsky Uyezd of theIrkutsk Governorate; in south byChina. In the west, Yeniseysk Governorate bordered onWest Siberian General Governorate. In the southwest and west with theKuznetskiy Okrug,Marinsky Uezd and Narymsky of the Tomsk Governorate, from the northwest with theBeryozovsky Uezd of theTobolsk Governorate.[13]
The area of the Yeniseysk Governorate was 2,211,589 squareverst (the second largest province, after theYakutsk Oblast).[13]
“In a scarlet shield, a golden lion with azure eyes and tongue, and black claws, holding the same sickle in its right paw. The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by St. Andrew's ribbon.The coat of arms of the Yenisei Governorate was approved on July 5, 1878 by the All-Russian EmperorAlexander II. In 1886, decorations were removed from the city shields by the armorial department under the Department of Heraldry.The lion symbolized strength and courage, and the sickle and shovel reflected the main occupation of the inhabitants—agriculture and mining, primarilygold.
Until 1629, the territory of the modernKrasnoyarsk Krai was part of a vast region with the center in the city ofTobolsk. Later, theostrog (fortress) ofYeniseisk,Krasnoyarsk andKansk with adjacent lands were assigned to theTomskrazryad.
In 1676, theYeniseisk ostrog received the status of a city, under which all the settlements along theYenisei river and the right-bank territories stretching toTransbaikal were transferred.
Media related toNansen's Siberia expedition, 1913 at Wikimedia CommonsPeter I in 1708 carried out territorial andadministrative transformations to streamlinethe administration of the state. The main administrative unit of theRussian Empire was the Governorate, which included provinces, divided intouezds. According to the Decree of December 18, 1708, the entire territory of the Russian Empire was divided into eight provinces.Siberia and part of the Urals became part of theSiberia Governorate with the center in the city ofTobolsk.
Due to the long distances, the lack of means of communication, the administration of the territories of theSiberia Governorate was extremely difficult. There was a need for territorial transformations. In 1719, three provinces were established as part of theSiberia Governorate: Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk, and five years later two more -Irkutsk Governorate and Yeniseisk Governorate with a center in the city ofYeniseisk. The Yeniseisk Governorate included the following uezds (listed as towns):Mangazeya,Yeniseysk,Krasny Yar,Tomskoy,Kuznetskoy,Narym and Ketsk.
In 1764, by decree ofCatherine II, the territory ofSiberia was subjected to another administrative-territorial reform: a second Governorate was established -Irkutsk Governorate, which included the Yeniseisk Governorate. Two decades later, the Yeniseisk Governorate was liquidated, its uezds were included in three Governorate: Tobolsk (Yeniseisk andAchinsk), Irkutsk and Kolyvan (Krasnoyarsk).
In 1797, all the territories of theYenisei River basin were assigned to theTobolsk Governorate (until 1804; then, until 1822, they were part of theTomsk Governorate).
In order to centralize management in 1803, the Siberian General Governorate was created with the center in the city ofIrkutsk, which absorbed the territories ofTobolsk Governorate,Irkutsk Governorate andTomsk Governorate.
In 1822, this system of territorial subordination was abolished, and the West Siberian General Governorate (centerTobolsk) and East Siberian General Governorate (centerIrkutsk) were created instead. TheSiberian people belonged to theinorodtsy class and their nomadic status was confirmed by a special system of self-government "steppe duma - foreign government - tribal government", in accordance with the "Charter on the management of foreigners".[20]
At the same time, at the suggestion ofM. M. Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the Siberian possessions, EmperorAlexander I signed a decree on the formation of the Yeniseysk Governorate as part of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk (with Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city ofKrasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province.
On February 26, 1831, the Senate issued a decree "On the organization of the post office in the Yeniseysk Governorate". A provincial post office was established inKrasnoyarsk, postal expeditions were established inYeniseisk andAchinsk, and post offices were opened inKansk,Minusinsk andTurukhansk.
For 50 years after the creation of the Yeniseysk Governorate, minor changes took place in the administrative structure of the Russian Empire: in 1879, theokrug (districts) were renameduezd (counties). The territory of the Yeniseysk Governorate did not undergo any changes and basically coincided with the borders of the modernKrasnoyarsk Krai.In 1886, the Usinsky border okrug (Usinsky Krai) was separated from Minusinsk Uyezd.[21][22]
In 1882Ob-Yenisei channel construction started and opened for navigation of small ships in 1891.[23]
In 1892 Charles Vapereau made a journey fromBeijing toParis throughSiberia published about his travel in journal with drawings and engravings from his photos.[18][19]
The province of Yeniseisk is very fertile; the governor tells us that in the district of Minousinsk, 200 versts to the south, rye costs 5 kopeks a pood, and that the harvest of 1889 is currently being sold. Only is cultured. If there are means of communication downstream, this country would be the granary of Siberia. While there is no grain to sell here, there is scarcity and famine 1,000 versts to the west and the starving peasants are forced to emigrate.
— Charles Vapereau, From Beijing to Paris: Korea, Amour and Siberia, XXII. From Krasnoyarsk to Tomsk.
_Norske_Sibirieskspeditions_reise%2c_1914_-_Pict_12_(14598384888).jpg)
Media related toTo Jenisei's sources. The Norwegian Sibirie Expedition's journey 1914. With picture documents by Olsen, Orjan Mikael (1915) at Wikimedia CommonsSince 1913, the Yeniseysk Governorate had been part of the Irkutsk Governor General.
In the summer of 1913,Fridtjof Nansen travelled to theKara Sea, by the invitation ofJonas Lied, as part of a delegation: Vostrotin Stepan Vasilyevich (Siberian public figure, polar explorer, politician and diplomat), Iosif Grigorievich Loris-Melikov (secretary of the Russian mission in Norway), etc, investigating a possibleNorthern Sea trade Route[28] between Western Europe and the Siberian interior.[29] The party then took the barge «Turukhansk» up theYenisei River toKrasnoyarsk, and then through China along the Chinese Eastern Railway reachedVladivostok, on the way stopped inKhabarovsk, where he met a famous Russian traveler, explorer of theUssuri region, Lieutenant ColonelVladimir Arseniev, from where he returned by cars, horses and at that time the unfinished northern route of theTrans-Siberian Railway toNorway throughYekaterinburg, where he participated in a meeting of theRussian Geographical Society, reporting on the voyage along theYenisei. Nansen published a report from thу journey in bookThrough Siberia[17].
In 1913 the Usinsk border okrug was transformed into the Usinsk-Uriankhai Krai.
On April 17, 1914, the Russian government establishes a protectorate overUryankhay Krai (conforming roughly to the territory of modernTuva), which became part of the Yeniseysk Governorate.
In the summer 1914 Norwegian expedition (Henrik Printz, botanist, Orjan Olsen, ornithologist, Anders Olsen, Fritz Jensen, zoological assistant, photographer, and Josif Ermilowitsch Gutschin assistant with archaeological and anthropological collections local Russian fromMinusinsk) was exploring southern Siberia and north-western Mongolia "the so-called Urjankai country, a tract of land about the sources of the Yenisei, as yet almost entirely unknown" "terra incognita" as it was described in resulting books "The vegetation of the Siberian-Mongolian frontiers: (the Sayansk region)"[30] and "To Jenisei's sources. The Norwegian Sibirie Expedition's journey".[27]
_(1915)_(14563134059).jpg)
In 1914, an ethnographic expedition from the museums ofOxford andPennsylvania made a trip along theYenisei, consisting of anthropologistMaria Czaplicka, anthropologistHenry Usher Hall, ornithologistMaud Doria Haviland,Dora Curtis painter, Vasily Korobeinikov. The researchers traveled overland toKrasnoyarsk, along theTrans-Siberian Railway and on the "Oryol"steamer climbed theYenisei to the mouth of the Golchikha, where they spent the summer studying the nature and beliefs of theindigenous peoples of Siberia.[31][32][33]
A similar administrative-territorial division persisted until the early 1920s.
Uryankhay Krai existed until August 14, 1921, when local revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the RSFSR, decided to proclaim the national sovereignty ofTuvan People's Republic. Apart fromMongolia, however, no other country recognized its independence.
Since 1923, work began on the zoning of Siberia, which marked the beginning of the administrative reorganization of the territory of the region.Volosts were abolished, enlargeduezds (districts) were created.
On November 14, 1923, parts of the Yeniseysk Governorate'sMinusinsky [[[:ru:Минусинский уезд}|ru]]] andAchinsky Uezds were merged with onevolost of Kuznetskiy Uyezd ofTomsk Governorate to form newKhakassky Uezd. On March 19, 1924,Siberian Revolutionary Committee (Sibrevkom) approved the enlargement of the Yeniseysk governorate'suezds (districts).
The Usinsk okrug was formed in 1924 as part of the Yeniseisk Governorate, but already in 1925 it became part of the Minusinsk okrug of the SiberianKrai,
On June 23, 1924, new Turukhansky Uezd was formed in the governorate. Its Yuzhnaya Volost was formed on the part of the territory of Antsiferovskaya Volost ofYeniseysky Uezd. After that, Yeniseysky Uezd itself was abolished and its remaining territory split betweenKansky andKrasnoyarsky Uezds. At the same time, Daurskaya Volost ofAchinsky Uezd was transferred to Krasnoyarsky Uezd.
Also in 1924, parts of Znamenskaya and Tashtypskaya Volosts of Minusinsky Uezd were transferred toKhakassky Uezd. The former territory became a part of Charkovskaya Enlarged Volost, while the latter was merged into Tashtypskaya Enlarged Volost.
On May 25, 1925, all Governorates (including Yeniseysk Governorate) and regions in Siberia are abolished by the decree of theAll-Russian Central Executive Committee, their territories are merged into a singleSiberian Krai, with the center inNovosibirsk, along with the territories ofOyrat Autonomous Oblast andAltai,Novo-Nikolayevsk,Omsk, andTomsk Governorates. Achinsky, Kansky, Krasnoyarsky, Minusinsky, and Khakassky Uezds of the governorate were at the same time transformed into okrugs, while Turukhansky Uezd was renamed Turukhansky Krai and transferred toKrasnoyarsk Okrug.
As of its foundation, the governorate included fiveokrugs (districts) from formeruezd (counties):[34]
The administrative-territorial division of the Yenisei province remained basically unchanged until 1924. Only thevolost division changed.
The number ofvolosts in the province is 35. Turukhansky Krai is divided into 3 sections, the same volosts.[4]
Since 1898, theokrugs (districts) of the Yenisei Governorate were again calleduezd (counties).
At the end of the 19th century, the Yeniseysk Governorate included 5uezds (since 1898 - okrugs) and the Turukhansky Krai.
| № | Uezd (Okrugs) | Center | Uezd town coat of arms | Area, verst | Population (1897),[35] people | Volosts[36][37] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Achinsky | Achinsk (6,699 people) | _(1785).png) | 51,071.0 | 111,466 | Balakhtinskaya, Nazarovskaya, Pokrovskaya, Meletskaya Inorodskaya Council, Kyzylskaya Steppe Duma, Uzhurskaya volost |
| 2 | Yeniseysk | Yeniseysk (11,506 people) | _(1804).png) | 384,303.7 | 67,536 | Anuiferovskaya, Belskaya, Kazachinskaya, Kezhemskaya, Maklakovskaya, Pinchugskaya, Yalanskaya |
| 3 | Kansky | Kansk (7,537 people) | _(1855).png) | 70,962.7 | 96,202 | Antsirskaya, Irbeyskaya, Rybinskaya, Taseevskaya, Tinskaya, Ustyanskaya, Urinskaya, Shelaevsky society |
| 4 | Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk (26,699 people) | _(1851).png) | 19,024.0 | 99,156 | Voznesenskaya, Botoiskaya, Zaledeevskaya, Elovskaya, Nakhvalskaya, Pogorelskaya, Sukhobuzimskaya, Chastostrovskaya |
| 5 | Minusinsky | Minusinsk (10,231 people) | .png) | 79,571.9 | 182,733 | Abakanskaya, Abakanskaya foreign council, Askyzskaya steppe duma, Beyskaya volost, Ermakovskaya volost, Idrinskaya, Kuraginskaya, Novoselovskaya, Sagayskaya, Tesinskaya, Shushenskaya, Usinsky border okrug |
| 6 | Turukhansky Krai | Turukhansk (212 people) | _(1804).png) | 1609,824.2 | 10,959 | 3 sections |
In the 1760s-1780s, exile to Siberia became widespread. In the 1820s, the exiles constituted the second largest group of residents ofMinusinsk. In 1863, 44,994 exiles lived in the Yeniseisk Governorate, which was 1/7 of the entire population of the province.
In the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries, the formation of the population of the Yeniseisk Governorate occurred as a result of both ongoing spontaneous and organized migration processes.[37][38][39] According to the results of the General Census of 1897, the Russian-speaking population, consisting ofSiberians—the Starozhily (Russian: старожилы,lit. 'Old-Timers, Old-Settlers') and latersettlers[7] "Raseyskie" , prevailed, and the bulk of theinorodtsy population,[40] consisting ofindigenous peoples of Siberia.[6][20][41][42]
According to the 1897 census, 570.2 thousand people lived in the province, including 62.9 thousand people in cities (11.7%). The religious composition was dominated by Orthodox (93.8%), there were alsoOld Believers (2.1%), Catholics (1.1%), Jews (1.1%), Muslims (0.8%), and Lutherans (0.7%).
Literate (13.7%).
The estimated population in 1906 was almost entirely Russian, the rest (about 10%) consisting of Samoyedes, Tatars, Tunguses, Yakuts, Mongols and Ostyaks.[5]
In the 19th century, the inhabitants of the coastal villages betweenYeniseisk andKrasnoyarsk had the custom to call out to all ships and rafts passing by. The call was made in a singsong voice, in a drawling voice: “and who is swimming, and who is swimming, and who is swimming by name?”. Sailors had to respond and report their name or shout "good people." If they did not do this, residents immediately sailed from the shores in boats, inspected the ships, asking if there was anything “unallowed”[43]
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