| Yekatit 12 | |
|---|---|
| Part of theSecond Italo–Ethiopian War | |
 Ethiopian victims of the Yekatit 12 guarded by Italian soldiers | |
 Interactive map of Yekatit 12 | |
| Location | 9°02′38″N38°45′41″E / 9.043803948404381°N 38.761322843229635°E /9.043803948404381; 38.761322843229635 Addis Ababa |
| Date | 19 February 1937 |
Attack type | Massacre,internment,mass murder,summary execution |
| Deaths | Estimates range from 1,400 to 30,000 Ethiopian civilians |
| Victims | Ethiopian civilians, Ethiopian Arbegnoch |
| Perpetrators | Royal Italian Army underRodolfo Graziani |
| Motive | reprisal,anti-Ethiopian sentiment,white supremacy,anti-black racism,colonialism |
Yekatit 12 (Amharic:የካቲት ፲፪,romanized: Yekatīt 12), also known in Italy as theAddis Ababa massacre (Italian:Strage di Addis Ababa), is a date in theGe'ez calendar which refers to the massacre and imprisonment of Ethiopians by theItalian occupation forces following an attempted assassination of MarshalRodolfo Graziani, Viceroy ofItalian East Africa, on 19 February 1937. Graziani had led the Italian forces to victory over the Ethiopians in theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War and was supreme governor of Italian East Africa. It has been described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history.[1]
Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the three days that followed the attempt on Graziani's life. Ethiopian sources claimed the Italians killed 30,000 people, while other estimates typically range between 1,400 and 6,000 deaths;[2] a 2017 study of the massacre stated that approximately 19,200 people were killed, 20 percent of the population ofAddis Ababa.[1] Over the following week, numerous Ethiopians suspected of opposing Italian rule were rounded up and executed, including members of theBlack Lions and other members of the aristocracy. EmperorHaile Selassie had sent 125 men abroad to receive college education, but most of them were killed.[3] Many more were imprisoned, even collaborators such asRas Gebre Haywot, the son ofRasMikael of Wollo, Brehane Markos, and Ayale Gebre, who had helped the Italians identify the two men who made an attempt on Graziani's life.[4]
Following the massacre, Graziani was deposed byBenito Mussolini and replaced byPrince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta.[5]
Following the defeat of the Ethiopian forces under his personal command at theBattle of Maychew on 31 March 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie left Ethiopia to address theLeague of Nations to plead for their assistance against the Italians. He made his close friend and cousinRasImru Haile Selassie his regent during his absence, who attempted to set up a Provisional Government atGore, in the southwestern part of the country. Gore, however, was located deep in the homeland of theOromo people, who opposed his attempts to maintain imperial hegemony; some went as far as to approach theBritish to recognize their attempts to create aWestern Galla Confederation.[6] When the Italians advanced onNekemte on 24 October,Ras Imru found his position untenable and marched south in search of more welcoming surroundings. The two opponents maneuvered over southwestern Ethiopia, the Italians pursuing the Ethiopians, through the month of November untilRas Imru was caught on the banks of theGojeb River, where after fierce fightingRas Imru surrendered on 18 December.[6]
Meanwhile, loyalists made a poorly organized attempt to recapture Addis Ababa on 28 July 1936. Various armed groups of Ethiopians attacked the Italian positions in the capital city, taking the defenders by complete surprise; the first Italians they encountered were reportedly a group working on a well. However,GeneralGariboldi had expected an attack on the capital, and had prepared for this eventuality. Although a unit underAbebe Aragai had almost entered the Little Gebbi, where Graziani was working, the Ethiopians were repulsed on all sides. Despite a last rally byAbune Petros on the final day of the battle, who led a final advance in St George's Square, the attempt on the city failed.[6]
Lastly, the remaining Ethiopian forces in the southeast were being run down.RasDesta Damtew andDejazmachBeyene Merid had remained in control of their provincial capitals atIrgalem andGoba through November. On 23 November a motorized column under Captain Tucci had penetrated into the region, sparking a revolt by the localSidama people; Irgalem fell to the Italians on 1 December, andRas Desta andDejazmach Beyene Merid fell back into the mountains ofBale Province. A game of cat-and-mouse followed, until the last few thousand soldiers under their command were cornered nearLake Shala and annihilated by superior Italian numbers at theBattle of Gogetti 18 February 1937.Ras Desta managed to escape the battlefield alone, but was hunted down and executed a few days later. WithRas Desta Damtew's death, all organized Ethiopian resistance to the Italians was spent.[6]
Despite having unquestioned control over the newItalian East Africa at the beginning of February 1937, Graziani still mistrusted its inhabitants. During the previous year, following the capture ofJijiga by his men, he was inspecting anEthiopian Orthodox church when he fell through a concealed hole in the floor, which he was convinced had been prepared as a mantrap for him. "From that incident," writes Anthony Mockler, "it is possible to date his paranoiac hatred of and suspicion towards theCoptic clergy."[6] Despite this, to celebrate the birth of thePrince of Naples, Graziani announced he would personally distribute alms to the poor on Friday, 19 February, at theGenete Leul Palace (also known as the Little Gebbi).
In the crowd that formed that Friday morning were two youngEritreans living in Ethiopia named Abraha Deboch and Mogus Asgedom. Finding their fortunes limited in the Italian colony, they had come to Ethiopia to enroll in theMenelik II School, where recent events had overtaken them. Apparently accommodating himself to the new administration, Abraha gained employment with the Fascist Political Bureau, where his Eritrean origin, knowledge ofItalian, and familiarity with the city made him useful. However, according toRichard Pankhurst, Abraha Deboch was bitterly opposed to the Italians, especially its racist practices.[7] Before leaving their house, Abraha had placed an Italian flag on the wooden floor, driven a bayonet through it, then tied an Ethiopian flag to the bayonet.[6]
The official ceremony began as might be expected. Graziani made a speech, a number of Ethiopian notables made their submission to the victors, Italian planes made a fly-over above the city, and at 11 o'clock officials began distributing the promisedalms to priests and the poor.[6]
Abraha and Mogus managed to slip through the crowd to the bottom of the steps to the Little Gebbi, then began throwing grenades. According to one account, they managed to lob 10 of them before escaping in the resulting confusion.[6] According to Richard Pankhurst they were rushed from the scene by a third conspirator, a taxi driver named Simeyon Adefres. Pankhurst also credits him with providing the grenades that Abraha and Mogus threw.[7] It is said that Adefres had managed to procure the grenades from a soldier of the Ethiopian resistance to the Italian colonization whom he had befriended, and that this same soldier, a machine-gunner, taught Abraha and Mogus how to use the grenades.[7][8]
Behind them, the dead includedAbunaQerellos's umbrella-bearer. The wounded included theAbuna himself, the Vice-Governor General Armando Petretti, GeneralAurelio Liotta of the Air Force, and the Viceroy himself; one grenade exploded next to him, sending 365 fragments into his body. Graziani was rushed to the Italian hospital where he was operated on immediately, and saved. General Liotta lost his leg to the attack.[6]
For a while Abraha and Mogus hid at the ancient monastery ofDebre Libanos but soon moved on, seeking sanctuary in theAnglo-Egyptian Sudan. Somewhere inGojjam local inhabitants, always suspicious of strangers, murdered them. Adefris returned to Addis Ababa after having driven Abraha and Mogus to the monastery, their first destination, where he remained with them for a week; however, soon after his return to the capital he was arrested by Fascist authorities and tortured to death.[7]
The Italian response was immediate. According to Mockler, "Italiancarabinieri had fired into the crowds of beggars and poor assembled for the distribution of alms; and it is said that the Federal Secretary, Guido Cortese, even fired his revolver into the group of Ethiopian dignitaries standing around him."[6] Hours later, Cortese gave the fatal order:
Comrades, today is the day when we should show our devotion to our Viceroy by reacting and destroying the Ethiopians for three days. For three days I give youcarte blanche to destroy and kill and do what you want to the Ethiopians.[6]
The attempted murder provided the Italians with the reason to implementMussolini's order, issued as early as 3 May 1936, for thesummary execution of "The Young Ethiopians", a small group of intellectuals who had received college education from American and European colleges.[9] The same day as the assassination, a military tribunal was set up, and by nightfall, 62 Ethiopians were tried and shot at theAlem Bekagn prison in Addis Ababa.[6] "The Graziani Massacre marked the almost total liquidation of the intellectual component of the Resistance," writes Bahru Zewde.[9]
For the rest of that day, through Saturday and Sunday, Italians killed Ethiopians with daggers and truncheons to the shouts of "Duce! Duce!" and "Civiltà Italiana!" They doused native houses withpetrol and set them on fire. They broke into the homes of localGreeks andArmenians and killed their servants. Some even posed on the corpses of their victims to have their photographs taken.[6][10] In three days, the Italians had killed between 1,400 and 30,000 Ethiopians in Addis Ababa alone.[1] The first day has been commemorated as "Yekatit 12" (Ethiopian 19 February) by Ethiopians ever since.
Thousands of Ethiopians of all classes were sent to detention camps atDanan in theOgaden andNokra in theDahlak Archipelago. Conditions at Danan were inhospitable, and Graziani had given orders that the prisoners would receive only the bare minimum of food and water. As Sbacchi notes, "Poor facilities, including latrines, the humid climate, malaria, stomach infections, and venereal disease took many lives, especially among those compelled to work on the irrigation canal or on the banana and sugar-cane plantations." Between ten percent and half of the prisoners died at Danan.[4]
Conditions at Nokra were even worse than at Danan, according to Sbacchi. The detainees sent there joined 500 prisoners serving life sentences for serious political crimes, increasing the total number incarcerated to 1,500. The inmates suffered from lack of fresh water, sunstroke, marsh fever, and dysentery.[4]
The final reprisal struck in May. Investigators found that Abraha and Mogus had stayed a while at Debra Libanos, and slight circumstantial evidence suggested that the monks had foreknowledge of their plans. Graziani, mindful of his misadventure atJijiga, believed that they were complicit and on 19 May, cabled the local commander: "Therefore execute summarily all monks without distinction including the Vice-Prior." The following day, thefeast day of their patron saintTekle Haymanot, according to the records of the Italian fascists, 297 monks plus 23 laymen were shot, the entire population of the monastery;[6] other sources estimate the death toll at 1,500 to 2,000.[citation needed]
Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the massacre. Ethiopian sources claimed that 30,000 people were killed, while French and American newspapers provided figures ranging between 1,400 and 6,000 deaths.[2] HistorianAngelo Del Boca and British author Anthony Mockler estimated 3,000 deaths.[2][6] A 2017 history of the massacre byIan L. Campbell estimated that 19,200 people were killed.[1]
Ethiopia annually commemorates the victims of the massacre.[11][12] On 22 February 2023, to coincide with the commemoration of the 86th anniversary of the Yekatit 12 massacre, the United States Embassy in Addis Ababa held a ceremonial reopening of the restored "American Gibbi" building, where the U.S. Chargé d'AffairesCornelius Van H. Engert sheltered 700 Ethiopians fleeing the violence, thereby saving their lives.[13] In Italy, in October 2006, a Memorial Day for the African victims was proposed, but it was not established due to the fall of theProdi II Cabinet.[14]