Yehuda Bauer | |
|---|---|
| יהודה באואר | |
 Bauer in 2008 | |
| Born | (1926-04-06)6 April 1926 |
| Died | 18 October 2024(2024-10-18) (aged 98) Jerusalem, Israel |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Cardiff University Hebrew University |
| Thesis | British Mandate of Palestine |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Holocaust studies |
| Institutions | Hebrew University |
Yehuda Bauer (Hebrew:יהודה באואר; 6 April 1926 – 18 October 2024) was a Czech-born Israeli historian and scholar of theHolocaust. He was a professor ofHolocaust studies at theAvraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at theHebrew University ofJerusalem.
Yehuda Bauer was born inPrague,Czechoslovakia on 6 April 1926.[1] He was fluent inCzech,Slovak andGerman. Bauer later learnedHebrew,Yiddish,English,French andPolish. His father had strongZionist convictions and during the 1930s he tried to raise money to relocate his family to theBritish Mandate of Palestine. On the dayNazi Germany annexed Czechoslovakia, 15 March 1939, the familyimmigrated to Palestine by managing to get past Nazi officials on a train which slipped them over the border intoPoland. From there they moved viaRomania to Palestine.[2] His father, an engineer, faced challenges in securing employment, while his mother supported the family by working as a seamstress.[3]
Bauer attended high school inHaifa and at sixteen, inspired by his history teacher, Rachel Krulik, he decided to dedicate himself to studyinghistory. Upon completing high school, he joined thePalmach. He earned a scholarship to study history atCardiff University but paused his education to serve in the1948 Arab-Israeli War. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1948 and obtained a master's degree in 1950.[3]
After returning to Israel, he joinedKibbutz Shoval, a socialist collective in theNegev Desert, in 1952, and became actively involved inMapam, a socialist junior partner of the dominant Labour Party (Mapai). He received his doctorate fromHebrew University in 1960, and the following year, he became a professor at the university’s Institute of Contemporary Jewry, where he served for 34 years.[3] He was a visiting professor atBrandeis University,Yale University,Richard Stockton College, andClark University.[citation needed]
In 1995, Bauer left his position at Hebrew University to direct the International Institute for Holocaust Research atYad Vashem, Israel’s official Holocaust memorial. Although he resigned from his position as director in 2000, he continued to serve as an academic adviser until his death. Even shortly before, he upheld a regular lecture schedule, both in person and remotely, often addressing diverse global audiences in various languages on different days. Bauer was the founding editor of the journalHolocaust and Genocide Studies, and served on the editorial board of theEncyclopaedia of the Holocaust, published by Yad Vashem in 1990.[3]
Bauer was awarded theIsrael Prize, the nation's highest cultural honor, in 1998.[3]
Bauer's first marriage was to Shula Bauer, which ended in divorce. In 1993, he married Ilana Meroz, who died in 2011. He had two daughters, including one named Danit Cohen, as well as three stepsons: Gal, Eyel, and Ran. He also had six grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.[3]
Bauer died in Jerusalem on 18 October 2024, at the age of 98.[4][5]
Bauer specialized in the Holocaust,antisemitism — a word which he insisted should be writtenunhyphenated[6] — and theJewish resistance movement during the Holocaust, and he argued for a wider definition of the term. In Bauer's view, resistance to the Nazis comprised not only physical opposition but any activity that gave the Jewish people dignity and humanity in the most humiliating and inhumane conditions. Furthermore, Bauer disputed the popular view that most Jews went to their deaths passively — "like sheep to the slaughter".[7] He argued that, given the conditions in which theJews of Eastern Europe had to endure, what is surprising is not how little resistance there was, but rather how much.
Bauer defendedRudolf Kasztner and theAid and Rescue Committee, who have been criticized for allegedly not publicizing theVrba-Wetzler report which documented the deportation of the Hungarian Jews toAuschwitz. According to Bauer, conditions prevented Kasztner and other Jewish leaders from publicizing what they knew, and prevented Jews from escaping.[8][9] Not only did Kasztner hide what is awaiting the Jews of Hungary, afterGeorge Mantello obtained the report over two months delay in Switzerland via Romanian diplomatFlorian Manilou who got it is Budapest fromMoshe Krausz, Kasztner implored him not to publicize it, which Mantello declined to comply with.[10]
At Yad Vashem while its chief historian, Bauer exclaimed that "Hillel Kook saved no one!", although theEmergency Committee for the Rescue of European Jewry (akaBergson Group), Kook's rescue activist group in America, kept pressuring PresidentRoosevelt to help the Jews of Europe. It forced Roosevelt to establish theWar Refugee Board in January 1944, also due to pressure by Jewish Treasury SecretaryHenry Morgenthau Jr and his team. The WRB saved large number of Jews, in part by theRaoul Wallenberg mission in Budapest. According to American historian ProfessorDavid Wyman the WRB saved an estimated 200,000 in Europe.[11][12]
Bauer believed that Hitler was the key figure who causedthe Holocaust, and that at some point in the later half of 1941, he gave a series of orders which called for the genocide of the entire Jewish population. Bauer pointed to the discovery of an entry in Himmler's notebook dated 18 December 1941 where Himmler wrote down the question "What to do with theJews of Russia?" According to the same notebook, Hitler's response to the question was "Exterminate them aspartisans."[13] In Bauer's view, this is as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler ordering the Holocaust.[13] Bauer believed that, at about the same time, Hitler gave further verbal orders for the Holocaust, but unfortunately for historians, nobody bothered to write them down. What the Nazis called the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" is considered to have been formalized at theWannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, although Bauer rejected this view, calling it a "silly story”.[14]
Bauer disagreed with those who argue that the Holocaust was just another genocide. Though he agreed that there were othergenocides in history, he argued that the Holocaust was the worst single case of genocide in history, in which every member of a nation was selected for annihilation. American historianHenry Friedlander argued that theRomani and the disabled were just as much victims of the Holocaust as the Jews were. However, Bauer said that the Romani were subject to genocide (just not "the Holocaust") and he supported the demands of the Romani for reparations from Germany.[15]
Another trend that Bauer denounced was the representation of the Holocaust as a mystical experience outside the normal range of human understanding. He argued against the work of someOrthodoxrabbis andtheologians who have said that the Holocaust was the work ofGod and part of a mysterious master plan for the Jewish people. In Bauer's view, those who seek to promote this line of thinking argue that God is just and good, while simultaneously bringing down the Holocaust on the Jewish people. Bauer argued that a God who inflicts theShoah on hisChosen People is neither good nor just.[citation needed]
In January 2012, Bauer's article in theIsrael Journal of Foreign Affairs entitled "The Holocaust, America and American Jewry"[16] precipitated a bitter debate between him,Rafael Medoff (Wyman Institute) and Alexander J. Groth (University of California, Davis), on what the US Government and the Jews of America could and could not have done to rescue the Jews of Europe.[17][18] Bauer has criticized the American political scientistDaniel Goldhagen, who writes that the Holocaust was the result of the allegedly unique "eliminationist" antisemitic culture of the Germans. He has accused Goldhagen ofGermanophobic racism, and of only selecting evidence which is favorable to his thesis.[19]
Bauer was known for his criticism of other historians but directed his sharpest rebukes at politicians whom he believed manipulated the Holocaust to serve their agendas, particularly singling out Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu. In an interview withThe Times of Israel in August 2023, he stated, "They use the Holocaust as a political tool. This is particularly true of theprime minister. He has no understanding at all—he simply does not grasp what happened. He deals with Iran; he knows something about Iran, but he knows nothing about the Holocaust."[3]
In 2003, Bauer stated that "What we have here between the Israelis and the Palestinians is an armed conflict – if one side becomes stronger there is a chance of genocide." When one of the visitors asked, "Am I to understand that you think Israel could commit genocide on the Palestinian people?," Bauer answered "Yes," and added, "Just two days ago, extremist settlers passed out flyers to rid Arabs from this land.Ethnic cleansing results inmass killing." Bauer said that opinion polls show that a high percentage of Palestinians want to get rid of Jews.[20]
Bauer was one of the architects of theWorking Definition of Antisemitism, which classifies mainstream Palestinian positions as antisemitic. He has argued that calling forPalestinian right of return is antisemitic because he believes it is a prelude to the genocide of Jews.[21]
ConcerningPope Benedict XVI's pilgrimage to Israel andJordan, Bauer argued that the Pope meant well and tried to walk the tightrope between Arab-Palestinian-Muslim and Palestinian-Christian enmity toward Israel and the Jews on the one hand, and thecollective trauma of Jews in Israel and elsewhere regarding the Holocaust on the other.[22]
Bauer received recognition for his work in the field ofHolocaust studies and the prevention ofgenocide.
In addition, he served as an academic adviser toYad Vashem, academic adviser to theTask Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research, and senior adviser to theSwedish Government on the International Forum on Genocide Prevention.[citation needed]
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Holocaust Rescue Revisited,Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs VII:3, 127–142Yehuda Bauer, one of the architects and supporters of the IHRA definition, has argued in various op-ed articles that the mere demand for the Right of Return is in itself a prelude to genocide and therefor is essentially antisemitic. Hence this definition, which has been adopted by many states world-wide, including the USA, criminalizes the essence of Palestinian narrative as antisemitic.
