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| Ye Shengtao | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 葉聖陶 | ||||||||
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Ye Shengtao (28 October 1894 – 16 February 1988) also known as Ye Shaojun, was a Chinese writer, journalist, educator, publisher and politician. He was a founder of the Association for Literary Studies (文學研究會), the first literature association during theMay Fourth Movement in China. He served as the Vice-Minister of Culture of thePeople's Republic of China.
Ye was born on 28 October 1894 inWu County,Jiangsu province. His name at birth wasYe Shaojun (葉紹鈞), and hiscourtesy name was Bingchen (秉臣). His father worked as a bookkeeper for a landlord and they lived a very modest life. When he was six years old, he entered a mediocre school for primary study. He often followed his father to work. He travelled around the city and experienced the lives of the poor.
In 1907, Ye entered Caoqiao Secondary School (草橋中學). After his graduation, he worked as a primary school teacher, before being dismissed by the school in 1914. Finding himself unemployed, he devoted himself entirely to writing classical Chinese novels, which were published in "Libailiu Magazine" (《禮拜六》 "Saturday Magazine"), until he found work as the Chinese teacher of a school set up by theShanghai Commercial Press (商務印書館上海印刷廠). At the same time, he became the editor of primary textbooks of the Shanghai Commercial Press in 1915.
Ye had been living in an era of instability, including the 1894Sino-Japanese War, theHundred Days' Reform, and later the Sphere of Influence[clarification needed] (列強割據). His early life experiences affected his sense of nationalism and contributed to his later career as a journalist and an educator.
Under the influences of theMay Fourth Movement in 1919 commonly known as theNew Culture Movement, Ye indulged himself in his literary career. He participated in a student organization called 'Xinchao She' ("New Tide Society" 新潮社 1919-1920) ofPeking University, and started publishing fictions, poems, prose, literary criticism and scripts of drama etc. Ye was also an editor in PuShe (樸社, 1923). In 1921, Ye,Mao Dun andZheng Zhenduo founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, the "Wenxue Yanjiu Hui", (文學研究會 "Association for Literary Studies"), advocating realism art but rejecting the principle "Art is for Art's Sake".
Ye had spent much of his life on editing and publishing. The Shanghai Commercial Press was the starting point of Ye's editorship.He became the editor of the press since 1923.
By the end of 1930, Ye quit the post in the Shanghai Commercial Press and became the editor of Kaiming Press (Kaiming Shu Dian 開明書店). He started to edit books on Chinese language and storybooks for children.
In 1936, Ye, Mao Dun andHong Shen (洪深) established the "Chinese Literature and Art Society" (Zhongguo Wenyi jia Xiehui 中國文藝家協會). In 1941, he became an editorial committee of the "Teaching for Literature and History"" (Wenshi Jiaoxue 文史教學). Ye was one of the establishers of the "Literary Alliance for Anti-Japanese Imperialism" (文藝界反帝抗日大聯盟).
Ye devoted himself to editing and publishing for his whole life . During theSecond Sino-Japanese War, Ye moved toLeshan with his family and worked as a professor at the Department of Chinese atWuhan University . In 1946, he returned to Shanghai and resumed his editorship at Kaiming Press.
On 30 May 1925, a bloody massacre took place in Shanghai, known asMay Thirtieth Movement (五卅運動 Wǔsà- yùndòng). About 2000 Shanghai workers and students protested against it. British police then suppressed the demonstrators with violence and killed 12 Chinese in the event. Till 1 June, more than 20 Chinese were killed.
None of the Shanghai newspapers reported this incident. Ye denounced their silence and foundedGōnglǐ Rìbào (The Truth Daily 《公理日報》) with Zheng Zhenduo andHu Yuzhi (胡愈之1896－1986) in response.
In addition to reporting the truth,The Truth Daily 《公理日报》provided a forum for public discussion, called"Shèhuì Cáipànsuǒ" ("Tribunal of the Society"〈社會裁判所〉), which encouraged reader to express their viewpoints towards the society. Ye and other editors ofThe Truth Daily severely criticized the unfairness of the society.
Due to financial difficulties and disagreement among the editors,The Truth Daily finally terminated after running for 22 days.
Ye advocated the standardization of modern Chinese language including the standardization of grammar, rhetoric, vocabulary, punctuation, simplified character, and the elimination of variant characters (異體字). He also compiled and standardized the Chinese character for publishing and formulated the Chinese Phoneticization Scheme (Hanyu Pinyin Fang'an 《漢語拼音方案》).
Ye also promotedvernacular Chinese in publishing. His magazines and newspapers were mostly published in vernacular style, which greatly facilitated other journalists and readers to read.
Ye was also an educator who educated many outstanding young authors and editors likeBa Jin,Ding Ling, andDai Wangshu.
Realism became the most sustainable hallmark of Ye Shengtao. Many of the protagonists in Ye's works were the exploited, the disabled and the prosecuted who were in lower social class. He expressed his democratic and socialist ideas through his novel series such as "The Fire" (Huozai 《火災》), "Under the Horizon"(Xiàn xià 《線下》) and "A scarecrow" (Dào cao rén 《稻草人》. These pieces focused on the suffocation of the lower-class people. His highly praised fiction "Ni Huanzhi" 《倪煥之 》 revealed the pathetic life of an intellectual called "Ni Huanzhi".
Ye's first academic essay was about children's literature, calledChildren's Concept (兒童之觀念), criticizing how feudalism affected children's lives in China.
His writingThe Scarecrow (Dào cǎo rén 《稻草人》) was published in 1923. This children's reading was very popular among numerous youngsters. Another 'fairy tale was "A Stone Figure of an Ancient Hero". (Gǔdāi yīngxióng de shíxiàng 《古代英雄的石像》) This story was about a stone which had been sculpted into a hero statue.
Ye's student, Ding Ling, once praised that his fairy tales were able to induce readers to think more about the society.
The popular writerZhao Jingshen (趙景深) held that Ye was a special figure in the field of literature, describing him transcendent and extraordinary.
Ye was responsible for a number of posts in the authority. Following the Communist Revolution, Ye served as the Vice-director of General Administration of Press and Publication (出版總署副署長), the President of People Education Publication (人民教育出版社社長), and theVice-Minister of Education. He was also elected as the Committee of the Fifth Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress, the National Committee of The FifthChinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and the Chairman ofChina Association for Promoting Democracy.
Ye died in Beijing on 16 February 1988 at the age of 93.
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Ye Shengtao Memorial Hall is located at the former site of The 5th High School where Ye Shengtao taught from 1917 to 1922. It is located beside the Baosheng Temple inLuzhi township, Wuzhong district ofSuzhou city.
