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| Yazghulami | |
|---|---|
| йуздоми звегyuzdomi zveg зѓамиѓайzǵamiǵai | |
| Pronunciation | [zɡʲamiˈɡʲai][1] |
| Native to | Tajikistan |
Native speakers | 9,000[2] (2010) |
Indo-European
| |
| Cyrillic,Latin | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yah |
| Glottolog | yazg1240 |
| ELP | Yazgulyami |
| Linguasphere | 58-ABD-f |
 Yazghulami is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
TheYazghulami language (also Yazgulami, Yazgulyami, Iazgulem, Yazgulyam, Yazgulam, Yazgulyamskiy, Jazguljamskij;Tajik:язғуломӣ (Yazghulomi)) is a member of the Southeastern subgroup of theIranian languages, spoken by around 9,000 people along theYazghulom River inGorno-Badakhshan,Tajikistan. Together withShugni, it is classified in a Shugni-Yazgulami subgroup of theareal group of Pamir languages.[3] Virtually all speakers of Yazghulami are bilingual inTajik, the variety of thePersian language spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[4]
The Yazghulami people are an exception among the speakers of Pamir languages in that they do not adhere toIsmailism.
The Yazghulami language consists of two dialects: one of these is spoken higher in the mountains, the other lower. The differences are not significant and are limited to the vocabulary. Differences in the vocabulary are also detectable between the languages used in different villages in the lower mountains. The extinctVanji language (also Vanži, Wanji) was once the nearest linguistic relative of Yazghulami. Yazghulami shares many grammatical and lexical features with the other languages spoken in the Pamirs,[5] but even its most closely related living relative, Shughni, is not mutually intelligible with it.
The language was first recorded by Russian traveller G. Arandarenko in 1889, listing 34 Yazghulami words recorded in 1882. The language was described in greater detail by French linguistRobert Gauthiot inNotes sur le yazgoulami, dialecte iranien des Confins du Pamir (1916). The most significant research to date on the Yazghulami language was done by Russian linguist Dzhoi (Joy) I. Ėdel’man, resulting in multiple publications from the 1960s through the early 2000s. Most of her works are in the Russian language.
In 1954 the Yazghulami living in villages at higher elevations (deeper into the Yazghulam valley) were resettled, about 20% of them forcibly, to theVakhsh valley, where they live dispersed among the Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians and other ethnic groups.
The Yazghulami language has 45 phonemes: 8 vowels and 37 consonants.[5][6] The phonology of the Yazghulami language differs from the basic "Shughni-Roshani" type in its system ofdorsal consonants: in addition to the velar and uvular stops/ɡ/,/k/,/q/ and fricatives/x/,/ɣ/,/χ/,/ʁ/, Yazghulami has a palatalised and a labialised series/kʲ/,/ɡʲ/ (palatalised velars),/kʷ/,/ɡʷ/,/xʷ/ (labialised velars, there is no labialised voiced velar fricative) and/qʷ/,/χʷ/,/ʁʷ/ (labialised uvulars).[6] A significant number of labialised consonants etymologically correspond to Proto-Iranian*Cv or*Cu, e.g.xʷarɡ <*hvaharā- "sister", while others are unrelated to Proto-Iranianv, e.g.skʷon <skana- "puppy".
This threefold system of articulation of dorsals has been compared typologically to the three reconstructed rows of dorsals in theProto-Indo-European language.[3]
The following are the vowels of Yazghulami:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ʉ | u |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Open | a | ɑː |
The following are the consonants of Yazghulami:
| a | b | c | č | d | δ | θ | e | ə | f | g | ǵ | g̊ | ɣ |
| ɣ̊ | ɣ̌ | i | ǰ | k | ḱ | k̊ | l | m | n | o | p | q | q̊ |
| s | š | t | u | v | w | x | x̊ | x̌ | x̌̊ | y | z | ž |
The letter gamma ɣ, and in its accentuated forms, uses the form of theGreek gamma⟨Γ γ⟩, in both uppercase and lowercase.
| а | а̄ | б | в | в̌ | г | ѓ | г̊ | ғ̌ | ғ̊ | д | д̌ | ә | ж |
| з | и | к | к̊ | ќ | қ | қ̊ | л | м | н | о | п | р | с |
| т | т̌ | у | ф | х | х̊ | ӿ | ӿ̊ | ҳ | ц | ч | ҷ | ш | э |
The basic word order of Yazghulami issubject–object–verb (SOV).
In the past tense, Yazghulami hastripartite marking—one of the very few languages in the world to have this feature. This means that the subject of anintransitive sentence is marked differently from both the subject and the object of atransitive sentence.[10] This tripartite alignment only appears in singular pronouns in past tense clauses. Plural pronouns in past tense clauses and all pronouns in non-past tense clauses show nominative-accusative alignment.[11]
Morphological marking of core cases does not occur on nouns, however, the prepositionna(ʒ) "from" is optionally used to indicate that the following noun is the direct object. All nominal forms may be marked for dative case or for either of two genitive cases by means of enclitics:=ra (dative),=i (genitive 1), and=me (genitive 2). The genitive 1 case marks attributive possession and is practically identical in function with Tajik Persianizofat=i which links a modifier to its noun. However, the order of constituents in the two languages is reversed, meaning that in Yazghulami the modifier precedes its noun (qatol-i kud "big-i house") whereas in Tajik Persian the modifier follows the noun (χona-i kalon "house-i big"). The genitive 2 case is used only to mark predicative possession, e.g.ju kud=aimo=me "this house ismine".[1]
