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Yammoune

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Village in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon

Yammoune Yammouneh, El Yammoûné
Village
The Naba al-Arbain spring of Yammoune
Interactive map of Yammoune
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	Baalbek-Hermel
District	Baalbek
Elevation	5,300 ft (1,600 m)
Population (2021)
• Total	7,000 of the Chreif family عشيرة آل شريف

Yammoune
History

Yammoune Shown within Lebanon
Location	25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest ofBaalbek
Region	Baalbek
Coordinates	34°08′00″N36°01′00″E / 34.133333°N 36.016667°E /34.133333; 36.016667
Cultures	Roman,Ancient Greece,Phoenicia
Site notes
Condition	Ruins
Public access	Yes

Yammoune is alake,nature reserve, village andmunicipality situated 27 kilometres (17 mi) northwest ofBaalbek in Baalbek District, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon. The village had a few hundred inhabitants in 1955.^[1]^[2]

Ancient Roman temple

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There are the ruins of aRoman temple (possibly withPhoenician-Greek origins) in the village that are included in a grouping of RomanTemples of the Beqaa Valley. It is said to be dedicated toVenus^[3] (or possibly alsoAstarte, before theRoman era in the region). Part of two enclosure walls and the temple foundations remain intact.^[1] Many inscriptions, written inLatin were found at the temple site.^[4] A fewAncient Greek inscriptions were also found.^[5] It is considered likely to be initially very small and ofPhoenician origin, but it was greatly enlarged and improved by the Romans^[6]

All that remains of the Roman temple today is a retaining wall of limestone blocks which goes down to the lake level. Beneath are supposed to be subterranean chambers. Presumably dedicated to Venus-Astrate, legend has it that when Typhon made war against the heavens, it was at Yammouneh that Venus changed herself into a fish...A great water cavern west of the temple fills the lake each year, although at other times it may appear almost dry. Luxurious Roman villas used to occupy the area between the cavern and the temple and numerous altars, statues and other elements have been discovered nearby.^[7]

Ernest Renan visited the site and discovered sections of afrieze and parts ofpediment attributed to the temple. A partly brokencockle shell with a figure of a goddess with outstretched arms was also found recently during ploughing by atractor.^[8] The ancient name of Yammoune is not known however some have suggested that it was once the location of aFestival of Adonis.^[2]^[9]

The temple is situated on a hill, approximately 300 metres (980 ft) from the mainspring in the area, theNaba al-Arbain. It lies next to the lake where it is considered ancient worshippers tookpilgrimage from the temple atAfqa to purify themselves in the temple waters.^[2]Michael Alouf found a statue ofAdonis in the temple, carrying an ear ofcorn in one hand and aquivver and alamb in the other. He stored the statue at a museum he founded in the ruins ofBaalbek.

Alouf also found aRoman road measuring 200 metres (0.12 mi), located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of the lake. He also found another square building measuring approximately 12 square metres (130 sq ft) next to this road. The building was constructed of large stones and anAncient Greek inscription was found inside. He considered it an ancientguardhouse orwatchtower for protection of travellers. He suggested thatoracles were consulted at the temple in connection withQueen Zenobia, who legend tells, sent offerings to thegoddess by placing them on the lake. If the offerings sunk to the floor of the lake, then the goddess had accepted them. If the offerings floated, then they had been rejected and gave a badomen toPalmyra and the surrounding lands.^[10]

Eusebius records that the EmperorConstantine destroyed a temple of Venus 'on the summit of Mount Lebanon.'^[11] and probably it was this pagan temple dedicated to Venus.

During the 1970sAli Akbar Mohtashamipur lived in Yammoune whilst receiving military training at aFatah camp. He later held a number of senior posts in theIranian government. He wrote about the village “Their men are courageous and mostly armed ... They don’t submit to government authority and don’t pay for water and electricity. They have fought several times with neighbouring Christian villages and have won. They like the [Shiite] clergy.”^[12]

Geology

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The village lies on the Yammoune Fault line, a geologicalfault responsible for several historicalearthquakes in the area. A new section of the fault was discovered in 2010 byAta Elias of theAmerican University of Beirut. They studied samples from a trench inMarjahine to improve dating on historical earthquakes and better predict future ones.^[13]

Lake Yammoune

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Lake Yammoune is home to Lebanon's only endemicfish,Pseudophoxinus libani.^[14] InPhoenician Mythology, the goddessAstarte turned herself into agolden fish in Yammoune lake to escape from the vengeance ofAdonis's wrathful brotherTyphon.^[1]

The lake is filled from a water cavern to the west of the temple has only one outflow, through a big hole andRobert Boulanger suggested that it might dry up entirely at the end of summer.^[1] The valley ofOuyoun Ergush leads from Yammoune towardsMarjhine.^[15]

A network of rock-cut irrigation channels and watercourses lead from Lake Yammoune to provide irrigation for the region of theBeqaa Valley around Baalbek.^[16]

Possible early sanctuary of El

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Marvin H. Pope identified the home ofEl in theUgaritic texts of ca. 1200 BCE, described as "at the source[s] of the [two] rivers, in the midst of the fountains of the [two] deeps",^[17] with this lake andAfqa, source of the river Adonis on the other side of the mountain, which Pope said was closely associated with it in legend.^[18]

Yammoune nature reserve

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The area has been classed as a scientific and culturalnature reserve since 1998 and is known for distinguishingjuniper trees.^[6] The area is popular as ahiking trail.^[19]

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^dRobert Boulanger (1955).Lebanon. Hachette. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^^a ^b ^cNashrat al-Āthār wa-al-ʻImārah al-Lubnānīyah. Direction Générale des Antiquités. 2008. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^George Taylor (1971).The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide. Les temples romains au Liban; guide illustré. Dar el-Machreq Publishers. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Kevin Butcher (19 February 2004).Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. pp. 230–.ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Marcus Niebuhr Tod (1979).The Progress of Greek Epigraphy: The progress of Greek epigraphy, 1937–1953. Ares. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^^a ^bCollectif; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Dominique Auzias (1 June 2011).Liban. Petit Futé. pp. 284–.ISBN 978-2-7469-3699-7. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Robert Boulanger
^Colin Thubron (8 June 2011).The Hills Of Adonis. Random House. pp. 147–.ISBN 978-1-4464-8366-4. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Kevin Butcher (19 February 2004).Roman Syria and the Near East. Getty Publications. pp. 460–.ISBN 978-0-89236-715-3. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Michel M. Alouf; Tedd St Rain (1999).History of Baalbek. Book Tree. pp. 31–.ISBN 978-1-58509-063-1. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^Eusebius 'Life of Constantine' III.54
^Hirst, David (2010)Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. Faber and Faber.ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8 p.177
^"Study uncovers new segment of Yammouneh fault line, The Daily Star (Lebanon), 3 November, 2010". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved2012-10-30.
^"Jaradi, Ghassan Ramasdan., State & Trends of the Lebanese Environment, Chapter 5, Biodiversity and Forests, United Nations Development Programme for the Lebanese Ministry of the Environment, p. 157, 2010"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2012-10-30.
^Gale (October 2002).Who's Who in Lebanon 2003–2004. Gale Group.ISBN 978-2-903188-20-7. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^James Stevens Simmons; Tom French Whayne; Gaylord West Anderson; Harold Maclachlan Horack; United States Surgeon-General's Office: Preventive Medicine Service (1944).Global epidemiology: a geography of disease and sanitation. J.B. Lippincott company. Retrieved30 October 2012.
^ARI, p. 72.
^Pope, "El in the Ugaritic Texts", (Vetus Testamentum, Supplement, II) 1955:61ff; approvingly reviewed byW. F. Albright, inJournal of Biblical Literature75.3 (September 1956:255-257), who remarked, "However, the identification of El's home with a place inPhoeniciadoes not mean that it was not also at a great distance in a cosmic 'never never land'". The "cultic geography" of Adonis, including Afqa, is inspected by Brigitte Soyez in the opening section ofByblos et les fêtes des Adonies (Leiden: Brill) 1977.
^"DHIAFEE Program, Suggested tours"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved2012-10-30.

External links

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v t e Baalbek District,Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
Capital:Baalbek
Towns and villages	Ain Ainata Arsal Baalbek Barka Bednayel Bechwat Beit Chama - Aaqidiyeh Brital Btadhi Bodai Chaat Chlifa Chmestar - Gharbi Baalbeck Deir el Ahmar Douriss Fakiha - Jdeydeh Fleweh Hadath Baalbek Hallanieh Haouch Barada Haouch Er Rafqa Haouch Snaid Haouch Tall Safiyeh Harbata Hizzine Hlabta Iaat Jabbouleh Janta Jebaa Jdeide Kasarnaba Kfar Dane Khodr Khraibeh Kneisseh Laat Labweh Majdloun Mikna Nabi Chit Nabi Othman Nahleh Qaa Qarha Ram - Jbenniyeh Ras Baalbek Ras el Hadis Saayde Seriine el Fawka Seriine el Tahta Talya Taraya Taybeh Temnin el Fawka Temnine Et Tahta Tfail Wadi Faara Yammouneh Younine
Notable landmarks	Ard Tlaili Jabal es Saaïdé

v t e Archaeological sites in Lebanon
Aadloun Aaiha Aammiq Aaqbe Ain Aata Ain Choaab Ain Harcha Akbiyeh Akkar plain foothills Al-Bireh Amioun Amlaq Qatih Anjar, Lebanon Antelias cave Apheca Ard Saouda Ard Tlaili Arqa Augusti Pagus Baalbek Baidar ech Chamout Batroumine Batroun Bechamoun Beirut Beit Mery Belat temple Berytus (Roman Beirut) Bustan Birke Byblos Canalizations of Zenobia Dahr El Ahmar Dakoue Deir Al-Ahmar Deir al-Ashayer Deir Mar Maroun Dekwaneh Douris (Baalbek) Elaea (Lebanon) Flaoui Fadous Sud Hebbariye Hadeth south Haret ech Cheikh Hashbai Heliopolis in Phoenicia Hermel plains Iaat Jabal es Saaïdé Jbaa Jdeideh Jebel Aabeby Jeita Grotto Joub Jannine Jieh Kafr Zabad Kamid el-Loz Kamouh el Hermel Karak Nuh Kaukaba Kefraya Kafr Tebnit Kfar Qouq Kfarhata Khallet Michte Kharayeb Khirbet El-Knese Kouachra megalith field Ksar Akil Labweh Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) Libbaya Lion Tower Majdal Anjar Mansourieh Maronite mummies Mayrouba Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) Moukhtara Mtaileb Nabi Zair Nachcharini Nahle, Lebanon Neba'a Faour Nebi Safa Hosn Niha Phoenician port of Beirut Plain of Zgharta Qaa Qal'at Bustra Qalaat Tannour Qaraoun Qasr el Banat Ras Baalbek I Ras Beirut Ras El Kelb Rashaya Roman Forum of Berytus Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman temple of Bziza Sands of Beirut Saraain El Faouqa Shheem Sidon Sin el Fil Sarepta Stone of the Pregnant Woman Tahun ben Aissa Taire Tayibe Tell Aalaq Tell Ablah Tell Addus Tell Ahle Tell Ain Cerif Tell Ain el Meten Tell Ain Ghessali Tell Ain Nfaikh Tell Ain Saouda Tell Ain Sofar Tell Ayoub Tell Bar Elias Tell Beshara Tell Bir Dakoue Tell Deir Tell Delhamieh Tell Derzenoun Tell Dibbine Tell el-Burak Tell El Ghassil Tell El Hadeth Tell Fadous Tell Hazzine Tell Hoch Rafqa Tell Karmita Tell Khardane Tell Kirri Tell Jezireh Tell Jisr Tell Kabb Elias Tell Majdaloun Tell Masoud Tell Mekhada Tell Meouchi Tell Mureibit Tell Murtafa Tell Nahariyah Tell Neba'a Chaate Tell Neba'a Litani Tell Qasr Labwe Tell Rasm El Hadeth Tell Rayak Tell Saatiya Tell Safiyeh Tell Saoudhi Tell Serhan Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai Tell Shamsine Tell Sultan Yakoub Tell Taalabaya Tell Wardeen Tell Zenoub Tell Zeitoun Temnin el-Foka Temple of Bacchus Temple of Eshmun Temple of Jupiter Temple of the Obelisks Toron Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) Tyre Necropolis Tyre Umm al-Amad Wadi Koura Wadi Yaroun Yammoune Yanta Ain W Zain Zahlé

Archaeological sites in Lebanon

v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon

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