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Yamato Takeru

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Japanese prince of the imperial house
For other uses, seeYamato Takeru (disambiguation).
Yamato Takeru
SpouseMiyazu-hime,
Futaji Irihime,
Ototachibana-hime
IssueEmperor Chūai
FatherEmperor Keikō
MotherHarima no Inabi no Ōiratsume

YamatoTakeru (ヤマトタケルノミコト,Yamato Takeru no Mikoto), originallyPrince Ousu (小碓命,Ousu no Mikoto), was a Japanese folk hero and semi-legendary prince of theimperial dynasty, son ofEmperor Keikō, who is traditionally counted as the 12thEmperor of Japan. Thekanji spelling of his name varies: it appears in theNihon Shoki as 日本武尊 and in theKojiki as 倭建命.

The story of his life and death are told principally in the Japanese chronicles inKojiki (712) andNihon Shoki (720), but also mentioned inKogo Shūi (807) and some histories like theHitachi no Kuni Fudoki (常陸国風土記) (721). One of his sons becameEmperor Chūai, the 14thEmperor of Japan.

His history is uncertain but based on the chronicles his life can be calculated.[citation needed] He was born circa 72 and died in 114. Details are different between the two books, and the version inKojiki is assumed to be loyal to the older form of this legend.

Legendary narrative

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Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper.Yoshitoshi, 1886.
Yamato Takeru attacking the Kumaso leader.
Yamato Takeru and his swordKusanagi no Tsurugi

Prince Takeru slew his elder brotherPrince Ōusu (大碓皇子,Ōusu no Miko). His father,Emperor Keikō, feared his brutal temperament. To keep him at a distance, the emperor sent his son to the land ofKumaso, todayKumamoto Prefecture, and then theIzumo Province, today the eastern part ofShimane Prefecture, to defeat rebels. However, Takeru succeeded in defeating his enemies. In the land of the Kumaso, the prince achieved victory bycross-dressing as a maid attendant at a Kumaso drinking party to get close to his targets and slay them. One of the enemies he defeated praised him and gave him the title Yamato Takeru, meaningThe Brave of Yamato. In the Izumo Province, the prince used trickery by befriending his enemy and exchanging swords with him before a duel. Due to receiving a wooden sword, the enemy was slain. The prince also defeated several deities. He returned triumphant, but Emperor Keikō's mind was unchanged.

Keikō sent Yamato Takeru to the eastern land whose people disobeyed the imperial court. The prince was ordered to defeat the rebels and savage deities of that land. Yamato Takeru met his aunt Princess Yamato-hime, the highest priestess ofAmaterasu atIse Grand Shrine (inIse Province) and grieved, "my father wishes I would die?" PrincessYamatohime-no-mikoto showed him compassion and lent him a holy sword namedAme no Murakumo no tsurugi (Kusanagi no tsurugi), whichSusanoo, the brother god of Amaterasu, found in the body of the eight-headed great serpent,Yamata no Orochi.

Yamato Takeru went to the eastern land. He lost his wife Ototachibana-hime during a storm when she sacrificed herself to soothe the anger of the sea god. He defeated many enemies in the eastern land. On one incident, he was lured into a trap by a treacherous lord who tried to burn him alive in an open grassland. Desperately, Yamato Takeru used the Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi to cut back the grass and remove fuel from the fire, but in doing so, he discovered that the sword enabled him to control the wind and cause it to move in the direction of his swing. Taking advantage of this magic, Yamato Takeru used his other gift from his aunt, fire strikers, to enlarge the fire in the direction of the lord and his men, and he used the winds controlled by the sword to sweep the blaze toward them. In triumph, Yamato Takeru renamed the sword Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi ("Grass-Cutting Sword") to commemorate his narrow escape and victory. On another incident, he encountered and killed the deity of Ashigara pass.

Legend has it that he and a local old man composed the firstsedōka inKai Province withMount Tsukuba (now inIbaraki Prefecture) as its theme. On his return, Yamato Takeru married Miyazu-hime and challenged a local god ofMount Ibuki, which sits on the border ofŌmi Province andMino Province. He went to fight the god of Mt. Ibuki without his sword, but the god cursed him with disease. He fell ill and died.

The story above is found in theKojiki. In theNihonshoki version, the father and Yamato Takeru keep a good relation.

According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign (景行天皇43年).[1] The possessions of the dead prince were gathered together along with the sword Kusanagi; and his widow venerated his memory in a shrine at her home. Some time later, these relics, including the sacred sword were moved to the current location ofAtsuta Shrine.[2]

The statue of Yamato Takeru atKenroku-en

Yamato Takeru is believed to have died somewhere in Ise Province. According to the legend, the name ofMie Prefecture was derived from his final words. After death, his soul turned into a great white bird and flew away. His tomb in Ise is known as the Mausoleum of the White Plover. A statue of Yamato Takeru stands inKenroku-en inKanazawa, Ishikawa.

Worship

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The statue of Yamato Takeru atŌtori taisha

Owing to the legend of Yamato Takeru's death, he is worshiped as Otori-sama (The Great Bird). Otori shrines exist throughout Japan, and every November a festival is held on a day of theRooster known as Tori no Ichi, literally "Market of the Bird". Worshipers pray for prosperity and vendors sell charms on shrine grounds known as kumade, which are miniaturerakes adorned with auspicious objects likeManeki-neko or rice.Hanazono Shrine and Otori Shrine in Asakusa, Tokyo are famous for their large-scale Tori no Ichi. Larger Tori no Ichi can span multiple days and are referred to numerically as Ichi no Tori, Ni no Tori etc.

Comparative legends

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AnthropologistC. Scott Littleton has described the Yamato Takeru legend as "Arthurian"[3] due to some structural similarities with theKing Arthur legend. Common points include the use of two magic swords, of which the first validates the authority of the hero; the leadership role of a war band; the death to an enemy after giving up the sword to a female figure; a transportation to the after world; and others.[4] Littleton proposed that both legends descend from a common northeast Iranian ancestor, despite evidence to the contrary, with oldest middle eastern equivalent myths springing up after the fall of Byzant (and the subsequent Ottoman translations of texts), while the iconography and heraldry claimed by Covington to be Scythia was brought in from central europe to persian territories in 50~40 BC by troops of the Roman Republic.[5]

Shrines to worship

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In popular culture

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This articlemay containirrelevant references topopular culture. Please helpimprove it by removing such content and addingcitations toreliable,independent sources.(April 2018)
  • Prince Yamato fromBikkuriman (and, by extension, Yamato from the 2023 Bikkuri-Men anime) might be based on Yamato Takeru.
  • One of the feats of Yamato Takeru was recounted in the "Grasscutter" volume ofStan Sakai's graphic novel series,Usagi Yojimbo, as well as the legend of howKusanagi-no-Tsurugi was transferred to theAtsuta Shrine.
  • In the video gameAge of Empires I, the mission named The Assassins in the campaign for the Yamato civilization takes inspiration from Yamato Takeru's actions, depicting a unit named "Perseus" (Takeru) eliminating the Izumo leader to seize his realm and found a new dynasty.
  • The second book ofNoriko Ogiwara'sThe Jade Trilogy,Mirror Sword and Shadow Prince, is a retelling of Yamato Takeru's legend. The novel follows Oguna, a.k.a. Prince Ousu, one of the two main protagonists.
  • Yamato Takeru is seen in a dream in the epilogue to "The Golden Princess", one of theNovels of the Change. The sword itself is the major plot point.
  • In theDigimon Adventure series, two of the main characters are brothers, and their names are a reference to Yamato Takeru: Yamato Ishida and Takeru Takaishi.
  • In the infamous OVAGarzey's Wing, the protagonist suspects the involvement of Yamato Takeru in various supernatural events, causing him to awkwardly and inexplicably invoke the full name "Yamato Takeru no Mikoto" from time to time. This is especially confusing to western viewers as Yamato Takeru does not appear in the plot.
  • Yamato Takeru is a boss within the video gameShin Megami Tensei IV, fought within the Chaos route of the game. In the Law route, he is discovered at death's doorstep, and dies soon after.
    • Yamato Takeru also appears inPersona 4 and its enhanced remake,Persona 4 Golden. There, Yamato Takeru functions as the evolved form of the initial Persona of the final teammate, Naoto Shirogane, replacingSukuna-Hikona.
  • InOne Piece, a character named Yamato appears who wields a weapon called Takeru.
  • In the 2023 video gameFate/Samurai Remnant, Yamato Takeru isMiyamoto Iori's Servant, belonging to the Saber Class. Here Takeru is reimagined as an androgynous youth of unknown gender (as Saber never refers to themself as male or female and also never corrects anybody when referred to as a "damsel", "a young girl" or Iori's "special friend"/girlfriend. Also, Iori and the game's codex never uses any pronouns when referring to Saber whose gender never changes from "?" even after their identity is revealed. However, the folkroric Takeru is still referred to as a man). Takeru also has what is known byType-Moon and the fanbase as a "Saberface" which a face similar to Artoria Pendragon (Saber) ofFate/Stay Night.

Family tree

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‹ Thetemplate below (Generations of Jimmu) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[6]Ōkuninushi[7][8]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[9]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[10]
Kotoshironushi[11][12]Tamakushi-hime[10]Takeminakata[13][14]Susa Clan[15]
1Jimmu[16]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[16]Kamo no Okimi[11][17]Mirahime [ja]
2Suizei[18][19][20][21][22][23]2Isuzuyori-hime[21][22][23][17][24]Kamuyaimimi[18][19][20]
3Annei[25][11][21][22][23]〔Ō clan[26][27]〕〔Aso clan[28]〕3Nunasokonakatsu-hime[29][11]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4Itoku[25][11]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][25]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amonotoyototsu-hime[25]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5Emperor Kōshō[25][11][30]5Yosotarashi-hime[11]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6Emperor Kōan[11]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][30]Owari clan
6Oshihime[11][30]〔Wani clan〕[31]
7Emperor Kōrei[32][11][30][33]7Kuwashi-hime[33]
8Emperor Kōgen[34][33]8Utsushikome[34]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[32]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[35]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[a][37][38]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][38]9Emperor Kaika[34]Prince Ōhiko[39]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][38]10Emperor Sujin[40][41]10Mimaki-hime[42]〔Abe clan〕[39]
Takenouchi no Sukune[38]11Emperor Suinin[43][44]11Saho-hime[45]12Hibasu-hime[46]Yasaka Iribiko[47][48][49]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][50]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][32]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[51]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12Emperor Keiko[44][46]14Yasakairi-hime[47][48][49]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime[52]Yamato Takeru[53][54]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[53][54]
14Emperor Chūai[53][54][55]15Empress Jingū[56] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[56]16Nakatsuhime[57][58][59]
16Emperor Nintoku[60]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used byTsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used byWilliam George Aston.[36]

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1953)Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 433.
  2. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 434.
  3. ^Littleton, C.S. (1983).
  4. ^Littleton, C. S. (1995), p. 262.
  5. ^Littleton, C. S. (1995).
  6. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  7. ^Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005)."Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  8. ^Herbert, J. (2010).Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402.ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved2020-11-21.
  9. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005)."Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  10. ^abThe Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  11. ^abcdefghijVarley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89.ISBN 9780231049405.
  12. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005)."Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  13. ^Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), inKeizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898).Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  14. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  15. ^Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  16. ^abKazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005)."Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived fromthe original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  17. ^ab『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  18. ^ab日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版."日子八井命とは".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2022-06-01.
  19. ^abANDASSOVA, Maral (2019)."Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki".Japan Review (32):5–16.ISSN 0915-0986.JSTOR 26652947.
  20. ^ab"Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan".trips.klarna.com. Retrieved2023-03-04.
  21. ^abcNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 9780674017535.
  22. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  23. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 9780520034600.
  24. ^『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  25. ^abcdeAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  26. ^Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  27. ^Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  28. ^Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006).History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  29. ^Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  30. ^abcdAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  31. ^Watase, Masatada[in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro".Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588.OCLC 11917421.
  32. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  33. ^abc"Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-17.
  34. ^abcAnston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  35. ^Louis-Frédéric,"Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  36. ^Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988).Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  37. ^Aston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  38. ^abcdShimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006)."Takeshiuchi no Sukune".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  39. ^abAsakawa, Kan'ichi (1903).The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140.ISBN 9780722225394.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  40. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253.ISBN 9780520034600.
  41. ^Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  42. ^"Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  43. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254.ISBN 9780520034600.
  44. ^abHenshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  45. ^"Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  46. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  47. ^ab"Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-28.
  48. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  49. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved1 August 2019.
  50. ^"Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム".web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved2023-11-29.
  51. ^Brown Delmeret al. (1979).Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96;Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  52. ^Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007).Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344.ISBN 9780824830359.
  53. ^abcPackard, Jerrold M. (2000).Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45.ISBN 9781930782013.
  54. ^abcXinzhong, Yao (2003).Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467.ISBN 9780415306539.
  55. ^Aston, William George. (1998).Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  56. ^abAston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  57. ^文也 (2019-05-26)."仲姫命とはどんな人？".歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  58. ^"日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  59. ^"Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  60. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

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