Bharatas- The Bharatas are a major Aryan clan, especially in Mandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sageVishvamitra. The entire Bharata clan is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas River) and Shutudri (Satlej). The Bharatas are mentioned as the protagonists in theBattle of the Ten Kings in Mandala 7 (7.18 etc.), where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various Aryan and non-Aryan clans so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the (Epic) tradition. "Bhārata" today is the official name of theRepublic of India (see alsoEtymology of India).
Yadu: Of Indo-Aryan origin,Yadu is one of the five earlyRigvedic tribes (panchajana,panchakrishtya orpanchamanusha) mentioned in theRigveda.[4][5][6] The Yadus had a tribal union with theTurvasha tribe, and were frequently described together.[7][8][page needed] The Yadus were a Aryan tribe.[6] By the time of the arrival of thePuru andBharata tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled inPunjab, with the Yadus possibly residing along theYamuna River.[9]In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the godIndra is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers.[10][11] In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" byIndra.[12][13] The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8,[14] and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas.[10] In theBattle of the Ten Kings, the Yadus were defeated by Bharata chieftainSudas.[15]
(पञ्च जना –Páñca Jánāḥ /Pancha-janah) The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the (Āryāvarta of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with thePunjab and closer regions) (see the map of EarlyVedic Period)
Turvaśa (Turvasha) (in the centre and south parts of earlyĀryāvarta): TheTurvashas (Sanskrit:तुर्वश,Turvaśa) were one of the five major peoples[5] (panchajana,panchakrishtya orpanchamanusha) mentioned in theRigveda.[16] The Turvashas had a tribal union with theYadu tribe, and were frequently described together.[7][17] The Turvashas were a partly Indo-Aryan-acculturated Indus tribe.[6] By the time of the arrival of thePuru andBharata tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled inPunjab.[18] By the time of theShatapatha Brahmana (7th-6th centuries BCE),[19][20] the Turvashas are linked to thePanchalas.[18] Alfred Ludvig first conjectured that Turvīti and Vayya could have been connected with the Turvasha tribe, a notion that is still considered only speculation according toWitzel.[21][22] In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the godIndra is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers.[10][11] In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" byIndra.[12][13] The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8,[14] and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas.[10]
Yadu (in the southeast and south parts of earlyĀryāvarta)
Map 6: Early Vedic Culture (1700–1100 BCE) and location of earlyIndo-Aryan peoples and tribes
After roughly 1700 BCEIndo-Aryan peoples and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northernIndia, therefore the number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number ofIndo-Aryan language speakers) andĀryāvarta was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side).
Aṅga – Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern Āryāvarta (Madhya-desha and Prachya Āryāvarta – Central and EasternĀryāvarta in Vamana).
Anu – is aVedic Sanskrit term for one of the 5 major tribes in theRigveda,RV 1.108.8,RV 8.10.5 (both times listed together with theDruhyu) and, much later also in theMahabharata.[23] In the late Vedic period, one of the Anu kings, King Anga, is mentioned as a "chakravartin" (AB 8.22).Ānava, thevrddhi derivation ofAnu, is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of theBattle of the Ten Kings (7.18.13) and at 8.4.1 with the Turvaśa (tribe). The meaning ánu "living, human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda[24] and may have been derived from the tribal name. (Pratichya Āryāvarta – WesternĀryāvarta)
Bhalana – The Bhalanas were one of the tribes that fought againstSudas in theDasarajna battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in South Central and WesternPakistan, and that theBolan Pass, around which live theBrahui people, are theBhalana people and abode.[23][27] (Pratichya Āryāvarta – WesternĀryāvarta)
Druhyu – The Druhyu were a people of Vedic India. They are mentioned in the Rigveda,[a] usually together with the Anu tribe.[29] Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region.[30] The later texts, the Epic and the Puranas, locate them in the "north", that is, in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. (Vishnu Purana IV.17) The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers, and their next king, Gandhara, settled in a north-western region which became known asGandhāra. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9.23.15–16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11–12; Brahmanda 3.74.11–12 and Matsya 48.9.). The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides), is partially derived from Proto-Indo-Europeanvid "to see, to know'[31][32] It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this tribe as migrating North.[33] However, there is nothing of this in the Rigveda and the Puranas merely mention that the Druhyu are "adjacent (āśrita) to the North". (Pratichya Āryāvarta – WesternĀryāvarta)
Bharatas – The Bharatas are anAryan tribe mentioned in theRigveda, especially inMandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sageVishvamitra and in andMandala 7.[43]Bharatá is also used as a name ofAgni (literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), and as a name ofRudra inRV 2.36.8. In one of the "river hymns"RV 3.33, the entire Bharata tribe is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). Hymns by Vasistha inMandala 7 (7.18 etc.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in theBattle of the Ten Kings, where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the variousAryan andnon-Aryan tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the (Epic) tradition, theMahābhārata, the eponymous ancestor becomesEmperor Bharata, conqueror of 'all of India', and his tribe and kingdom is called Bhārata. "Bhārata" today is the official name of theRepublic of India (see alsoEtymology of India). (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – CentralĀryāvarta)
Tṛtsu (Tritsu) The Tritsus are a sub-group of thePuru who are distinct from theBharatas mentioned inMandala 7 of theRigveda (in hymns 18, 33 and 83). Under kingSudas they defeated the confederation of ten kings led by the Bharatas at theBattle of the Ten Kings. (Madhya-deshaĀryāvarta – CentralĀryāvarta)
Map 7: Late Vedic era map showing the boundaries ofĀryāvarta with Janapadas in northern India. Beginning of Iron Age kingdoms in India—Kuru,Panchala,Kosala,Videha.
From roughly 1100 to 500 BCEIndo-Aryan peoples and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northernIndia (see the map 6).
महाजनपद – MahajanapadaShodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas)TheMahajanapadas were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others.According to theAnguttara Nikaya,Digha Nikaya,Chulla-Niddesa (Buddhist Canon)
Oxydracae (Oxydrakaí) (may have been theŚudra (Shudra /Sudra) / Suhya (Brahmanda), not to be confused with theShudra, aVarna)
Sattagydans – people that dwelt inSattagydia (Old Persian Thataguš; th = θ, from θata – "hundred" and guš – "cows", country of the People of "Hundred Cows"), may have been anIndo-Aryan people ofSindh with Iranian influence or the opposite, anIranian people ofSindh withIndo-Aryan influence.
Sibae /Sobii (Sibaí /Sivaí /Sobioí /Sivioí) (may have been theŚiva orShiva people of EarlyJanapadas?) (not to be confused with the GodŚiva orShiva)
Alina (RV 7.18.7) (RV =Rigveda) – They were one of the tribes defeated bySudas of the Bharatas at theDasarajna (Ten Kings Battle).[47] It is suggested that they lived to the north-east of theKambojas (possible ancestors of theNuristani that live inNurestan) because in the 7th century CE, the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrimXuanzang.[47] It is possible that they are connected with theAlans orAlani people who are a nomadic Iranian tribe. Alans is a dialectal cognate of Aryāna, itself derived from the root arya-, meaning 'Aryan', the common self-designation of Indo-Iranian peoples. It probably came in use in the early history of the Alans for the purpose of uniting a heterogeneous group of tribes through the invocation of a common, ancestral 'Aryan' origin. The historian S. G. Talageri identifies them with theGreeks (Hellenes).[48] However, the dating of the Rigveda and the hypothetical historic time for theDasarajna-yuddha (Battle of Ten Kings) occurred millennia before Hellenes were recorded in India.
Parsu (Parśu) – The Parsus have been connected with the Persians based on the evidence of an Assyrian inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as Parshu, and the Behistun Inscription of Darius I of Persia referring to Parsa as the home of the Persians. Pârsâ, is the Old Persian name for the Persis region Pars province as well as the root for the term Persian.
^Grassmann, H. (Ed.). (1876). Rig-veda (Vol. 1). FA Brockhaus.
^Pincott, Frederic (October 1887). "The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.19 (4):598–624.doi:10.1017/S0035869X00019717. Art. XIX.
^Beckwith, Christopher I. (2016). "Prologue: Scythian Philosophy – Pyrrho, the Persian Empire, and India".Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–21.doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691176321.003.0001.ISBN978-0691166445.
Anthony, David W. (2007).The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-14818-2.
Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres". In George Erdosy (ed.).The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 85–125.doi:10.1515/9783110816433-009.ISBN9783110144475.Chapter link with alternative pagination: (pp. 85–290) – Via Wayback Machine.
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997).Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.ISBN978-1-884964-98-5.
Witzel, Michael (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan: (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)".Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies.5:3–33.CiteSeerX10.1.1.411.6137.
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