 | |
| Founded | 6 June 1844; 180 years ago (1844-06-06) |
|---|---|
| Founder | George Williams |
| Founded at | London, England |
| Type | International NGO |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
Region served | Worldwide |
President | Soheila Hayek |
Secretary General | Carlos Sanvee |
| Staff | 88,485 (2018) |
| Volunteers | 919,671 (2018) |
| Website | ymca |
Formerly called | Young Men's Christian Association |
YMCA, sometimes regionally calledthe Y, is a worldwideyouth organization based inGeneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It has nearly 90,000 staff, some 920,000 volunteers and 12,000 branches worldwide.[1] It was founded inLondon on 6 June 1844 byGeorge Williams as theYoung Men's Christian Association. The organization's stated aim is to putChristian values into practice by developing a healthy body, mind, and spirit.
From its inception, YMCA grew rapidly, ultimately becoming a worldwide movement founded on the principles ofmuscular Christianity. Local YMCAs deliver projects and services focused on youth development through a wide variety of youth activities, including providing athletic facilities, holding classes for a wide variety of skills, promoting Christianity, and humanitarian work.
YMCA is anon-governmental federation, with each independent local YMCA affiliated with its national organization. The national organizations, in turn, are part of both a geographically regional area alliance and the World Alliance of YMCA. YMCA programs vary between nations and regions, but are all based on the principles espoused in theParis Basis.
The YMCA is a parachurch organization based onProtestant values.[2][3] Similar organizations include theYWCA, and theYoung Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA).
In popular culture, the YMCA is the subject of the 1978 song "Y.M.C.A." by theVillage People.
The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) was founded on 6 June 1844, byGeorge Williams and eleven friends.[4] Williams was a Londondraper who was typical of the young men drawn to the cities by theIndustrial Revolution. They were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities; the options available were usuallytaverns andbrothels. Williams' idea grew out of meetings he held for prayer and Bible-reading among his fellow workers in a business in thecity of London,[5] and on 6 June 1844, he held the first meeting that led to the founding of YMCA with the purpose of "the improving of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery,embroidery, and other trades."[6] The first YMCA premises opened on Great Russell Street, London, in 1844.[7]Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury served as YMCA's first president from 1851 until his death in 1885.[8]
By 1845, YMCA started a popular series of lectures that from 1848 were held atExeter Hall, London, and started being published the following year, with the series running until 1865.[9]
YMCA was associated withindustrialisation and the movement of young people to cities to work. YMCA "combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry. Philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship."[10]
The YMCA spread outside the United Kingdom in part thanks to theGreat Exhibition of 1851, the first in a series of World's Fairs which was held inHyde Park, London.[8] Later that year there were YMCAs inAustralia,Belgium,Canada,France,Germany,Hong Kong, theNetherlands,Switzerland, and theUnited States.
The idea of creating a truly global movement with an international headquarters was led byHenry Dunant, Secretary of YMCA Geneva, who would later go on to found theInternational Committee of the Red Cross and win the firstNobel Peace Prize. Dunant successfully convinced YMCA Paris to organise the first YMCA World Conference. The Conference took place in August 1855, bringing together 99 young delegates from nine countries, held before theExposition Universelle (1855). They discussed joining in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs. The conference adopted theParis Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs.[11] Its motto was taken from the Bible, "That they all may be one" (John 17:21).
Other ecumenical bodies, such as the WorldYWCA, theWorld Council of Churches, and theWorld Student Christian Federation have reflected elements of the Paris Basis in their founding mission statements. In 1865, the fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in spirit, mind, and body. The concept of physical work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognized as part of this "muscular Christianity".
YMCA has cooperated with camping organizations, includingBoy Scouts of America,Camp Fire, andGirl Scouts of the USA.
Two themes resonated during the first World Conference: the need to respect the local autonomy of YMCA societies, and the purpose of YMCA: to unite all young, male Christians for the extension and expansion of the Kingdom of God. The former idea is expressed in the preamble:
The delegates of various Young Men's Christian Associations of Europe and America, assembled in Conference at Paris, the 22 August 1855 feeling that they are one in principle and in operation, recommend to their respective Societies to recognize with them the unity existing among their Associations, and while preserving a complete independence as to their particular organization and modes of action, to form a Confederation of secession on the following fundamental principle, such principle to be regarded as the basis of admission of other Societies in future.
YMCA was influential during the 1870s and the 1930s, during which times it most successfully promoted "evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (wherebasketball andvolleyball were invented) and swimming pools."[10] Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, YMCA had "become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity."[10] Prior to the beginning of theAmerican Civil War,[12] YMCA provided nursing, shelter, and other support during wartime in the United States.
In 1878, the World YMCA offices were established inGeneva, Switzerland by Dunant. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World YMCA, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the US. In 1880, in Norway, YMCA became the first national organization to adopt a strict policy of equal gender representation in committees and national boards.
In 1885, Camp Baldhead (later known asCamp Dudley), the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by George A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake inNew Jersey, moved toLake Wawayanda inSussex County, New Jersey, the following year, and then to the shore ofLake Champlain nearWestport, New York, in 1891.[13][14]
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YMCA was an early influence onscouting that began in theUnited Kingdom in 1907. The year after its inception byRobert Baden-Powell, the first scout troops met in the Nottingham and Birkenhead YMCA buildings.[16] The YMCA would also influence theBoy Scouts of America (BSA) andGerman Scouting.Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, worked at YMCA while also becoming the BSA's first director.
In 1916,K. T. Paul became the first Indian national general secretary of India. Paul had started rural development programs for self-reliance of marginal farmers, through co-operatives and credit societies. These programmes became very popular. He also coined the term "rural reconstruction", and many of the principles he developed were later incorporated into the Indian's government nationwide community development programs. In 1923,Y. C. James Yen, of YMCA China, devised the "thousand character system", based on pilot projects in education. The method also became very popular, and in 1923, it led to the founding of the Chinese National Association of the Mass Education Movement. In 1878, YMCA was organized near theJaffa Gate of the Old City ofJerusalem and the current landmark building was dedicated by General Lord Allenby in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.
Within ten days of the declaration ofWorld War I, YMCA had established 250 recreation centres, also known as huts, in the United Kingdom, and went to build temporary huts across Europe to support both soldiers and civilians alike, run by thousands of volunteers. Some of them, known as field secretaries, also went into war zones to support prisoners-of-war in Europe and Russia.[17] Notable supporters and volunteers includedClementine Churchill[18] (for which she was appointed aCommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918),Oswald Chambers andRobert andOlave Baden-Powell.[19] Within the first month the YMCA Women's Auxiliary was formed, andPrincess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein would go on to become a notable member and chairman of its organising committee.[20]
During World War I, YMCA raised and spent over $155 million on welfare efforts for American soldiers. It deployed over 25,000 staff in military units and bases from Siberia to Egypt to France. They took over the military's morale and comfort operations worldwide.Irving Berlin wroteYip Yip Yaphank, a revue that included a song entitled "I Can Always Find a Little Sunshine in the YMCA".Frances Gulick was a YMCA worker stationed in France during World War I who received aUnited States Army citation for valour and courage on the field.[21]
DuringWorld War II, YMCA was involved in supporting millions ofPOWs and in supportingJapanese Americans ininternment camps. This help included helping young men leave the camps to attendSpringfield College and providing youth activities in the camps. In addition, YMCA was one of seven organizations that helped to found theUSO.
InEurope, YMCA helped refugees, particularly displaced Jews. Sometimes YMCA participated in escape operations.[22] Mostly, however, its role was limited to providing relief packages to refugees.[23]
It was also involved in war work with displaced persons and refugees. It set up War Prisoners Aid to support prisoners of war by providing sports equipment, musical instruments, art materials, radios,gramophones, eating utensils, and other items.Donald A. Lowrie of the YMCA created and led the Committee of Nîmes, also known as the Camps Committee, a group that gathered leaders from over twenty humanitarian organizations to coordinate advocacy for people in the internment camps, including helping children leave these camps to live in children's colonies or eventually escape to freedom.[24]
YMCA Motion Picture Bureau, renamed Association Films in 1946, was one of the United Kingdom's largest non-theatrical distribution companies.[25] In 1947 the World YMCA gained special consultative status with theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council. In 1955 the first black President of the World YMCA, Charles Dunbar Sherman from Liberia, was elected. At 37 years, he was also the youngest president in World YMCA history. In 1959 YMCA of the USA developed the first nationally organizedscuba diving course and certified their first skin and scubadiving instructors.[26][27]
By 1974, YMCA had set up a curriculum to begin teachingcave diving.[28]
In 1973, the Sixth World Council inKampala, Uganda, became the first World Council in Africa, hosted byUganda YMCA. It reaffirmed the Paris Basis and adopted a declaration of principles, known as the Kampala Principles.[29] It include the principles of justice, creativity and honesty. It stated what had become obvious: that a global viewpoint was more necessary. It also recognized that YMCA and its national member organizations would have to take political stands, particularly in international challenges and crises.
In 1976, YMCA of the USA appointedViolet King Henry to executive director to its Organizational Development Group, making her the first woman named to a senior management position with the American national YMCA.
In 1985, the World Council of YMCAs passed a resolution againstapartheid, and anti-apartheid campaigns were formed under the leadership of Lee Soo-Min (Korea), the first Asian secretary general of the World YMCA.
In 1998, the 14th World Council of YMCAs in Germany adopted "Challenge 21",[30] intended to place more focus on global challenges, such asgender equality,sustainable development, war and peace, fair distribution, and the challenges ofglobalization, racism, and HIV/AIDS.
In 2002, the World Council inOaxtepec,Morelos, Mexico, called for a peaceful solution to the Middle East crisis. On 12 July 2010, YMCA of the USA rebranded its name to the popular nickname "The Y" and revised the iconic red and black logo to create five colored versions.[31][32] Today, YMCAs are open to all, regardless of ability, age, culture, ethnicity, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation and socioeconomic background.[33]
During the 19th World Council meeting in 2018 in Chiang Mai, Carlos Sanvee from Togo became the first African and current Secretary General of World YMCA. During the same World Council meeting, Patricia Pelton from Canada emerged as the first female President of World YMCA.
YMCA's 175th anniversary in 2019 was celebrated with a global gathering of the organisation's young leaders atExCeL London from 4 to 7 August, with 3,200 people from 100 countries. The event celebrated youth leadership, and elevated theUnited NationsSustainable Development Goals.[34] It was attended by guests includingJayathma Wickramanayake on behalf ofOffice of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth, andMaría Fernanda Espinosa, thePresident of the United Nations General Assembly.[35]
In December 2024, the Central YMCA, located on London'sGreat Russell Street and recognized as the first YMCA in the world since its founding in 1844, announced its imminent closure.[36] The decision, attributed by the YMCA to high maintenance costs and demographic changes, was met with widespread dismay from members and the broader community. A petition to reverse the closure garnered thousands of signatures on Change.org, reflecting the significant public outcry. The Central YMCA had long been a cornerstone of the community, boasting extensive facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, steam room, exercise studios, and a cycling studio, making it the largest YMCA premises in London.
The closure also sparked criticism toward Criterion Capital, the property company who acquired the site. Campaigners alleged that the company's focus on commercial redevelopment conflicted with the YMCA's historical mission of providing affordable and inclusive services for the community. The "Save the YMCA" campaign emerged as a grassroots effort to halt the closure,[37] with supporters calling for a six-month pause to explore sustainable solutions for retaining the facilities. The campaign drew media attention, with coverage from BBC News and other outlets, highlighting concerns about the loss of vital community resources in central London.[38]
Critics of the decision have argued that the sale of the premises to Criterion Capital or its affiliates undermines the YMCA's legacy,[39][40][41] suggesting that the closure represents a broader trend of prioritizing private development over public good. Campaigners have urged Criterion Capital and its leadership, including the Aziz family, to collaborate on preserving the facilities, emphasizing the potential to reimagine the site while maintaining its original purpose of serving the community.
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A federated model ofgovernance has created a diversity of YMCA programmes and services, with YMCAs in different countries and communities offering vastly different programming in response to local community needs.[42] Financial support for local associations is derived from programme fees, membership dues, community chests, foundation grants, charitable contributions, sustaining memberships, corporate sponsors and other funding models used in the charitable sector.
YMCA globally operates on a federation model with each independent local YMCA affiliated with its national organization, known as a National Council. The national organizations, in turn, are affiliated to both an Area Alliance, including Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and the World YMCA. The World YMCA is the highest affiliation body. Each local, national and regional YMCA is independent of each other, but local, regional and international cooperation, partnerships and collaborations are part of the organizations work. Each National Council is led by a National General Secretary, a role that similar to that of a CEO. At each stage of the affiliation process, there are usually membership fees paid by local YMCAs to the central organization.
Ever since the first World Conference in August 1855, inParis, the World YMCA has convened a World Conference, later renamed the World Council, every three to four years and is YMCA's highest decision making forum. Every National Council sends a delegation who hold a number of votes, which are dependent on the financial turnover of that National Council. The World Council is "responsible for setting the policies and direction of the World YMCA, electing its Officers and Executive Committee, evaluating the work of the last four years, and deliberating on priorities for the next quadrennium".
The most recent World Council took place in 2022 inAarhus, Denmark,[43] and the 21st World Council is scheduled for July 2026 inToronto.
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YMCAs around the world offer various types of accommodation. In some places, this takes the form of budget accommodation available to the public such as youth hostels, or hotels, which, in turn, generate income for other charitable activities. InEngland andWales, YMCAs offer supported accommodation for vulnerable and homeless young people.[44]
Until the late 1950s,[12] YMCAs in the United States were built with hotel-like rooms called residences or dormitories. These rooms were built with the young men in mind coming from rural America and many foreign-born young men arriving to the new cities. The rooms became a significant part ofAmerican culture, known as an inexpensive and safe place for a visitor to stay in an unfamiliar city (as, for example, in the 1978Village People song "Y.M.C.A."). In 1940, there were about 100,000 rooms at YMCAs, more than any hotel chain. By 2006, YMCAs with residences had become relatively rare in the US, but many still remain.[45]
YMCAs offer classes in thevisual arts, including ceramics, drawing, painting, and photography, theperforming arts, including music, dance, and poetry, andliterature, including reading, storytelling, and public readings. These programs are not offered at each YMCA but the ones who have same to offer these programs give a benefit to their communities to give children a safe place to go to enjoy such activities.[46]
YMCA camping began in 1885 when Camp Baldhead (later known asCamp Dudley) was established by G.A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley on Orange Lake inNew Jersey as the first residential camp inNorth America.[47] The camp later moved to Lake Champlain nearWestport, New York.[13]
Camping also had early origins in YMCA movement inCanada with the establishment in 1889 ofBig Cove YMCA Camp in Merigomish,Nova Scotia.[48][49]
YMCAs offer child care, including supervised space for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children to stay and play while parents enjoy a workout. YMCA staff members are trained to ensure the safety and well-being of the children in their care so that parents can confidently pursue their fitness goals or take part in the various YMCA programs.[46]
Family programs include family nights, parent-child classes, and different events put on by the YMCA.[46] YMCA's parent/child programs, conducted under YMCA's Y-Guides program, provides structured opportunities for fellowship, camping, and community-building activities, including craft-making and community service, for several generations of parents and children from kindergarten through eighth grade.[50]
YMCA after-school programs are geared towards providing students with a variety of recreational, cultural, leadership, academic, and social skills for development.
Multiple colleges and universities have historically had connections to YMCA.Springfield College, of Springfield, Massachusetts, was founded in 1885 as an international training school for YMCA Professionals, while one of the two schools that eventually becameConcordia University—Sir George Williams College—started from night courses offered at theMontreal YMCA.Northeastern University began out of aYMCA in Boston, andFranklin University began as YMCA School of Commerce. San Francisco'sGolden Gate University traces its roots to the founding of YMCA Night School on 1 November 1881.
Detroit College of Law, now theMichigan State University College of Law, was founded with a strong connection to theDetroit, Michigan YMCA. It had a 99-year lease on the site, and it was only when it expired that the college moved toEast Lansing, Michigan.Youngstown State University traces its roots to the establishment of a law school by the local YMCA in 1908. TheNashville School of Law was YMCA Night Law School until November 1986, having offered law classes since 1911 and the degree ofJuris Doctor since January 1927. YMCA pioneered the concept ofnight school, providing educational opportunities for people with full-time employment. Many YMCAs offerESL programs,alternative high school,day care, andsummer camp programs.
InIndia,YMCA University of Science and Technology ofFaridabad was founded in 1969. It offers various programs related to science and engineering. During the 1880s, theCleveland YMCA began tooffer day and evening courses to students who did not otherwise have access to higher education. The YMCA program was reorganized in 1906 as the Association Institute, and this in turn was established as Fenn College in 1929. In 1964, Fenn College became a state college named Cleveland State University.
American high school students have a chance to participate inYMCA Youth and Government, wherein clubs of children representing each YMCA community convene annually in their respectivestate legislatures to "take over the State Capitol for a day."
American students inTitle One public schools are sometimes eligible to join a tutoring program through YMCA called Y Learning. This program is used to help low-income students who are struggling in school complete their homework with help from tutors and receive a snack as well as a safe place to be after school. Y Learning operates under the main mission of bridging achievements gaps and providing essential resources to help underprivileged students thrive in school.[51]
The International Coalition of YMCA Universities[52] brings together universities from all over the world, including Brazil, England, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Uruguay, United States, and Venezuela. The universities offer a wide variety of courses on different levels.
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In 1891,James Naismith, a Canadian American, inventedbasketball while studying at YMCA International Training School inSpringfield, Massachusetts (later to be namedSpringfield College). Naismith had been asked to invent a new game in an attempt to interest pupils in physical exercise. The game had to be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play indoors in winter.
In 1895,William G. Morgan from YMCA ofHolyoke, Massachusetts, invented the sport ofvolleyball as a slower-paced alternative sport, in which the older YMCA members could participate.
In 1930, Juan Carlos Ceriani from YMCA ofMontevideo, Uruguay, invented the sport offutsal, an indoor version offootball, having been created in synthesis with the rules of the three indoor sports ofhandball, basketball andwater polo.
YMCA also organizes fitness, wellness, and help and awareness programs. One of the programs is the Diabetes Prevention Program, in which trained staff members help diabetics to make their lives healthier and more active.[53]
YMCA founded YMCA Presspublishing house in Russia in 1900. It moved to Paris afterWorld War I, where it focused on providing intellectual and educational works to Russianémigrés. YMCA Press published some ofAleksandr Solzhenitsyn's books while he was imprisoned by the Russian government.[54]
The first YMCA includedBible studies, although the organization has generally moved on to a moresecular approach to youth work. Around six years after its birth, an international YMCA conference in Paris decided that the objective of the organization should become "Christian discipleship developed through a program of religious, educational, social and physical activities" (Binfield 1973:265).
Sports offered at YMCAs includebaseball,basketball,gymnastics,football,karate,racquetball,soccer,volleyball,wrestling, and others.[46]
Aquatics offered at YMCAs range from recreational classes tocompetitive swimming. Classes are offered for parent-child, preschool, youth, family, teen and adult, arthritics classes, and other water therapies. Certain YMCAs also offer a special Olympic swim class or swim team.CPR and first aid classes are offered to employees and the public. Away from swim classes, individuals can also takewater polo lessons, water fitness lessons, or take part in the open swim times where families can swim in a lane to themselves.[46]
In 1891,basketball was invented at the YMCA inSpringfield, Massachusetts, byJames Naismith, a clergyman, educator, and physician.[55] Naismith was asked to create an indoor "athletic distraction" to keep rowdy youth busy in the coldNew England winter months.Luther Gulick (physician), the head of Springfield YMCA gave Naismith two weeks to come up with a game to occupy a particularly incorrigible group. Naismith decided the game had to be physically active, simple to understand and would have minimal physical roughness.
The first contest was played at the International YMCA Training School in December 1891.[47] During those earliest games the school's custodian, "whose antipathy to the students was well known," retrieved successful shots from the baskets – using a ladder.[56] The original game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed to the balcony of Springfield YMCA. The game was an immediate hit, although originally the baskets still had their bottoms, and the ball had to be manually retrieved after each score, considerably slowing play. It was mostly a passing game, and dribbling did not become a major part of the game until much later, when the ball was improved to its present form.
Gulick worked with Naismith to spread the sport, chairing the Basketball Committee of theAmateur Athletic Union (1895–1905) and representing theUnited States Olympic Committee during the1908 Olympic Games. Naismith and his wife attended the1936 Summer Olympics when basketball was included for the first time as an Olympic event.[57] For his efforts to increase the popularity of basketball and ofphysical fitness in general, Gulick was inducted into theBasketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1959.
"Futsal" started in 1930 when Juan Carlos Ceriani [fr], a teacher inMontevideo, Uruguay, created a version of indoor football (football is called "soccer" in the United States) for recreation in YMCAs.[58] This new sport was originally developed for playing on basketball courts, and a rule book was published in September 1933.[citation needed] Football was already highly popular in the country and after Uruguay won the 1930 World Cup and gold medals in the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics, it attracted even more practitioners. Ceriani's goal was to create a team game that could be played indoor or outdoor but that was similar to football.
The YMCA spread the game immediately throughout South America. It was easily played by everyone, everywhere, and in any weather condition, without any difficulty, helping players to stay in shape all year round. These reasons convinced João Lotufo, a Brazilian, to bring this game to his country and adapt it to the needs of physical education.[citation needed]
Gymnastics came to be at the YMCA in 1869. Three YMCAs, those inBoston,San Francisco, and the 23rd Street Branch inNew York City, each constructed buildings with gyms inside. These gyms then allowed men to train on the sport of gymnastics. Most of the men who knew gymnastics, however, were circus performers and did not fit the ideas and values of the YMCA.Robert J. Roberts was one of the original circus performers at the Boston YMCA in the 1870s and 1880s, but he was hurt in a fall and could not perform or teach gymnastics. This led him to start the group exercises that exist currently at YMCAs.[59] Even though Robert stopped teaching gymnastics in Boston, the YMCA inSalem, Massachusetts was creating the sport of gymnastics, holding boy/men classes as far back as 1895, where they learnedparallel and horizontal bars,German horse, mat exercises,juggling, andweight lifting. They would then train to perform for an audience.
A few years later, gymnastics began to filter out of the YMCA as other group sports, such asbasketball andvolleyball, became more popular. Gymnastics as we know it today started at the Marblehead/Swampscott YMCA inMassachusetts. Compared to the other YMCAs who were stopping the sport of gymnastics held group classes in their basketball gym. They had to break down their equipment each day until their program was moved to theSalem State College in 1990. Salem State had recently dropped their college team, and the youth director at the YMCA went to see about expanding their program by renting the colleges space. Since then, two of the Marblehead/Swampscott gymnasts have gone on to be named all-American gymnasts and placed in the top five at the National Championships. The team has also placed in the top 10 at several National Championships.[60]
YMCAs around the world now offer gymnastics to boys and girls of a variety of ages. Equipment now ranges from the men's events of pommel horses, parallel bars and the men's high rail to theuneven bars,balance beams,vault systems andtrampolines. These YMCAs now offer camps, lessons and teams in gymnastics andcheerleading andtumbling.[60]
Racquetball is another YMCA-invented sport.Joseph Sobek a tennis, handball and squash player who worked in a rubber manufacturing factory, was dissatisfied with the options for indoor sports inGreenwich, Connecticut. He could not find squash players of his caliber and he did not care particularly for handball, so in 1950 he designed a short, stringed racquet, used a children's toy rubber ball, and created rules for a new game using the handball courts. He called his new sport "paddle rackets". The sport really took off in the 1970s and there are an estimated 15 million players worldwide today.[61]
Four years after James Naismith invented basketball inSpringfield, Massachusetts, in 1891,William G. Morgan, an instructor at YMCA inHolyoke, Massachusetts, wanted to create a game for older gentlemen which had less physical contact. He borrowed a tennis net, raised it 6 feet, 6 inches above the floor, and invented the game of "mintonette", which could be played by a group of any number and involved volleying a large ball over the net. An observer suggested that a better name for the new sport would be "volleyball".[citation needed] In 1912,J. Howard Crocker introduced volleyball to schools and YMCA locations in China.[a]
YMCAs inAfrica are united under the Africa Alliance of YMCAs (AAYMCA).[64] The core focus of the organizational work done by the AAYMCA is youthempowerment. AAYMCA is the oldest non-governmental organization network in Africa, reaching approximately five million programme participants.[65] The first YMCA in Africa was established inLiberia in 1881,[66] and the AAYMCA was founded in 1977 as the umbrella body for all national movements on the continent.[66]
AAYMCA collaborates with national movements to conduct research, develop localized as well as continental programming, monitor and evaluate progress, and communicate impact of youth development work undertaken on the continent.[66][67][68] From 2015, the Africa Alliance of YMCAs has aligned much of its programmatic work to some of the goals set out by theAfrican Union's Agenda 2063 Development Plan in order to contribute towards the achievement of the ideals envisioned by theAfrican Renaissance.[69]
In 1975, Africa's YMCAs tried to revive the ones inCôte d'Ivoire andKenya followed by those inMadagascar,Jordan,Suriname, andAngola.
Active YMCA organizations exist inAngola,Cameroon,Côte d'Ivoire,Egypt,Ethiopia,Gambia,Ghana,Kenya,Liberia,Madagascar,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone,South Africa,Tanzania,Togo,Uganda,Zambia, andZimbabwe.[66][70] Associate movements exist inNiger,Rwanda, andSouth Sudan.[70] YMCA organizations are in formation inMalawi andNamibia.[71][citation needed]
In 1911, the YMCA appointedJ. Howard Crocker to serve as the foreign work secretary to promote physical education based inShanghai, the headquarters of all YMCA work in China.[72][73] When he first arrived in China, the YMCA had facilities in large cities, but lacked a nationally co-ordinated effort.[74] In 1911, he arranged the first school for physical education directors in China.[75] With the support of presidentYuan Shikai, Crocker toured China to conduct training courses and establish a school for physical education instructors.[74] Shanghai subsequently became the first training centre for physical education directors in China.[75]
YMCA Hong Kong was established in 1901, being separated into two separate organizations in 1908, split across linguistic lines: "YMCA of Hong Kong" and "Chinese YMCA of Hong Kong". YMCA Hong Kong headquarters has occupied its current location at 22 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui since 1922. YMCA Hong Kong established the College of Continuing Education in 1996[76] andYMCA of Hong Kong Christian College in 2003.[77]
InGermany, as inAustria andSwitzerland, YMCA is called CVJM, which stands for Christlicher Verein junger Menschen (Christian Association of Young People). Up until 1985 the organisation was called 'Christlicher Verein Junger Männer' (Christian Association of Young Men); the name change reflected its activities being accessible to men and women.
YWCA-YMCA of Sweden inSweden was established in 1966 following a merger of YMCA of Sweden and the YWCA of Sweden. In 2011, the organization decided to use the term "KFUM Sverige" during promotion where "M" stands formänniskor ("people") instead ofmän (men) as it did previously. YWCA-YMCA of Sweden has 40,000 members in 140 local associations. Several Swedish YWCA-YMCA associations have been successful in sports.
YMCA in theUnited Kingdom andIreland consists of three separate National Councils: England and Wales, Ireland, andScotland. When YMCAs inWales joined YMCA England in 2017, the council was renamed YMCA England and Wales.[78]
YMCAs in England and Wales offer supported accommodation for vulnerable and homeless young people, mental health services, youth clubs, sports centres, nursery schools and family support and after school clubs. Across England and Wales, YMCA in 2024 supports more than 18,000 young people with homes each year,[44] at 86 locations[79] making it one of the largest providers of safe supported accommodation for young people. At the great majority of sites those living in accommodation are supported by personal, social and educational services. Many YMCAs in England and Wales offer services and facilities to the wider community, among them foodbanks, gyms and swimming pools, conference facilities, cafes, theatres, counselling, chaplaincy and housing advice.
The archive of YMCA England and Wales is housed in the Special Collections section of theUniversity of Birmingham with material from the initial founding of YMCA in London in 1840s to the recent past. The archive of YMCA Scotland is housed at theNational Archives of Scotland.
YMCA developed in 1902 inArgentina, where it provided support for physical education teachers. YMCA was most notable in encouraging women's sports in South America, and during the early 1900s, YMCA in Argentina highly promoted basketball, swimming, and track and field. There were many victories for the development of sports in Argentina due to YMCA, such as Frederick Dickens, who served as the director of physical education at the Buenos Aires YMCA. Dickens eventually led the Argentine Olympic delegation to Paris in 1924 and Amsterdam in 1928.[80]
YMCA developed in 1893 inBrazil, and volleyball was deemed appropriate for women from the beginning. Through the encouragement of YMCA, physical educators promoted women's volleyball in schools like Escola Wenceslau Braz and Colégio Sylvio Leite inRio. Sports clubs even began to organize events for women because of YMCA's influence.[80]
Mexico's first YMCA branch opened inMexico City in 1902 for the American community. By 1904, there were two more branches in Mexico City and one branch established in Monterrey. In 1907, another branch in Chihuahua was set up and then one YMCA in Tampico. In Mexico, YMCA organized physical activity, individual development, and national progress. There was advertising for YMCA programs that would help young men gain life skills and YMCA also had some activities for women. For example, an excursion to Xochimilco in 1910 featured races for boys and girls and indoor baseball for everyone. YMCA had very little influence on rural Mexico until after theMexican Revolution.[80]
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In 1904, a letter was written by the chief engineer of thePanama Canal Zone,John Findley Wallace, to Admiral J.G. Walker, chairman of theIsthmian Canal Commission, recommending that YMCA be brought to the Canal Zone. With the approval of both PresidentTheodore Roosevelt andSecretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft, A. Bruce Minear, an experienced secretary, was sent to organize the association work in the Canal Zone.[81] Construction was started on YMCA clubhouses in Culebra, Empire, Gorgona, and Cristobal, Panama, as well as in Panama City. These clubhouses were operated by YMCA for several years and were financed by the Canal Zone, they contained billiard rooms, an assembly room, a reading room, bowling alleys, dark rooms for the camera clubs, gymnastic equipment, an ice cream parlor and soda fountain, and a circulating library.[citation needed] By 1920, there were nine buildings in operation in the Canal Zone.
Panama YMCA was founded on 24 May 1966.[81] The 1968 impeachment of President Marco Aurelio Robles and the ensuing riots and political unrest impacted YMCA's work and the after-school programs at Panama YMCA were cancelled. Use of the school equipment, such as the pool and gym, greatly helped YMCA's ability to continue on with the swimming classes and summer programs. These programs remained popular throughout this time.
In 1983, planning was started for the integration of Panama YMCA and the American Services YMCA (ASYMCA). The integration of the remaining two ASYMCAs, the Balboa Branch and the Cristobal Branch, with the Panama Branch, a merger that was completed in 1990.
YMCA Panama continues its work for the betterment of today's society. In 2005, YMCA Panama inaugurated the new YMCA Panama School located on Colinas del Sol, in the Nuevo Chorrillo District of Arraijan.
YMCAPeru has a team of 200 employees and a voluntary body of more than 700 people.[82] The organization describes its mission as "Having a positive impact on the young people so they have the will to transform the Peruvian society".[83]YMCA Peru was created on 17 May 1920. It has presence in the departments of Lima, Arequipa, and Trujillo.[83]
In 1924, Archibald Clinton Harte, General Secretary of the International YMCA, raised the sum of one million dollars towards the construction of the building.[84] The Jerusalem YMCA was dedicated in 1933 with the words “Here is a place whose atmosphere is peace, where political and religious jealousies can be forgotten and international unity be fostered and developed.” Harte's home on the shores ofGalilee was bequeathed to theJerusalem International YMCA as an international conference facility.[85] The cornerstone was laid in 1928 byLord Plumer, the British High Commissioner forPalestine, on a plot of land in the West Nikephoria section ofJerusalem, purchased from theGreek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.[86] The building was designed by the American architectArthur Loomis Harmon ofShreve, Lamb and Harmon, who designed theEmpire State Building. The Jerusalem YMCA housed the city's first heated swimming pool and first gymnasium with a wooden floor. The first concert broadcasts of theVoice of Israel radio station were transmitted from the YMCA auditorium.
In 1947, the YMCA was the venue of theUNSCOP talks leading up to theUN Partition Plan.[87] At the end of April 1948, the building was taken over by theInternational Red Cross, which used it to shelter around 80 refugees. Two months later, it was used by the United Nations Mediation Committee headed byCount Bernadotte and then was taken over by the U.S. Consulate. In April 1949, the building was returned to YMCA.[86]
In 1952, the YMCA inGaza City was started with the support of theEgypt YMCA, and was a branch of the Egypt YMCA until 1967, when theGaza Strip fell underIsrael’s control following theSix-Day War. Since then, Gaza YMCA has not been associated with any national organization. YMCA Gaza has five major departments: sports, arts, welfare, preschool, and youth. The youth department consists of approximately 80 youth leaders between the ages of 15 and 25 years old.
Despite having a strong Christian identity, the YMCA in Gaza is well respected in the Muslim community. The majority of YMCA attendees are Muslim. The staff are both Muslim and Christian, and the elected board is 100% Christian to balance inclusiveness without losing the YMCA’s Christian identity. The YMCA teaches youth aboutreligious tolerance.[88] In 2021, Gaza's YMCA served 1,800 youth.[89]
The first YMCA inNorth America opened as a charity inMontreal, Quebec, on 25 November 1851.[90][91] As of 2024[update] there were 35 YMCAs and 2 YMCA-YWCAs in Canada, cumulatively serving 2.25 million people annually in over 1,700 locations.[91] Programs include children and youth, health, fitness, and recreation, childcare, day and resident camping, employment training, community outreach and newcomer services, international development and education, and leadership development and recognition.[91]Its archives are held byLibrary and Archives Canada. Until 1912, when Canadian YMCAs formed their own national council, YMCAs were jointly administered by the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America.
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In theUnited States, YMCA is more commonly known as 'The Y', with national headquarters inChicago. It has 800 separate organisational entities affiliated to its national office, based in 2,700 branch locations,[92] working with 21 million people, to "strengthen communities through youth development, healthy living and social responsibility."[93] It has about 19,000 staff and 600,000 volunteers.
Major programs includeafter-school activities, day care,youth work and physical fitness. A large number of locations have gyms, weight rooms, swimming pools, and sports courts.
The first YMCA in the United States opened on 29 December 1851, inBoston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1851 by Captain Thomas Valentine Sullivan (1800–59), an American seaman and missionary. In 1853 the ReverendAnthony Bowen founded the first YMCA for Colored Men inWashington, D.C. The renamed Anthony Bowen YMCA is still serving the U Street area of Washington. It became a part of YMCA of the city of Washington in 1947. Through the middle part of the 20th century it was associated with covert homosexual subculture, with the athletic facilities providing a refuge and cover for closeted individuals.[94][95]
YMCAs in the USA are one of the largest charitable nonprofits in the US, by public donations received, as listed byForbes magazine.[96] YMCA in the USA is one of the many organizations that espousesmuscular Christianity.
Its national archives are located at theKautz Family YMCA, atUniversity of Minnesota Libraries Department of Archives and Special Collections. More digitally accessible archival information can be found at the Texas Christian University (TCU) Digital Repository.
In 1881, 26 years after its foundation, the official emblem of the World Alliance of YMCAs was adopted, at the Ninth International YMCA World Conference, inLondon. The circular emblem is made up of five segments, one for each continent. The segments are held together by small monograms of YMCA in different languages. As early as 1881, YMCA leaders believed the Movement could be truly international and united across borders. In the center is a larger monogram of X and P,Chi and Rho, Christ's name, as used by early Christians. An open Bible sits on top of the monogram, showingJohn XVII, Verse 21, "that they all may be one". This was to remind YMCAs that Christ is at the center of the Movement, a source of strength, hope and unity, binding them all together.[97]
In 1891,Luther Gulick, a physical education director at YMCA of the US, introduced a new emblem to represent YMCA, an inverted red triangle. According to Gulick the triangle represented 'the whole man', with the three different aspects: mind, body and spirit.[98] This logo became a familiar symbol of YMCA's work on the home front and around the world during WW1 and WW2, and remains in use.
In 2010, the YMCA of the USA changed its logo to "The Y" as part of a larger brand transformation.[99]
At the 20th World Council inAarhus, Denmark, the global YMCA Movement adopted its first collective strategy,YMCA Vision 2030, intended as a roadmap for every YMCA's strategic goals, closely aligned to theUN Sustainable Development Goals. As of June 2023, 75 YMCA Movements worldwide were in the process of implementing YMCA Vision 2030.
| Number | Date | Name | Location | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1855 | First World Conference | Paris |  Second French Empire |
| 2 | 1858 | Second World Conference | Geneva |  Switzerland |
| 3 | 1862 | Third World Conference | London |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| 4 | 1865 | Fourth World Conference | Elberfeld |  Kingdom of Prussia |
| 5 | 1867 | Fifth World Conference | Paris | Second French Empire |
| 6 | 1872 | Sixth World Conference | Amsterdam |  Netherlands |
| 7 | 1875 | Seventh World Conference | Hamburg |  German Empire |
| 8 | 1878 | Eighth World Conference | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 9 | 1881 | Ninth World Conference | London | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| 10 | 1884 | 10th World Conference | Berlin | German Empire |
| 11 | 1888 | 11th World Conference | Stockholm |  Sweden |
| 12 | 1891 | 12th World Conference | Amsterdam | Netherlands |
| 13 | 1894 | 13th World Conference | London | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| 14 | 1898 | 14th World Conference | Basel | German Empire |
| 15 | 1902 | 15th World Conference | Christiania |  Norway |
| 16 | 1905 | 16th World Conference | Paris | French Third Republic |
| 17 | 1909 | 17th World Conference | Elberfeld | German Empire |
| 18 | 1913 | 18th World Conference | Edinburgh | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| 19 | 1926 | 19th World Conference | Helsinki |  Finland |
| 20 | 1931 | 20th World Conference | Cleveland |  USA |
| 21 | 1937 | 21st World Conference | Mysore |  British Raj (India)[100] |
| 22 | 1955 | First World Council | Paris | French Fourth Republic |
| 23 | 1957 | Second World Council | Kassel |  West Germany |
| 24 | 1961 | Third World Council | Geneva | Switzerland |
| 25 | 1965 | Fourth World Council | Gotemba, Shizuoka |  Japan |
| 26 | 1969 | Fifth World Council | Nottingham | United Kingdom |
| 27 | 1973 | Sixth World Council | Kampala |  Uganda |
| 28 | 1977 | Seventh World Council | Buenos Aires |  Argentina |
| 29 | 1981 | Eighth World Council | Estes Park, Colorado | USA |
| 30, 31 | 1985 | Ninth and 10th World Council | Nyborg |  Denmark |
| 32 | 1988 | 11th World Council | Aruba |  Aruba |
| 33 | 1991 | 12th World Council | Seoul |  South Korea |
| 34 | 1994 | 13th World Council | Coventry | United Kingdom |
| 35 | 1998 | 14th World Council | Frechen | Germany |
| 36 | 2002 | 15th World Council | Mexico City |  Mexico |
| 37 | 2006 | 16th World Council | Durban |  South Africa |
| 38 | 2010 | 17th World Council | Hong Kong |  Hong Kong |
| 39 | 2014 | 18th World Council | Estes Park, Colorado | USA |
| 40 | 2018 | 19th World Council | Chiang Mai |  Thailand |
| 41 | 2022 | 20th World Council | Aarhus | Denmark |
| 42 | 2026 | 21st World Council | Toronto |  Canada |
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Young Men's Christian Association".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 940–941.
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