| Xiangxiang dialect | |
|---|---|
| 湘乡话 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Xiangxiang,Hunan province |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
TheXiangxiang dialect (Chinese:湘乡话;pinyin:Xiāngxiānghuà) is a dialect ofXiang Chinese, spoken inXiangxiang,Hunan province,China. It is part of a group of dialects called the Central Xiang dialects.[1]
The linguistic maps below are derived from the Digital Language Atlas of China,[2] which is derived from theLanguage Atlas of China,[3] the first atlas to comprehensively catalog and chart the distribution of Chinese dialects.[4] This atlas refers to the two main dialects inXiangxiang City and its surroundings as Changyi (长益片 / 長益片) and Loushao (娄邵片 / 婁邵片).
The division of Xiang intoNew Xiang andOld Xiang was introduced by Yuan Jiahua,[5] but has been superseded by the Language Atlas of China classifications.[6]
| Dialect map of Hunan Province according to the Language Atlas of China[2] |
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The Language Atlas of China serves as the starting point for many efforts to further detail, map and classify Xiang dialects, including the many studies of Bao Houxing and Chen Hui.[7][8]
| Dialect map of Hunan Province according to Chen and Bao (2007)[9] |
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| Linguistic map of Xianxiang City and surrounding counties[3] |
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| Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies[1][3][10][11] |
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The Xiang dialect group forms a transitional zone between northern and southern Chinese dialects.[5]
Prehistorically, the main inhabitants wereBa,Nanman,Baiyue and other tribes whose languages cannot be studied. During the Warring States Period, large numbers of Chu migrated into Hunan. Their language blended with that of the original natives to produce a new dialect Nanchu (Southern Chu). The culture of Xiangxiang at the center of Hunan is considered to be mainly Chu. The language of Shaoshan, Loudi, Shuangfeng and Xiangxiang (Old Xiang) is considered as originating from a synthesis of Chu and the languages of original natives.[12]
Migrations into Hunan can be divided into three periods . Before theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, migrants came mainly from the North. Between theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and theMing dynasty, migrants came mainly fromJiangxi. In the earlyMing dynasty, large numbers of migrants came fromJiangxi and settled in present dayYueyang,Changsha,Zhuzhou,Xiangtan, andHengyang districts. Migrants fromJiangxi concentrated mainly in southeastern Hunan and present dayShaoyang and Xinhua districts. They came for two reasons: the first is thatJiangxi became too crowded and its people sought expansion. The second is that Hunan suffered greatly during theMongol conquest of the Song dynasty, when there was mass slaughter,[1] and needed to replenish its population. After the middle of theMing dynasty, migration gradually became more diverse and economically and commercially motivated. Migrants who came from the North settled mainly in northern Hunan followed by western Hunan. For this reason northern and western Hunan are Mandarin districts.[12]
| Feature | Standard Chinese | Xiangxiang Locations | Ninxiang Location | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dictionary[13] | Chao[14] | Chengguan[1] | Yueshan[11] | Jinsou[10] | Baitian[10] | Huitang[10] | |
| Consonants and Initials | 21 | 23 | 29 | 28 | 24 | 26 | 24 |
| Vowels and Finals | 35 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 42 | 37 | 38 |
| Tones | 4 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
These phonetic charts use IPA phonetic symbols with the addition of curly-tail alveolo-palatal symbols[15] and follow the format set forth by Chao.[14]
Phonemically, Xiangxiang dialect has seven tones.[1]
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yin ping (陰平) | ˥ (55) | high |
| 2 | yang ping (陽平) | ˩˧ (13) | extra low rising |
| 2' | ci yang ping (次陽平) | ˨˧ (23) | low rising |
| 3 | shang sheng (上聲) | ˨˩ (21) | low |
| 5 | yin qu (陰去) | ˦˥ (45) | high rising |
| 5' | ci yin qu (次陰去) | ˧˥ (35) | high rising |
| 6 | yang qu (陽去) | ˧ (33) | mid |
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yin ping (陰平) | ˥ (55) | high |
| 2 | yang ping (陽平) | ˩˧ (13) | low rising |
| 3 | shang sheng (上聲) | ˨˩ (21) | low |
| 4 | yin qu (陰去) | ˦˥ (45) | high rising |
| 5 | yang qu (陽去) | ˨ (22) | mid |
{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|url= (help){{cite web}}:Missing or empty|url= (help)Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
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| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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