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| Crosstalk | |
|---|---|
 Xiangsheng performers in a Tianjin theater. | |
| Medium | Sound |
| Types | a traditionalperforming art inChinese comedy |
| Originating culture | Chinese culture |
| Originating era | lateQing Dynasty |
| Xiangsheng | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 相聲 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 相声 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | face and voice[1] | ||||||
| |||||||
Xiangsheng (traditional Chinese:相聲;simplified Chinese:相声;pinyin:Xiàngsheng;lit. 'face and voice'), also known ascrosstalk or comic dialog,[2] is a traditionalperforming art inChinese comedy, and one of the most popular elements inChinese culture. It is typically performed as adialog betweentwo performers, or rarely as amonologue by a solo performer (similar to most forms ofstand-up comedy), or even less frequently, as a group act by multiple performers. The Xiangsheng language, rich inpuns andallusions, is delivered in a rapid, bantering style, typically in theTianjin dialect (or inMandarin Chinese with a strongnorthern accent). The acts would sometimes include singing,Chinese rapping, and musical instruments.
Xiangsheng has connections with thevaudeville Double act that developed in approximately the same era. Some Westerners have studied the art of Xiangsheng.[3][4] OneCanadian student of Xiangsheng,Mark Rowswell, has said that the closest English equivalent is "Who's on First?", a sketch byAbbott and Costello.[5] However, many acts in vaudeville and radio double acts, as well as the screen comedy dialog that evolved from them, are similar to Xiangsheng in their formula.
Modern Xiangsheng comprises four classic skills:
Xiangsheng is most commonly performed by two actors. The leading actor is called Dougen (simplified Chinese: 逗哏; traditional Chinese: 逗哏; pinyin: dòugén) and the supporting actor is called Penggen (simplified Chinese: 捧哏; traditional Chinese: 捧哏; pinyin: pěnggén).
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Xiangsheng is generally thought to have originated in the lateQing Dynasty, particularly during the rules of theXianfeng Emperor and theTongzhi Emperor in the mid-1800s, although its roots may extend as far back as theMing Dynasty. It began as a form ofstreet performance, incorporating joke-telling, comedic banter, imitations, or borrowing from other performance arts, such as Peking opera, all with the express purpose of making audiences laugh. By the early days of theRepublic of China, Xiangsheng had evolved into a more modern format. It was performed inteahouses, theaters, and, eventually, on radio and television.[citation needed]
There are three major sources of Xiangsheng:Beijing Tianqiao,Tianjin Quanyechang, and theNanjingConfucius Temple. The origins of certain modern-day Xiangsheng pieces can be traced back well over 100 years, though in many cases, the original author is unattributed. Many skits in "traditional Xiangsheng" have evolved through generations of performers successively revising material, retaining the general structure or "heart" of a piece while updating specific references with more modern material.[citation needed]
One of the earliest Xiangsheng pioneers is a person known by the name ofZhang Sanlu (simplified Chinese:张三禄; traditional Chinese:張三祿), who performed during the mid-19th century. Originally a performer of Ba Jiao Gu (drum-song) (Chinese:八角鼓; pinyin:bā jiǎo gǔ), Zhang eventually switched to doing imitations and telling humorous stories. Later artists considered Zhang to have been one of the first Xiangsheng performers.[citation needed]
After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China in 1949, the popularity of Xiangsheng increased. Previously seen as relatively low-class street performing, Xiangsheng became regarded as aproletarian art form. Because it was performed inMandarin Chinese, Xiangsheng became a useful tool for promoting the use of Mandarin Chinese throughout China.[citation needed]
In the 1950s,Hou Baolin led a group of Xiangsheng performers to reform Xiangsheng, removing language and content that was considered "vulgar" and generally making it more "politically correct". Hou later became widely regarded as a master of Xiangsheng. He is often regarded as "China'sCharlie Chaplin".[6]
As with many forms of performance art, Xiangsheng was banned during theCultural Revolution. It experienced a huge resurgence in the mid-1970s, with many skitssatirizing theGang of Four and excesses of this period. With the popularization oftelevision in the 1980s, Xiangsheng became a standard feature of the annualNew Year's Gala ofChina Central Television (CCTV), as well as other popular performing arts shows in China.[citation needed]
Xiangsheng entered a period of decline in the 1990s, caused largely by increased official sensitivity towards political and social satire following the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, as well as the lack of performance venues outside of sanitized state-run television programming. Many performers called for a return of performing Xiangsheng in teahouses and small theaters, which had traditionally been the main venues for Xiangsheng performances but were almost never used at the time. A new generation of Xiangsheng performers emerged from this movement, includingGuo Degang.[7] Guo has been credited with renewing interest among youngmillennial audiences, who found Xiangsheng to be boring and didactic. Guo's rise to fame, while representing a very traditionalist movement, pitted him against more mainstream, establishment performers, such asJiang Kun.[8]
In recent years, to appeal to younger audiences, animators have createdanimated versions of various skits using audio from past broadcasts. The animated versions often use humor in a literal sense, illustrating scenes or stories described by the performers. There are some variety shows for young Xiangsheng actors to promote themselves like "Xiangsheng Has New Talents" (Chinese: 相声有新人) and "Happy Comedian" (Chinese: 欢乐喜剧人), both hosted by Guo Degang.
In 1949, a group of Xiangsheng performers followed the Republic of China's retreat toTaiwan. The same year,Chen Yian (Chinese: 陳逸安), Wei Longhao (Chinese: 魏龍豪), andWu Zhaonan met and hosted a Xiangsheng show on theBroadcasting Corporation of China and Taiwan Police Radio (Chinese: 警察廣播電台). After 1967, he[who?] began collecting data to produce "Xiangsheng Collections", "Xiangsheng Highlight", "Xiangsheng Anecdote", and "Rediscovery of Xiangsheng".
Initially, Xiangsheng's main audience wasinternal immigrants, mainly frommilitary dependents' villages. In 1985, the performance workshop Biao Fang (Chinese: 表演工作坊) launchedThat Night, We Speak Xiangsheng (Chinese: 那一夜，我們說相聲), a play performed by Li Liqun (Chinese: 李立群) and Li Guoxiu (Chinese: 李國修), which caused a stir.
In 1989, Biao Fang launched the stage playTonight, Who Speaks Xiangsheng? (Chinese: 這一夜，誰來說相聲), which was performed by Li Liqun (Chinese: 李立群), Jin Shijie (Chinese: 金士傑), andChen Lihua (Chinese: 陳立華). Numerous other plays were produced, including:
In 2005,This Night, Women Speak Xiangsheng—performed byFang Fang (Chinese: 方芳),Deng Chenghui (Chinese: 鄧程慧), andXiao Ai (Chinese: 蕭艾)—was launched. Although all these plays were claimed to be Xiangsheng,[by whom?] they were actuallytheater performances.
In April 1988, Feng Yugang and Song Shaoqing (Chinese: 宋少卿) formed Comedians Workshop, which aimed to merge theater with Xiangsheng. Huang Shiwei (Chinese: 黄士伟) joined in 2001. On July 8, 2004, Comedians Workshop assisted Dream Theater to performGive Me a Tape.
In 1993,Liu Zengqi (Chinese: 劉增鍇) andLin Wenbin (Chinese: 林文彬) founded the Taipei Musical Art Troupe. In addition to Xiangsheng, they also introduced many Chinese traditionalQuyi (a traditional form of Chinese art), such as Shuanghuang (Chinese: 双簧),Pingshu (Chinese: 评书),Shulaibao (Chinese: 数来宝),Kuaiban (Chinese: 快板书), Jingyun drum (Chinese: 京韵大鼓), Meihua drum (Chinese: 梅花大鼓), Xihe drum (Chinese: 西河大鼓), Danxian (Chinese: 单弦), and Taiping lyrics (Chinese: 太平歌詞), which have also promoted the exchange of performances between Taiwan andMainland China.
On August 26, 1999, Wu Zhaonan announced the establishment ofWu Zhaonan's Xiangsheng Club. Only direct disciples of Wu Zhaonan could become official members. In addition to Xiangsheng, it also introduced Quyi, including Shuanghuang (Chinese: 双簧), Pingshu (Chinese: 评书), Shulaibao (Chinese: 数来宝), Kuaiban (Chinese: 快板书), Danxian (Chinese: 单弦), Taiping lyrics (Chinese: 太平歌詞), and Peking opera.
Northern Xiangsheng has been popular inHong Kong since theZhongyuan period. As early as the Qing Dynasty, storytellers from China brought Xiangsheng to SouthGuangdong and Hong Kong.
After Hong Kong was ceded as a British colony,[9] the development of Xiangsheng entered a unique period of localization. In the early years of the Republic of China, Hong Kong's Xiangsheng mainly performed in the street, and most Xiangsheng artists were jugglers, such as Pingshu and Kouji. Xiangsheng performers came from all walks of life. They were knowledgeable and enjoyed chatting, thus using Xiangsheng to make a living.
In the 1940s and 50s,Hong Kong cinema began to develop rapidly, and Xiangsheng began to integrate into emerging media. In old Hong Kong movies, Xiangsheng-inspired comedy began to integrate into early Hong Kong cinema, mostly in the form of monologs and characters teasing each other.
In 1957, the first Chinese-language TV media in the world was created; it was called Rediffusion Television Limited and was the predecessor ofAsia Television. Xiangsheng became a fixed performance forvariety shows. In 1967,Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) was created, and the variety showEnjoy Yourself Tonight was launched. Xiangsheng began to appear in several variants in the variety show, such as the host's speech and the show to show lines.[clarification needed]
After theChinese Civil War, a number of performers fromSouth China traveled toMalaysia for development (beforeSingapore's expulsion from Malaysia).Feng Xiang (Chinese: 冯翔),Bai Yan, andLu Ding performed Xiangsheng in this region. In the multi-language environment of Malaysia, "Malaysian Xiangsheng" became different from Xiangsheng in mainland China and Taiwan. Since Mandarin Chinese is not a mainstream language in Malaysia, there are few professional performers in Malaysia.
In 1984, 19-year-oldCanadiancomedian Mark Rowswell started learningChinese at theUniversity of Toronto.[10][11] After graduating in 1988, he went on to study Xiangsheng atPeking University with a Chinese comedian and Xiangsheng master, Jiang Kun (姜昆).[12] He started using the Chinese name 'Dashan' (大山), now a household name in China.[3] Dashan has consistently improved his Chinese over thirty years, frequently appearing on national Chinese television.[13] His career has consisted of a wide variety work, not just Xiangsheng, and in recent years he has gravitated more towards Western-stylestand-up comedy in Chinese, with elements of Xiangsheng incorporated into the act.[14][15] Dashan has served informally as a cultural ambassador, using his work to help bridge cultural gaps betweenCanada andChina.[16][17][18]
In 2012, American comedian Jesse Appell, known as Ai Jiexi (艾杰西) in China, started on his journey with Xiangsheng.[19] Originally fromBoston,Massachusetts, Appell went toBrandeis University where he joined theGlobal China Connection (GCC) and regularly performed stand-up comedy.[20] He went to China in September 2012 to study Chinese atTsinghua University as aFulbright Scholar.[4] There, he improved his Chinese and was awarded the Critical Language Enhancement Award (CLEA).[21] As part of his Fulbright Scholarship, he studied Xiangsheng with a master of the craft,Ding Guangquan (丁广泉).[22] Appell founded acomedy center, LaughBeijing, that hosted over 300 shows per year in Beijing from 2016 to 2020.[20] Some of his work today also focuses on bringing the Western-style stand-up comedy to China.[23] He sees himself as a cultural ambassador, combining his talents with the power of theInternet to helpU.S.-China relations and bridge cultural gaps.[24][25]
The small scale and popularity of Xiangsheng make it second only to word of mouth in reflecting popular concerns. Hou Baolin and others have said that Xiangsheng items are "works of comic nature which use satire and humor as their principal base. The cross talks use witty speech, bitter, ridiculous ridicule, in order to achieve the purpose of arrogant "big laugh" and entertaining people. Its earliest form was derived from the juggling of "Yuyou". In these jokes, artists often pinned their mockery and whipping against the rulers. Their satirical content strikes home at contemporary malpractices and also often includes political satire." The role of Xiangsheng in the social commentary was seen after the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976 when Xiangsheng performances provided the first open criticisms of the gang. After 1976, Xiangsheng has also satirized corrupt officials and members of theChinese Communist Party, although criticism of the party as an entity remains off-limits.[26]
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