X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), also known asinhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP3) andbaculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 (BIRC4), is aprotein that stopsapoptotic cell death. In humans, this protein (XIAP) is produced by a gene namedXIAPgene located on the Xchromosome.[4][5]
XIAP is a member of theinhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins (IAP). IAPs were initially identified inbaculoviruses, but XIAP is one of the homologous proteins found in mammals.[6] It is so called because it was first discovered by a 273 base pair site on the X chromosome.[4] The protein is also called human IAP-like Protein (hILP), because it is not as well conserved as the human IAPS:hIAP-1 andhIAP-2.[4][7] XIAP is the most potent human IAP protein currently identified.[8]
Neuronal apoptosisinhibitor protein (NAIP) was the first homolog to baculoviral IAPs that was identified in humans.[4] With the sequencing data of NIAP, the gene sequence for aRING zinc-finger domain was discovered at site Xq24-25.[4] UsingPCR andcloning, threeBIR domains and a RING finger were found on the protein, which became known as X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein. The transcript size ofXiap is 9.0kb, with anopen reading frame of 1.8kb.[4]Xiap mRNA has been observed in all human adult and fetal tissues "except peripheral blood leukocytes".[4] The XIAP sequences led to the discovery of other members of the IAP family.
XIAP consists of three major types of structural elements (domains). Firstly, there is thebaculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain consisting of approximately 70 amino acids, which characterizes allIAP.[8] Secondly, there is a UBA domain, which allows XIAP to bind toubiquitin. Thirdly, there is a zinc-binding domain, or a "carboxy-terminal RING Finger".[7] XIAP has been characterized with three amino-terminal BIR domains followed by one UBA domain and finally one RING domain.[9] Between the BIR-1 and BIR-2 domains, there is a linker-BIR-2 region that is thought to contain the only element that comes into contact with the caspase molecule to form the XIAP/Caspase-7 complex.[10] In solution the full length form of XIAP forms a homodimer of approximately 114 kDa.[11]
XIAP stopsapoptotic cell death that is induced either by viral infection or by overproduction ofcaspases.Caspases are the enzymes primarily responsible for cell death.[7] XIAP binds to and inhibitscaspase 3,7 and9.[12] The BIR2 domain of XIAP inhibits caspase 3 and 7, while BIR3 binds to and inhibitscaspase 9.[8] The RING domain utilizes E3ubiquitin ligase activity and enables IAPs to catalyze ubiquination of self, caspase-3, or caspase-7 by degradation viaproteasome activity.[13] However,mutations affecting the RING Finger do not significantly affectapoptosis, indicating that the BIR domain is sufficient for the protein's function.[7] When inhibiting caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity, the BIR2 domain of XIAP binds to the active-site substrate groove, blocking access of the normal protein substrate that would result in apoptosis.[13][14]
Caspases are activated bycytochrome c, which is released into thecytosol by dysfunctioningmitochondria.[7] Studies show that XIAP does not directly affect cytochrome c.[7]
XIAP distinguishes itself from the other human IAPs because it is able to effectively prevent cell death due to "TNF-α, Fas, UV light, and genotoxic agents".[7]
XIAP is inhibited byDIABLO (Smac) andHTRA2 (Omi), two death-signaling proteins released into the cytoplasm by the mitochondria.[9] Smac/DIABLO, a mitochondrial protein and negative regulator of XIAP, can enhance apoptosis by binding to XIAP and preventing it from binding to caspases. This allows normal caspase activity to proceed. The binding process of Smac/DIABLO to XIAP and caspase release requires a conservedtetrapeptide motif.[13]
Deregulation of XIAP can result in "cancer,neurodegenerative disorders, andautoimmunity".[9] High proportions of XIAP may function as atumor marker.[8] In the development of lung cancer NCI-H460, the overexpression of XIAP not only inhibits caspase, but also stops the activity ofcytochrome c (Apoptosis). In developingprostate cancer, XIAP is one of four IAPs overexpressed in the prostaticepithelium, indicating that a molecule that inhibits all IAPs may be necessary for effective treatment.[15] Apoptotic regulation is an extremely important biological function, as evidenced by "the conservation of the IAPs from humans toDrosophila".[4]
^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^abcdefghListon P, Roy N, Tamai K, Lefebvre C, Baird S, Cherton-Horvat G, Farahani R, McLean M, Ikeda JE, MacKenzie A, Korneluk RG (January 1996). "Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes".Nature.379 (6563):349–53.Bibcode:1996Natur.379..349L.doi:10.1038/379349a0.PMID8552191.S2CID4305853.
^Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network".Nature.437 (7062):1173–8.Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R.doi:10.1038/nature04209.PMID16189514.S2CID4427026.
Lacasse EC, Kandimalla ER, Winocour P, Sullivan T, Agrawal S, Gillard JW, Durkin J (November 2005). "Application of XIAP antisense to cancer and other proliferative disorders: development of AEG35156/ GEM640".Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.1058 (1):215–34.Bibcode:2005NYASA1058..215L.doi:10.1196/annals.1359.032.PMID16394139.S2CID24615666.
