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Remapping of the IPA into ASCII

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This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

TheExtended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant ofSAMPA developed in 1995 byJohn C. Wells, professor ofphonetics atUniversity College London.^[1] It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version ofInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bitASCII.

SAMPA was devised as ahack to work around the inability oftext encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, asUnicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for aninput method for true IPA.

Summary

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Notes

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The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
X-SAMPA usesbackslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example,O is a distinct sound fromO\, to which it bears no relation. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as anescape character for the character following it. For example, such X-SAMPA symbols do not work inEMU, so backslashes must be replaced with some other symbol (e.g., anasterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database. The backslash has no fixed meaning.
X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for~ fornasalization,= forsyllabicity, and` forretroflexion andrhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character_.
The underscore character is also used to encode the IPAtiebar:k_p codes for/k͡p/.
The numbers_1 to_6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
TheIETF language tags registry has assignedfonxsamp as the subtag for text transcribed in X-SAMPA.^[2]

Lower-case symbols

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X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Examples
`a`	a	open front unrounded vowel	Frenchdame`[dam]`
`b`	b	voiced bilabial plosive	Englishbed`[bEd]`, Frenchbon`[bO~]`
`b_<`	ɓ	voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhiɓarʊ [`b_<arU`]
`c`	c	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarianlatyak`["lQcQk]`
`d`	d	voiced alveolar plosive	Englishdig`[dIg]`, Frenchdoigt`[dwa]`
d`	ɖ	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedishhord[hu:d`]
`d_<`	ɗ	voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhiɗarʊ [`d_<arU`]
`e`	e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	Frenchblé`[ble]`
`f`	f	voiceless labiodental fricative	Englishfive`[faIv]`, Frenchfemme`[fam]`
`g`	ɡ	voiced velar plosive	Englishgame`[geIm]`, Frenchlongue`[lO~g]`
`g_<`	ɠ	voiced velar implosive	Sindhiɠəro [`g_<@ro`]
`h`	h	voiceless glottal fricative	Englishhouse`[haUs]`
`h\`	ɦ	voiced glottal fricative	Czechhrad`[h\rat]`
`i`	i	close front unrounded vowel	Englishbe`[bi:]`, Frenchoui`[wi]`, Spanishsi`[si]`
`j`	j	palatal approximant	Englishyes`[jEs]`, Frenchyeux`[j2]`
`j\`	ʝ	voiced palatal fricative	Greekγειά`[j\a]`
`k`	k	voiceless velar plosive	Englishskip`[skIp]`, Spanishcarro`["karo]`
`l`	l	alveolar lateral approximant	Englishlay`[leI]`, Frenchmal`[mal]`
l`	ɭ	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedishsorl[so:l`]
`l\`	ɺ	alveolar lateral flap	Wayuupüülükü`[pM:l\MkM]`
`m`	m	bilabial nasal	Englishmouse`[maUs]`, Frenchhomme`[Om]`
`n`	n	alveolar nasal	Englishnap`[n{p]`, Frenchnon`[nO~]`
n`	ɳ	retroflex nasal	Swedishhörn[h2:n`]
`o`	o	close-mid back rounded vowel	Frenchveau`[vo]`
`p`	p	voiceless bilabial plosive	Englishspeak`[spik]`, Frenchpose`[poz]`, Spanishperro`["pero]`
`p\`	ɸ	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanesefuku`[p\M_0kM]`
`q`	q	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabicqasbah`["qQs_Gba]`
`r`	r	alveolar trill	Spanishperro`["pero]`
r`	ɽ	retroflex flap	Bengaligari[gar`i:]
`r\`	ɹ	alveolar approximant	Englishred`[r\Ed]`
r\`	ɻ	retroflex approximant	Malayalamവഴി["v@r\`i]
`s`	s	voiceless alveolar fricative	Englishseem`[si:m]`, Frenchsession`[sE"sjO~]`
s`	ʂ	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedishmars[mas`]
`s\`	ɕ	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polishświerszcz[s\v'ers`ts`]
`t`	t	voiceless alveolar plosive	Englishstew`[stju:]`, Frenchraté`[Ra"te]`
t`	ʈ	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedishmört[m2t`]
`u`	u	close back rounded vowel	Englishboom`[bu:m]`, Spanishsu`[su]`
`v`	v	voiced labiodental fricative	Englishvest`[vEst]`, Frenchvoix`[vwa]`
`v\` (or`P`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutchwest`[v\Est]`/`[PEst]`
`w`	w	labial-velar approximant	Englishwest`[wEst]`, Frenchoui`[wi]`
`x`	x	voiceless velar fricative	Scotsloch`[lOx]` or`[5Ox]`; GermanBuch,Dach; Spanishcaja,gestión
`x\`	ɧ	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedishsjal`[x\A:l]`
`y`	y	close front rounded vowel	Frenchtu`[ty]` Germanüber`["y:b6]`
`z`	z	voiced alveolar fricative	Englishzoo`[zu:]`, Frenchazote`[a"zOt]`
z`	ʐ	voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chineserang[z`aN]
`z\`	ʑ	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polishźrebak`["z\rEbak]`

Upper-case symbols

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X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Example
`A`	ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	Englishfather [`"fA:D@`(`r\`)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
`B`	β	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanishlavar`[la"Ba4]`
`B\`	ʙ	bilabial trill	Medumbamʙʉ`[mB\}_H]`
`C`	ç	voiceless palatal fricative	Germanich`[IC]`, Englishhuman`["Cjum@n]` (broad transcription uses [`hj`-])
`D`	ð	voiced dental fricative	Englishthen`[DEn]`
`E`	ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	Frenchmême`[mE:m]`, Englishmet`[mEt]` (RP and Gen.Am.)
`F`	ɱ	labiodental nasal	Englishemphasis`["EFf@sIs]` (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [`Emf`-])
`G`	ɣ	voiced velar fricative	Greekγωνία`[Go"nia]`
`G\`	ɢ	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitutnirivvik`[niG\ivvik]`
`G\_<`	ʛ	voiced uvular implosive	Mamʛa [`G\_<a`]
`H`	ɥ	labial-palatal approximant	Frenchhuit`[Hit]`
`H\`	ʜ	voiceless epiglottal fricative	AgulмехӀ`[mEH\]`
`I`	ɪ	near-close front unrounded vowel	Englishkit`[kIt]`
`I\`	ᵻ	near-close central unrounded vowel (non-IPA)	Polishryba`[rI\bA]`
`J`	ɲ	palatal nasal	Spanishaño`["aJo]`, Englishcanyon`["k{J@n]` (broad transcription uses [-`nj`-])
`J\`	ɟ	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarianegy`[EJ\]`
`J\_<`	ʄ	voiced palatal implosive	Sindhiʄaro [`J\_<aro`]
`K`	ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welshllaw`[KaU]`
`K\`	ɮ	voiced alveolar lateral fricative	Mongolianдолоо`[tOK\O:]`
`L`	ʎ	palatal lateral approximant	Italianfamiglia`[fa"miLLa]`, Castilian:llamar`[La"mar]`
`L\`	ʟ	velar lateral approximant	Korean달구지`[t6L\gudz\i]`
`M`	ɯ	close back unrounded vowel	Korean음식`[M:ms\_hik_}]`
`M\`	ɰ	velar approximant	Spanishfuego`["fweM\o]`
`N`	ŋ	velar nasal	Englishthing`[TIN]`
`N\`	ɴ	uvular nasal	Japaneseさんsan`[saN\]`
`O`	ɔ	open-mid back rounded vowel	American Englishoff`[O:f]`
`O\`	ʘ	bilabial click
`P` (or`v\`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutchwest`[PEst]`/`[v\Est]`, allophone of English phoneme`/r\/`
`Q`	ɒ	open back rounded vowel	RPlot`[lQt]`
`R`	ʁ	voiced uvular fricative	Germanrein`[RaIn]`
`R\`	ʀ	uvular trill	Frenchroi`[R\wa]`
`S`	ʃ	voiceless postalveolar fricative	Englishship`[SIp]`
`T`	θ	voiceless dental fricative	Englishthin`[TIn]`
`U`	ʊ	near-close back rounded vowel	Englishfoot`[fUt]`
`U\`	ᵿ	near-close central rounded vowel (non-IPA)	Englisheuphoria`[jU\"fO@r\i@]`
`V`	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	Scottish Englishstrut`[str\Vt]`
`W`	ʍ	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scotswhen`[WEn]`
`X`	χ	voiceless uvular fricative	Klallamsχaʔqʷaʔ`[sXa?q_wa?]`
`X\`	ħ	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabicحḥāʾ`[X\A:]`
`Y`	ʏ	near-close front rounded vowel	Germanhübsch`[hYpS]`
`Z`	ʒ	voiced postalveolar fricative	Englishvision`["vIZ@n]`

Other symbols

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X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Example
`.`	.	syllable break
`"`	ˈ	primarystress
`%`	ˌ	secondary stress	American Englishpronunciation`[pr\@%nVn.si."eI.S@n]`
`'` (or`_j`)	ʲ	palatalized	RussianЗемля (Earth)`[z'I"ml'a]` or`[z_jI"ml_ja]`
`:`	ː	long
`:\`	ˑ	half long	Estonian differentiates threevowel lengths
`-`		separator	Polishtrzy`[t-S1]` vs.czy`[tS1]` (affricate)
`@`	ə	schwa	Englisharena`[@"r\i:n@]`
`@\`	ɘ	close-mid central unrounded vowel	Chuvash пӗррехинче`[p@\rrEXints\E]`
@`	ɚ	r-coloured schwa	American Englishcolor["kVl@`]
`{`	æ	near-open front unrounded vowel	Englishtrap`[tr\{p]`
`}`	ʉ	close central rounded vowel	Swedishsju`[x\}:]`; AuE/NZEboot`[b}:t]`
`1`	ɨ	close central unrounded vowel	Welshtu`[t1]`, American Englishrose's`["r\oUz1z]`
`2`	ø	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danishkøbe`["k2:b@]`, Frenchdeux`[d2]`
`3`	ɜ	open-mid central unrounded vowel	Englishnurse`[n3:s]` (RP) or[n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
`3\`	ɞ	open-mid central rounded vowel	Irishtomhail`[t3\:l']`
`4`	ɾ	alveolar flap	Spanishpero`["pe4o]`, American Englishbetter["bE4@`]
`5`	ɫ	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see`_e`	Englishmilk`[mI5k]`, Portugueselivro`["5iv4u]`
`6`	ɐ	near-open central vowel	Germanbesser`["bEs6]`, Australian Englishmud`[m6d]`
`7`	ɤ	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estoniankõik`[k7ik]`, Vietnamesemơ`[m7_M]`
`8`	ɵ	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedishbuss`[b8s]`
`9`	œ	open-mid front rounded vowel	Frenchneuf`[n9f]`, Danishdrømme`[dR9m@]`
`&`	ɶ	open front rounded vowel	Swedishskörd[x\&d`]
`?`	ʔ	glottal stop	Cockney Englishbottle`["bQ?o]`
`?\`	ʕ	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabicعʿayn`[?\Ajn]`
`*`		undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"
`/`	/	(a) French vowelarchiphonemes or indeterminacies (b) delimiter ofphonemic transcriptions	maison`/mE/zO~/`
`<`	⟨	begin nonsegmental notation, e.g.,SAMPROSA^[3]
`<\`	ʢ	voiced epiglottal fricative	Siwiarˤbˤəʢa (four)`[ar_?\b_?\@<\a]`
`>`	⟩	end nonsegmental notation
`>\`	ʡ	epiglottal plosive	Archi гӀарз (complaint)`[>\arz]`
`^`	ꜛ	upstep
`!`	ꜜ	downstep
`!\`	ǃ	postalveolar click	Zuluiqaqa (polecat)`[i:!\a:!\a]`
`\|`	\|	minor (foot) group
`\|\`	ǀ	dental click	Zuluicici (earring) `[i:\|\i:\|\i]`
`\|\|`	‖	major (intonation) group
`\|\\|\`	ǁ	alveolar lateral click	Zuluxoxa (to converse)`[\|\\|\O:\|\\|\a]`
`=\`	ǂ	palatal click	Taaǂnûm`[=\~u_Fm]`
`-\`	‿	linking mark

Diacritics

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X-SAMPA	IPA	Description
`_"`	̈	centralized
`_+`	̟	advanced
`_-`	̠	retracted
`_/`	̌	rising tone
`_R`	̌	rising tone
`_0`	̥	voiceless
`_<`		implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
`=` (or`_=`)	̩	syllabic
`_>`	ʼ	ejective
`_?\`	ˤ	pharyngealized
`_\`	̂	falling tone
`_F`	̂	falling tone
`_^`	̯	non-syllabic
`_}`	̚	no audible release
`	˞	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, seet` for an example)
`~` (or`_~`)	̃	nasalization
`_A`	̘	advanced tongue root
`_a`	̺	apical
`_B`	̏	extra low tone
`_B_L`	᷅	low rising tone
`_c`	̜	less rounded
`_d`	̪	dental
`_e`	̴	velarized or pharyngealized; also see`5`
`_f`	↘	global fall
`_G`	ˠ	velarized
`_H`	́	high tone
`_H_T`	᷄	high rising tone
`_h`	ʰ	aspirated
`_j` (or`'`)	ʲ	palatalized
`_k`	̰	creaky voice
`_L`	̀	low tone
`_l`	ˡ	lateral release
`_M`	̄	mid tone
`_m`	̻	laminal
`_N`	̼	linguolabial
`_n`	ⁿ	nasal release
`_O`	̹	more rounded
`_o`	̞	lowered
`_q`	̙	retracted tongue root
`_r`	↗	global rise
`_R_F`	᷈	rising falling tone
`_r`	̝	raised
`_T`	̋	extra high tone
`_t`	̤	breathy voice
`_v`	̬	voiced
`_w`	ʷ	labialized
`_X`	̆	extra-short
`_x`	̽	mid-centralized

Charts

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Consonants

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Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Laryngeal
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labio‐ dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post‐ alveolar	Retro‐ flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyn‐ geal		Epi‐ glottal		Glottal
Nasal	`m`	`F`	`n`			n`	`J`	`N`	`N\`
Plosive	`pb`	`p_db_d`	`td`			t`d`	`cJ\`	`kg`	`qG\`				`>\`		`?`
Fricative	`p\B`	`fv`	`TD`	`sz`	`SZ`	s`z`	`Cj\`	`xG`	`X`	`R`	`X\`	`?\`	`H\`	`<\`	`hh\`
Approximant	`B_o`	`v\`	`r\`			r\`	`j`	`M\`		`R`		`?\`		`<\`	`hh\`
Trill	`B\`		`r`			*			`R\`				*
Tap or Flap	*^†	*^†	`4`			r`							*
Lateral Fricative			`KK\`			*	*	*
Lateral Approximant			`l`			l`	`L`	`L\`
Lateral Flap			`l\`			*	*	*

Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added toUnicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of thelabiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hookv in the IPA:. A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.

Coarticulated
`W`	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
`w`	Voiced labialized velar approximant
`H`	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
`s\`	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
`z\`	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
`x\`	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Affricates and double articulation
`ts`	voiceless alveolar affricate
`dz`	voiced alveolar affricate
`tS`	voiceless postalveolar affricate
`dZ`	voiced postalveolar affricate
`ts\`	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
`dz\`	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
`tK`	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
`dK\`	voiced alveolar lateral affricate
`kp`	voiceless labial-velar plosive
`gb`	voiced labial-velar plosive
`Nm`	labial-velar nasal stop

Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks		Implosives		Ejectives
`O\`	Bilabial	`b_<`	Bilabial	`_>`	For example:
`\|\`	Laminal alveolar ("dental")	`d_<`	Alveolar	`p_>`	Bilabial
`!\`	Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")	`J\_<`	Palatal	`t_>`	Alveolar
`=\`	Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")	`g_<`	Velar	`k_>`	Velar
`\|\\|\`	Lateral coronal ("lateral")	`G\_<`	Uvular	`s_>`	Alveolar fricative

Vowels

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Front

Central

Back

Close

i • y

1 • }

M • u

I • Y

I\ • U\

• U

e • 2

@\ • 8

7 • o

e_o • 2_o

@

• o_o

E • 9

3 • 3\

V • O

{ •

6

a • &

a_"

A • Q

Near‑close

Close‑mid

Mid

Open‑mid

Near‑open

Open

References

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^Wells, J.C."Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA"(PDF).UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. University College London. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved16 March 2016.
^"Language Subtag Registry"(text). IETF. 2022-08-08. Retrieved12 November 2022.
^For a summary ofSAMPROSA, seeWells, J.C. (19 September 1995)."SAMPROSA (SAM Prosodic Transcription)".UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. University College London. Archived fromthe original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved23 October 2021.

External links

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Look upX-SAMPA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA Archived 2011-07-09 at theWayback Machine
X-SAMPA to IPA to CXS converter
Web-based translator for X-SAMPA documents. Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
Z-SAMPA, a backward-compatible extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used forconlangs

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Latin script

Alphabets (list)

Classical Latin alphabet
ISO basic Latin alphabet
Phonetic alphabets
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- X-SAMPA
Spelling alphabet

Letters (list)

Letters of theISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Additional Latin letters
Æ æ	Ɑ ɑ	Ʌ ʌ	Ꞵ ꞵ	Ð ð	Ɛ ɛ	Ə ə	Ǝ ə	Ɣ ɣ	Ƣ ƣ	Ɩ ɩ	Ɥ ɥ	Ꟛ ꟛ	Ŋ ŋ	Œ œ	Ɔ ɔ	Ɤ ɤ	Kʼ ĸ	Ʀ ʀ	ẞ ß	Ʃ ʃ	Ɯ ɯ	Ʊ ʊ	Ꞷ ꞷ	Ʋ ʋ	Ƿ ƿ
Ȝ ȝ	ϴ θ	Ʒ ʒ	Ƹ ƹ	Þ þ	Ȣ ȣ	Ꭓ ꭓ	Ɂ ʔ ɂ	꟎ ʕ ꟏	ǀ	ǁ	ǂ	ǃ	ʘ	ʻ	ʼ	Ꞌ ꞌ	3	Ꜫ ꜫ	Ꜭ ꜭ	7