The status of Wymysorys is complex because, genealogically, it belongs to theEast Central dialect group ofHigh German. Nevertheless, based on the self-identification of its users as a group separate from theGermans and the existence of aliterary language, it can be considered a separate language.[citation needed]
Bielsko-Biała German language island before WW2 (blue line), with some possibleWalddeutsche settlements from the Middle Ages and later.
In origin, Wymysorys is considered to derive from 12th-centuryMiddle High German, with a strong influence fromPolish, and presumably also some influence fromLow German,Dutch,Old English and perhapsFrisian.[5][8][9] The inhabitants of Wilamowice are thought to be descendants ofGerman,Flemish and Scottish settlers who arrived in Poland during the 13th century.[10] Many of the inhabitants claim that they are descended from the people of Flanders, Friesland, and Holland, with others claiming to be descended from theAnglo-Saxons.[7] Although historically derived from theGerman dialect continuum, Wymysorys is notmutually intelligible with Standard German.[11]: 15 Unlike in other West Germanic enclave communities in Polish-speaking territory, where closely related dialects (e.g.Halcnovian) were spoken, Wymysorys speakers did not self-identify as Germans and used Polish, not German, asDachsprache.[12]: 12
Wymysorys on a map from 1855
Wymysorys was thevernacular language of Wilamowice untilWorld War II. However, it seems it has been in decline since the late 19th century. In 1880 as many as 92% of the town's inhabitants spoke Wymysorys (1,525 out of 1,662 people), in 1890 – only 72%, in 1900 – 67%, in 1910 – 73% again.[11]: 10 Although Wymysorys was taught in local schools (under the name of "local variety of German"), since 1875 the basic language of instruction in most schools in Austro-HungarianGalicia was Polish.[11]: 10 DuringWorld War II and theGerman occupation of Poland, Wymysorys was openly promoted by the Nazi administration, but after the war the tables turned: localcommunist authorities forbade the use of Wymysorys in any form.[11]: 10 [13] The widespread bilingualism of the people saved most local residents from beingforcibly resettled to Germany, but many of them stopped teaching their children their language or even using it in daily life.[11]: 12 Although the ban was lifted after 1956, Wymysorys has been gradually replaced by Polish, especially among the younger generation. Most of the inhabitants have the same surnames (Mozler, Rozner, Figwer, Biba, Foks, Sznajder), which led to the use of nicknames (Fliöer-Fliöer, Hȧla-Mockja, i.e. Florian, son of Florian or Maciej, son of Elżbieta).
Nowadays, as part of saving the Wymysorys culture, new songs and lyrics are written in this language. The playHobbit. Hejn ȧn cyryk was written in Wymysorys, based on the prose ofJ. R. R. Tolkien, and was staged, among others, at thePolish Theatre in Warsaw in February 2016.[14]
1910 census map identifying Wilamowice as a majority ethnic German settlement.
Members of theWikimedia Polska association were also involved in saving this dying language. As part of the "Wilamowice" project,[17] Wymysorys words read byJózef Gara were recorded, and the Wymysorys dictionary inWiktionary was supplemented (in 2018, the dictionary consisted of over 7,000 words).[18][19]
A banner atBielsko-Biała Equality March 2021 with the conjugation of the wordto love in WymysorysThe 'Welcome to Wilamowice' in Wymysorys and PolishInformation about the local church in Polish, Wymysorys and English
Some new revitalisation efforts were started in the first decade of the 21st century, led by speaker Tymoteusz Król, whose efforts include private lessons with a group of pupils as well as compiling language records, standardising written orthography and compiling the first ever dictionary of Wymysorys. Additionally, a new project called The Wymysiöeryśy Akademyj – Accademia Wilamowicziana or WA-AW was established under the "Artes Liberales" program at theUniversity of Warsaw with the intention of creating a unified scholastic body for the study of the Wymysorys language.[20]
Voiced stops, sibilant fricatives and affricates are regularly devoiced or voiceless in final position.
The sounds of/x/ and/h/ are interchangeable among different speakers. The use of[x] is typically heard at the beginning of a word, possibly due to the influence of Polish, even though historically in Germanic languages, the glottal fricative[h] is typically heard.
The series of palato-alveolar/ʃ,ʒ,t͡ʃ/ and alveolo-palatal/ɕ,ʑ,t͡ɕ/ fricative and affricate sounds, are heard interchangeably among various speakers.
[ç] is heard in word-final position, as an allophone of/x/.
The voiced affricates/d͡z,d̠͡z̠,d͡ʒ,d͡ʑ/ are only heard in Polish loanwords.
A series of flat post-alveolar sibilants and affricates[s̠,z̠,t̠͡s̠,d̠͡z̠], are also heard in Polish loanwords, interchangeably with alveolar-palatal sounds/ɕ,ʑ,t͡ɕ,d͡ʑ/.
The labial-velar approximant/w/ is pronounced with a lesser degree of lip rounding than in English, and is more similar to the Polish pronunciation ofł[w].[7]
Wymysorys has been for centuries mostly a spoken language. It was not until the times ofFlorian Biesik, the first author of major literary works in the language, that a need for a separate version of a Latin alphabet arose. Biesik wrote most of his works in plainPolish alphabet, which he considered better-suited for the phonetics of his language.[11]: 24 In recent timesJózef Gara (1929–2013), another author of works in the local language, devised a distinct Wymysorys alphabet, consisting of 34 letters derived from theLatin script and mostly based on Polish as well:
A sample of Wymysorys words with German, Dutch and English translations. Note thatł is read in Wymysorys like Englishw (as in Polish), andw likev (as in Polish and German):
Ynzer Foter, dü byst ym hymuł, Daj noma zuł zajn gywajt; Daj Kyngrajch zuł dö kuma; Daj wyła zuł zajn ym hymuł an uf der aot; dos ynzer gywynłichys brut go yns hojt; an fercaj yns ynzer siułda, wi wir oj fercajn y ynzyn siułdigia; ny łat yns cyn zynda; zunder konst yns reta fum nistgüta. [Do Dajs ej z Kyngrajch an dy mocht, ans łowa uf inda.] Amen
Our Father; English translation
Our Father, thou (who) art in heaven, Thy name shall be hallowed; Thy kingdom shall come here; Thy will shall be in heaven and on earth; give our daily bread to us today; and forgive us our debts/sins, as we, too, forgive our debtors/sinners; don't lead us to sin; but save us from evil. [For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.] Amen.
^Jarosz, Monika (4 January 2013),Świąteczne kolędowanie [Christmas caroling] (in Polish), Website of the Municipal and Communal Cultural Centre in Wilamowice, retrieved3 November 2018
^abThis letter is only used in proper names, even native ones – e.g. the surname Fox. The letters Q and V are not included in the alphabet because they only appear in non-native proper names.
Andrason, Alexander. Complexity of endangered minority languages: The sound system of Wymysiöeryś. Coler, Matt, and Andrew Nevins, eds.Contemporary research in minoritized and diaspora languages of Europe, p. 213-260. Vol. 6. Language Science Press, 2023. Open Access online.
Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz. Language variation, language myths, and language ideology as constructive elements of the Wymysiöeryś ethnolinguistic identity. Coler, Matt, and Andrew Nevins, eds.Contemporary research in minoritized and diaspora languages of Europe, p. 261-280. Vol. 6. Language Science Press, 2023. Open Access online
