 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Wuhu" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Wuhu 芜湖市 | |
|---|---|
 2020.jpg)   Clockwise from top: Wuhu skyline looking south along the Yangtze, Wuhu at sunset, the Zhongjiang Tower, and Changhong Gate (south). | |
 Location of Wuhu in Anhui | |
| Coordinates (Wuhu municipal government):31°21′09″N118°25′59″E / 31.3526°N 118.4331°E /31.3526; 118.4331 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Anhui |
| County-level divisions | 8 |
| Municipal seat | Jiujiang District |
| Government | |
| • Party Secretary | Pan Zhaohui (潘朝晖) |
| • Mayor | He Maoxie (贺懋燮) |
| Area | |
| 6,010.9 km2 (2,320.8 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,157 km2 (833 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,172.9 km2 (452.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 7.9 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 3,644,420 | |
| • Density | 610/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,151,368 |
| • Urban density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,622,799 |
| • Metro density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 430.3 billion US$ 53.8 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 117,174 US$ 18,163 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| Area code | 0553 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-AH-02 |
| License Plate Prefix | 皖B |
| Website | www |
Wuhu (simplified Chinese:芜湖;traditional Chinese:蕪湖;pinyin:Wúhú;lit. 'Weedy Lake') is aprefecture-level city in southeasternAnhuiprovince, China. Sitting on the southeast bank of theYangtze River, Wuhu bordersXuancheng to the southeast,Chizhou andTongling to the southwest,Hefei City to the northwest,Ma'anshan city to the northeast,Jiangsu to the east, and is approximately 90 km (56 mi) southwest ofNanjing. With the urbanization trend in the southern part of Nanjing, a conurbation between Nanjing, Maanshan and Wuhu is in building with more than 10,660,000 inhabitants.
Wuhu is known to have been inhabited since at least 570 BCE.[3] Present-day Wuhu evolved out of a settlement known as Jiuzi (Chinese:鸠兹;pinyin:Jiūzī), located on the southern bank of theShuiyang River, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Wuhu's contemporaryurban core.[3] Jiuzi was a site of conflict prior to 670 BCE between theChu and theWu during theSpring and Autumn period.[3] In 473 BCE, theYue took Jiuzi from the Wu.[3] In 306 BCE, the Chu took Jiuzi from the Yue.[3]
During the time of the Qin dynasty, Jiuzi was placed under the jurisdiction of the Zhang Commandery (Chinese:鄣郡;pinyin:Zhāng Jùn).[3] In 109 BCE, Zhang Commandery was renamed toDanyang Commandery [zh].[3] During this time, the area of Juizi was reorganized as Wuhu County (simplified Chinese:芜湖县;traditional Chinese:蕪湖縣;pinyin:Wúhú Xiàn).[3] In 223 CE, under the reign ofSun Quan of theEastern Wu, the county seat was moved from the site of Jiuzi to the highlands along the north banks of theQingyi River, to the southeast of contemporary Wuhu's urban core.[3]
Xuancheng Commandery [zh] was carved-out of Danyang Commandery in 281 CE, with the headquarters of Danyang Commandery moved toNanjing.[3] The area of contemporary Wuhu remained under the jurisdiction of Danyang Commandery.[3] During theEastern Jin period, the area saw an influx of people migrate to the area from theCentral Plains.[3] The area was placed under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng Commandery in 363 CE, and thecommandery's headquarters were moved to the area.[3] During the late 4th Century, the area underwent a number of other administrative changes.[3] Part of the area would fall under the jurisdiction ofHuainan Commandery [zh].[3]
Both Xuancheng Commandery and Huainan Commandery were abolished early on during theSui dynasty, in 589 CE.[3]
In 627 CE, under theTang dynasty, the area was re-organized as Xuan Prefecture (Chinese:宣州;pinyin:Xuān Zhōu), and placed under the jurisdiction ofJiangnan Circuit.[3] In 733 CE, it became part of the newly createdJiangnanxi Circuit.[3] In 758 CE, it was transferred to be part ofSheng Prefecture [zh], inJiangnandong Circuit [zh].[3] Three years later, it would return to Xuan Prefecture in Jiangnanxi Circuit.[3] In 787 CE, Xuan Prefecture was transferred to Jiangnandong Circuit.[3]
In 937 CE, upon the creation of theSouthern Tang during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Wuhu County was established, and placed underJiangning Fu [zh].[3] Since then, Wuhu went uninterrupted as an administrative unit throughout the remainder of dynastic China.[3]
During theSong dynasty, Wuhu County belonged to Jiangnan Circuit, and later Jiangnandong Circuit.[3]
In 1277, during theYuan dynasty, Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction ofTaiping Circuit [zh].[3] In 1355, Taiping Circuit was replaced byTaiping Fu, and Wuhu County was placed under its jurisdiction.[3]
Taiping Fu was under the jurisdiction ofZhongshu Sheng [zh] until its abolition in 1380, during theMing dynasty.[3] Throughout the Ming dynasty, Wuhu County remained under the jurisdiction of Taiping Fu.[3] Under the Ming dynasty, Wuhu developed into a major commercial center and river port and since that time has been known as a center of the rice trade.[citation needed]
In 1644, theHongguang Emperor (better known as thePrince of Fu), one of the last emperors of the Ming dynasty, was captured by forces of the newQing dynasty in Wuhu County.[citation needed] During theTaiping Rebellion, Wuhu County exchanged hands more than five times between Taiping and Imperial forces.[citation needed] Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction ofHuiningchitaiguang Circuit [zh] during the Taiping Rebellion.[3] The city became atreaty port in 1876 and has remained a commercial center since that time.[citation needed] The city'sRoman Catholic cathedral,St. Joseph's Cathedral (圣若瑟主教座堂), dates from this time. Most of the downtown area alongside the Yangtze River was ceded in the British concession.[citation needed]
Upon the establishment of theRepublic of China in 1912, Fu, Prefectures, and Ting were established, and counties were placed under direct provincial jurisdiction.[3] Wuhu County was directly governed by Anhui province from 1912 until 1914, whenWuhu Circuit [zh] was established to govern 23 counties in the area, including Wuhu County, until 1928.[3] Trade in rice, wood, and tea flourished at Wuhu until theWarlord Era of the 1920s and 1930s, whenbandits were active in the area.[citation needed] In 1932, Wuhu County was placed under the jurisdiction of the Second Administrative Division of Anhui province (Chinese:安徽省第二专区;pinyin:Ānhuī Shěng Dì Èr Zhuānqū).[3]
At the beginning of theSecond Sino-Japanese War, part of theSecond World War, Wuhu was occupied by Japan on December 10, 1937.[citation needed] This was a prelude to theBattle of Nanjing, ending in theNanjing massacre.[citation needed] Under Japanese occupation, Chinese resistance fighters hid in the lakes around Wuhu by submerging themselves and breathing through reeds.[citation needed] In early 1938, Japan moved Wuhu County from the Second Administrative Division to the Fifth Administrative Division.[3] On October 25, 1938, they transferred Wuhu County to the Ninth Administrative Division.[3] Japan had again changed the region's divisions in August 1941, and placed Wuhu County under the Sixth Administrative Division.[3]
Japanese forces had been expelled from the area by August 1945, and Kuomintang forces placed Wuhu County under theSouthern Anhui Administrative Office [zh], and remained part of the Sixth Administrative Division.[3]
ThePeople's Liberation Army captured Wuhu on April 24, 1949.[3] Three days later, it was placed under the jurisdiction of a local military committee.[3] Thecivilian Wuhu Municipal People's Government was established on May 10, 1949.[3] Two days later, a civilian government was formed for Wuhu County, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Wuhu.[3]
From December 1, 1967, to April 1, 1968, during the tumult of theCultural Revolution, Wuhu was placed undermilitary rule.[3]
Major industries began to be developed in Wuhu after the Second World War, with the development of the textile industry, shipbuilding, and paper mills.[citation needed] Despite this, Wuhu had been lagging behindMa'anshan andTongling in industrial production for decades after theestablishment of the People's Republic of China and remained primarily a commercial center for trade in rice, silk, cotton, tea, wheat and eggs.[citation needed] However, with recent years' economic rise, Wuhu has become a hub for manufacturing.[citation needed]
In July 2016, the area was afflicted by the2016 China floods.[4]
On July 6, 2020, the Anhui provincial government approved the merger ofSanshan District intoYijiang District, the replacement of Wuhu County withWanzhi District, and the replacement of Fanchang County withFanchang District.[3]
In June 2023, the area was afflicted by flooding.[5]
Theprefecture-level city of Wuhu administers 8county-level divisions, including 5districts, 1county, and 1county-level city.[6]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Population | Postal Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jinghu District | 镜湖区 | Jìnghú Qū | 478,658 | 241000 |
| Yijiang District | 弋江区 | Yìjiāng Qū | 422,620 | 241002 |
| Jiujiang District | 鸠江区 | Jiūjiāng Qū | 721,521 | 241000 |
| Wanzhi District | 湾沚区 | Wānzhǐ Qū | 344,016 | 241100 |
| Fanchang District | 繁昌区 | Fánchāng Qū | 243,907 | 241200 |
| Nanling County | 南陵县 | Nánlíng Xiàn | 431,148 | 241300 |
| Wuwei city | 无为市 | Wúwéi Shì | 817,997 | 238300 |
| Map |
|---|
| Climate data for Wuhu, elevation 10 m (33 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 34.4 (93.9) | 35.9 (96.6) | 38.2 (100.8) | 40.1 (104.2) | 41.0 (105.8) | 38.6 (101.5) | 33.2 (91.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 22.6 (72.7) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 21.9 (71.4) | 27.1 (80.8) | 29.6 (85.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.6 (90.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 16.9 (62.4) | 10.3 (50.5) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) | 6.3 (43.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.6 (78.1) | 29.2 (84.6) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24.2 (75.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 17.1 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) | 3.1 (37.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 12.8 (55.0) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 15.1 (59.2) | 8.8 (47.8) | 3.0 (37.4) | 13.7 (56.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) | −8.1 (17.4) | −3.2 (26.2) | 2.7 (36.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.4 (63.3) | 13.1 (55.6) | 3.8 (38.8) | −3.1 (26.4) | −8.5 (16.7) | −8.5 (16.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 65.6 (2.58) | 70.6 (2.78) | 101.9 (4.01) | 100.4 (3.95) | 113.7 (4.48) | 209.6 (8.25) | 185.3 (7.30) | 144.1 (5.67) | 80.1 (3.15) | 56.1 (2.21) | 59.4 (2.34) | 43.2 (1.70) | 1,230 (48.42) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.8 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 125.1 |
| Average snowy days | 3.9 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 8.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 77 | 75 | 76 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 106.0 | 110.8 | 138.1 | 165.2 | 177.8 | 149.5 | 198.7 | 191.5 | 151.8 | 156.6 | 135.6 | 124.9 | 1,806.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 33 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 42 | 35 | 46 | 47 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 40 | 41 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1953 | 242,143 | — |
| 1964 | 333,465 | +37.7% |
| 1982 | 456,219 | +36.8% |
| 1990 | 441,999 | −3.1% |
| 2000 | 641,259 | +45.1% |
| 2010 | 1,108,087 | +72.8% |
| 2020 | 1,598,165 | +44.2% |
| Source:Census in China[9] | ||
As of the2020 Chinese census, Wuhu had a total population of 3,644,420 inhabitants, of whom 1,622,799 lived its built-up (or metro) area:Jiujiang District,Jinghu District andYijiang District. As of 2022, 13.75% of Wuhu's population is 14 years old or younger, 65.60% is 15 to 59 years old, and 20.65% is 60 years old or older.[10] 16.89% of Wuhu's population is 65 years or older.[10]
The city is home to 47 recognizedethnic minorities, the largest of which are the Hui, Miao, and Zhuang.[11] Other ethnic minorities with over 500 inhabitants in the city include theYi, theTujia, theMiao, theZhuang, and theManchu.[citation needed]
Wuhu dialect [zh], a variety ofJiang-Huai Mandarin, itself a branch ofMandarin Chinese, is commonly spoken in urban areas.[11]Putonghua, orStandard Mandarin, was commonly used in this area.[citation needed][clarification needed] In some areas, Wu Chinese is spoken instead.[11]
The city is the second largest economy inAnhui, afterHefei, the provincial capital.[citation needed] Like elsewhere in China, Wuhu was seen rapid economic growth in the 21st Century, with its GDP nearly doubling from 2014 to 2022 alone,[12] and its GDP per capita nearly doubling from 2012 to 2019 alone.[13]
As of 2022, Wuhu has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 450.213 billionrenminbi (RMB).[10][12] Per 2022 data, the city'sprimary sector of the economy accounts for 17.925 billion RMB of the city's GDP (3.98% of total GDP), thesecondary sector accounts for 213.558 billion RMB (47.43%), and thetertiary sector accounts for 218.730 billion RMB (48.58%).[10]
As of 2019, Wuhu's GDP per capita was 96,154 RMB.[13] The city's statistics bureau reported an annual per capitadisposable income of 43,145 RMB in 2022 (+6.5% from 2021).[10] The city's urban residents have a per capita disposable income of 51,481, while this stands at 29,518 among rural residents.[10]
In 2022, Wuhuexported 9.468 billionUnited States dollars (USD) worth of goods and services, andimported 4.142 billion USD worth of goods and services.[10]
Major industrial products in Wuhu includeautomobiles,HVAC units,plate glass, cement, steel, and copper.[10]
Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Area in the north of the city launched in 1993 is one of the first state-level economic and technological development area in Anhui province.[citation needed] It has the only export processing zone in the province.[14][page needed]Chery Automobile andAnhui Conch Cement Company are headquartered in this development area.[15][16]
Wuhu is the fifth largest port alongsideYangtze River.[citation needed] Yuxikou Pier is the largest inland river coal harbor in China.[citation needed]
The city is served by Wuhu Bus (Chinese:芜湖公交;pinyin:Wúhú Gōngjiāo), amunicipal bus services and taxi services provider.[17] Wuhu Bus runs 157 different routes, serviced by more than 1,300 vehicles.[17] About 200,000 passengers use the service daily.[17]
The city is served by theWuhu Xuanzhou Airport which opened on April 30, 2021.
Wuhu has oneYangtze River crossing—theWuhu Yangtze River Bridge, opened in 2000, carries theG5011 Wuhu–Hefei Expressway and Huainan Railway.[citation needed]
Wuhu is served by theAnhui–Jiangxi,Nanjing–Tongling andHuainan Railways.[citation needed] It only takes 2.5 hoursfrom Shanghai to Wuhu by high-speed train.[citation needed]
Wuhu Rail Transit consists of two lines (Lines 1 and 2) which opened on November 3 and December 28, 2021.[18][19]
The acclaimed poetLi Bai spent his late life in Wuhu, it is said, due to its striking landscape. Li Bai was born inSuyab, an ancientSilk Road city in Central Asian, and raised in southwestern China.Xie Tiao, one of the most distinctiveSix Dynasty poets whom he greatly admired, left many poems when holding positions here.
During theTang dynasty (619–907), the poetDu Mu wrote a famous poemThoughts on Staying Again at Wuhu.
A factory in Wuhu carries on the local craft of makingwrought iron pictures. Other local handicrafts are embossedlacquerware and ricestraw pith patchwork. A famous stone tablet in Wuhu recording local events of theSong dynasty period (ca. 1000 AD) is considered to be a masterpiece of the renowned calligrapherMi Fu.
An itinerant blacksmith namedTang Tianchi is reputed to have invented the wrought-iron picture in Wuhu, when a painter whom he admired chided him, "You will never make pictures by beating iron."
Another blacksmith of theSpring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) namedGan Jiang was famous for sword making. Zhe Shan (Reddish Brown Hill) is said to get its colour from the flames of Gan Jiang's furnace.Shen Shan (Sacred Hill) is the legendary location of his sword grinding rock and tempering pool.
Wuhu andAnqing are noted centers of theYanjiang cuisine. It specializes in freshwater fish and poultry, and features special techniques of chopping, shaping, and colouring. The flavour of Yanjiang dishes is often enhanced by sweetening and smoking.
The New York Methodist Mission Society's SuperintendentVirgil C. Hart arrived in Wuhu in 1881, intent on purchasing a piece of property to build the city's first Methodist Church and Western-style hospital. Hart was able to secure theYichisan Hill before the British, who wanted the property to build a consulate and naval base[citation needed]. TheYichisan Hospital is Anhui's oldest/continuous western hospital.Dr. Edgerton H. Hart (V.C. Hart's eldest son) became the hospital's Director in 1895 and continued at that capacity until his death in April 1913.[20]Caroline Maddock arrived in Wuhu in October 1904, to serve as the General Hospital's Head Nurse. Caroline Maddock married Dr. Edgerton Hart in October 1907. In 1909, Caroline and four other nurses founded the Nurses Association of China and she served as its first president; this association still represents China's Nurse profession.[21][22]
Several sites in Wuhu have been included on theChina's List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites. They include theGuangji Temple (广济寺), a Buddhist temple originally dating back to the Tang dynasty that contains the Zhe pagoda, an edifice from theNorthern Song dynasty.
Other listed monuments date back to the 19th century, when Wuhu was a British treaty port. These includeSt. Joseph Cathedral, the site of the former British Consulate, the former Customs Building on the Yangtze River and the site of the former St. James Secondary School.[23]
Other touristic sites in Wuhu:
Nintendo added Wuhu Island to Wii Sports Resort.[citation needed]
Kōchi,Kōchi Prefecture, Japan
Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
West Covina, California, United States
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
