| Wristlock | |
|---|---|
 A pronating wristlock used to hold a man's head down | |
| Classification | Joint-lock |
| Style | Jujutsu |
Awristlock is ajoint lock primarily affecting thewrist-joint and, in some cases, theradioulnar joints through rotation of the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it. Wristlocks are very common inmartial arts such aschin-na,aikido,hapkido andjujutsu where they are featured asself-defense techniques. They are also used assubmission holds in martial arts such asBrazilian jiu-jitsu (where the most common name ismão de vaca, "the cow's hand") andcatch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in modernsambo[1] andjudo[2] competitions, it is still practiced in judo forms of self-defense katakōdōkan goshinjutsu.[3] Wristlocks are also widely used aspain compliance holds, often inpolice,military, andresidential treatment centers.
The wristlock is a technique that can be applied from astand-up position, simply by grabbing the opponent's hand and twisting and/or bending it in a non-natural direction. It is considered to be a relatively safe technique to practice with a willing opponent,[4] but if applied suddenly and/or forcefully, a wristlock can causeligamenttears or possibly evendislocation orbone fractures.
Mixed martial arts (MMA) organizations usually allow wrist locks, but they are rarely performed as a result of thegrappling gloves andwrist wraps typically worn by MMA fighters, which both restrict the movement of the wrist. Wrist locks are seen as being easy to defend against, and often leave the attacker vulnerable to punches and elbow strikes.
Arotational wristlock (in budo referred to askote hineri, and in Aikido referred to as a type ofsankyō, 三教, "third teaching")[5][6] is a very common type of wristlock, and involves forced supination or pronation of the wrist, and is typically applied by grabbing and twisting the hand. Thewrist joint does not allow rotating motion, and the force is transferred to the forearm causingradioulnar rotation, eventually resulting in a joint lock on the radioulnar joint. Once theradius andulna have been brought to their extreme positions, further twisting motion will put severe torque on thewrist. In martial arts, standing rotational wristlocks are often accompanied by the opponent instinctivelythrowing him or herself to escape or alleviate the lock.
Thesupinating wristlock (inbudō referred to askote gaeshi, 小手返, "forearm return")[7][8] is a rotational wristlock, and arguably the most common wristlock. It involves rotating the hand so that it becomes maximallysupinated, often referred to as 'externally rotating' the wrist, and hence putting a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. This can be done by grabbing the opponent's hand with one or both hands, and twisting the hand so that the opponent's thumb points away from the opponent. A supinating wristlock performed from a stand-up position can be used to force the opponent to the ground on his or her back. Straightening the arm does not alleviate the pressure, since theshoulder joint does not allow further supination of the hand.
A properly executed lock of this type does not apply torque to the wrist itself. In practice, the bones of the forearm and, eventually, the shoulder are the focus of the lock. If performed correctly, this technique will break the opponents wrist, elbow and dislocate the shoulder. In practice,uke will turn over his own arm in order to prevent his wrist from breaking. The goal of almost all throws executed via joint/bone manipulation, at least from the perspective of some classical (koryu) martial arts, is to break or dislocate a limb(s).
Thepronating wristlock (in budō referred to askote mawashi, 小手回し, "forearm turn", and in Aikido referred to asnikyō, 二教, "second teaching") is similar to the supinating wristlock except that it is reversed in direction, known as 'internally rotating' the wrist. The hand becomes maximallypronated, resulting in a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. The degree of possible pronation depends on the degree of flexion at theelbow, as a bent elbow inhibits rotation of thehumerus. Hence, straightening the arm allows rotation of the whole arm and alleviates the pressure on thejoints. The arm has to be additionally twisted until the shoulder joint reaches maximal rotation to preserve the joint lock. This typically results in the arm movingposteriorly, and allows for the complementary technique of pushing the arm at the elbow orshoulder to force the opponent to the ground.
Ahyperflexing wristlock (commonly referred to as a "gooseneck" and in budō referred to astekubi gatame, 手首固め, "wrist lock") involves forcing the wrist intohyperflexion by pushing or pulling the hand towards the inside of theforearm. A hyperflexing wristlock is often performed in combination with rotational wristlocks, since the hyperflexed hand provides a goodlever for twisting, and in addition it increases the overall effectiveness of the wristlock. Hyperflexing wristlocks are often featured as pain compliance techniques, since they allow for good control, and a gradual pain increase if more leverage is added. Hyperflexing wristlocks are also a typical wristlock used as a submission hold. Hyperflexing wrist locks, often applied after an escape from a rotational wrist lock, is a signature technique inChen-style tai chi.
The "hyperextending wristlock" is often combined with afingerlock as the wristlock itself is not very strong. It involves bending the wrist so that the knuckles travel back toward the forearm.
Anadductive wristlock (in budō referred to askote hono gaeshi, "partial forearm return", part ofaikido's nikyō, or second teaching, in itsura form) involves forced ulnar deviation of the hand. It is typically applied by twisting the opponent's arm so that the opponent's palm points laterally and the elbow is slightly bent. The hand is then grabbed using one or both hands, and the wrist is forced downwards, hence reaching the limit of possible ulnar deviation, and creating a potent joint lock on the wrist joint. To avoid damage, it is possible for the opponent to drop down to the ground, and alleviate the pressure. The adductive wristlock is often taught as aself-defense technique against grabbing. It is also commonly referred to as a "Z-Lock" because the bend of the arm forms a Z. In some parts of America this is also called the "Goose Neck" because the bend of the arm forms a S.
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