TheOxford English Dictionary had cited the first known usage in theEnglish language to aScottish newspaper,The People's Journal, in 1848: "A war among the great powers is now necessarily a world-war." The term "world war" is used byKarl Marx and his associate,Friedrich Engels,[2] in a series of articles published around 1850 calledThe Class Struggles in France.Rasmus B. Anderson in 1889 described an episode inTeutonic mythology as a "world war" (Swedish:världskrig), justifying this description by a line in anOld Norse epic poem, "Völuspá: folcvig fyrst I heimi" ("The first great war in the world").[3] German writer August Wilhelm Otto Niemann used the term "world war" in the title of his anti-British novel,Der Weltkrieg: Deutsche Träume (The World War: German Dreams) in 1904, published in English asThe Coming Conquest of England.
The term "first world war" was first used in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopherErnst Haeckel, who claimed that "there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word",[4] citing a wire service report in theIndianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. In English, the term "First World War" had been used by Lieutenant ColonelCharles à Court Repington, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920); he had noted his discussion on the matter with a Major Johnstone ofHarvard University in his diary entry of September 10, 1918.[5][6]
The term "World War I" was coined byTime magazine on page 28 of its June 12, 1939, issue. In the same article, on page 32, the term "World WarII" was first used speculatively to describe the upcoming war. The first use for the actual war came in its issue of September 11, 1939.[7] One week earlier, on September 4, the day after France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, the Danish newspaperKristeligt Dagblad used the term on its front page, saying "The Second World War broke out yesterday at 11 a.m."[8]
Other languages have also adopted the "world war" terminology; for example, inFrench, "world war" is translated asguerre mondiale; inGerman,Weltkrieg (which, prior to the war, had been used in the more abstract meaning of a global conflict); inItalian,guerra mondiale; inSpanish andPortuguese,guerra mundial; inDanish andNorwegian,verdenskrig; inPolishwojna światowa; inRussian,мировая война (mirovaya voyna); and inFinnish,maailmansota.
The First World War occurred from 1914 to 1918. In terms of humantechnological history, the scale of World WarI was enabled by the technological advances of theSecond Industrial Revolution and the resultingglobalization that allowed global power projection andmass production of military hardware. It had been recognized that the complex system of opposingmilitary alliances (theGerman andAustro-Hungarian Empires against theBritish,Italian,Russian, andFrench Empires) was likely, if war broke out, to lead to a worldwide conflict. That caused a very minute conflict between two countries to have the potential to set off adomino effect of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the powers involved had largeoverseas empires virtually guaranteed that such a war would be worldwide, as the colonies' resources would be a crucial strategic factor. The same strategic considerations also ensured that the combatants would strike at each other's colonies, thus spreading the wars far more widely than those ofpre-Columbian times.[further explanation needed]
The outcome of the war had a profound effect on the course ofworld history. The old European empires collapsed or they were dismantled as a direct result of the crushing costs of the war and in some cases, their fall was caused by the defeat of imperial powers. TheUnited States became firmly established as the dominant globalsuperpower, along with its close competitor and ideological foe, theSoviet Union. The two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the world'snation-states for decades after the end of the Second World War. The modern international security, economic, and diplomatic system was created in the aftermath of the war.[11]
Institutions such as theUnited Nations were established to collectivize international affairs, with the explicit goal of preventing another outbreak of general war. The wars had also greatly changed the course of daily life. Technologies developed during wartime had a profound effect on peacetime life as well, such as through advances injet aircraft,penicillin,nuclear energy, andelectronic computers.[11]
Since theatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and prolonged fear of a potential third world war between nuclear-armed powers.[12][13] It is often suggested that it would become anuclear war, and be more devastating and violent than both the First and Second World Wars.Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said in 1947 "I know not with what weapons World WarIII will be fought, but World WarIV will be fought with sticks and stones."[14][15][16][17] It has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and it has also beenexplored in fiction. Scenarios have ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare.[citation needed]
During the early 21st century, theongoing armed conflicts that are taking place around the world, and their worldwide spillovers are sometimes described asproxy wars waged by the United States and Russia,[21][22][23][24] which led some commentators[who?] to characterize the situation as a "proto-world war", with many countries embroiled in overlapping conflicts.[25]
TheSeven Years' War (1754/56–1763) was fought across all of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Most of the great powers of the era participated, notably including theBritish Empire andFrench Empire, but polities from many continents played important roles. Some historians call it "World War 0" as a result.[26][27]
Historians like Richard F. Hamilton andHolger H. Herwig created a list of eight world wars, including the two generally agreed-upon world wars, the Seven Years' War, and five others: theNine Years' War (1689–1697), theWar of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), theWar of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), theFrench Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), and theNapoleonic Wars (1803–1815).[28] British historian John Robert Seeley dubbed all of those wars between France and Great Britain (later the UK) between 1689 and 1815 (including theAmerican Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783) as theSecond Hundred Years' War, echoing an earlier period of conflict between France and England known as theHundred Years' War (1337–1453).[29] Some writers have referred to the American Revolutionary War alone as a world war.[29] Others (like William R. Thompson or Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky) also include theItalian Wars andDutch wars [Dutch-Spanish andAnglo-Dutch Wars] as part of Global Wars, while clasificating WW1 and WW2 as the GlobalGerman Wars, and theCoalition Wars withWars of Louis XIV as the 2nd and 1st GlobalFrench Wars.[30] However, other historians prefer to see all of those conflicts as "Hegemonic Wars" or "General Wars", been inter-regional wars on the grand scale, but not worldly.[31][32]
Another possible example is theSecond Congo War (1998–2003) even though it was only waged on one continent. It involved nine nations and led to ongoinglow-intensity warfare despite official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has been referred to as "Africa's World War".[44]
^"Grey Friday: TIME Reports on World War II Beginning".TIME. September 11, 1939.Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved20 October 2014.World War II began last week at 5:20 a. m. (Polish time) Friday, September 1, when a German bombing plane dropped a projectile on Puck, a fishing village and airbase in the armpit of the Hel Peninsula.
^"Den anden Verdenskrig udbrød i Gaar Middags Kl. 11",Kristeligt Dagblad, September 4, 1939, Extra edition.
^Sainsbury, Keith (1986).The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
^Andelman, Professor David; Marenches, Comte Alexandre de; Marenches, Count De; Andelman, David (1992).The Fourth World War: Diplomacy and Espionage... Morrow.ISBN0688092187.Book regarding alleged WWIV
^Written by Felix Velazquez Lopez. With the collaboration of several academics from universities in Spain. Produced by Premium Cinema. (2010). «The History of the Greatest Empire Ever Known: Chapter 5, Felipe III (Los Austrias)».
^Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (2019), Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (ed.), "The Luso-Spanish Composite Global Empire, 1598–1640",Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668, Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 323–376,doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0833-8_7,ISBN978-981-13-0833-8
^White, Matthew (2012).The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. pp. 529–530.ISBN978-0-393-08192-3.
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