TheWorld Trade Center site, often referred to as "Ground Zero" or "the Pile" immediately after theSeptember 11 attacks, is a 14.6-acre (5.9 ha) area inLower Manhattan inNew York City.[1][2] The site is bounded byVesey Street to the north, theWest Side Highway to the west,Liberty Street to the south, andChurch Street to the east. ThePort Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) owns the site's land (except for7 World Trade Center). The originalWorld Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks.
The Port Authority,Silverstein Properties, and theLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) have overseen the reconstruction of the site as part of thenew World Trade Center, following a master plan byStudio Daniel Libeskind.[3] DeveloperLarry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the site's buildings.[4]
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The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. On this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich Street and the former Dey Street, Dutch explorerAdriaen Block's ship, theTyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of another ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson Riversloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface.[5]
The area that was cleared for construction of the original World Trade Center complex was previously occupied by various electronics stores in what was calledRadio Row. These streets and stores were demolished in the 1960s to make way for the World Trade Center.[6]
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At the time of their completion the "Twin Towers"—the original1 World Trade Center (the North Tower), at 1,368 ft (417 m), and2 World Trade Center (the South Tower)—were thetallest buildings in the world. The other buildings in the complex included theMarriott World Trade Center (3 WTC),4 WTC,5 WTC,6 WTC, and7 WTC. All of these buildings were built between 1972 and 1987, with a construction cost of $400 million (equivalent to $3,100,000,000 in 2024 dollars).[7] The complex was located in New York City'sFinancial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[8][9]
The World Trade Center experienced afire onFebruary 13, 1975, abombing onFebruary 26, 1993 anda robbery onJanuary 14, 1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, and awarded the lease toSilverstein Properties onJuly 24, 2001.
On the morning of September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists affiliated withAl-QaedahijackedAmerican Airlines Flight 11 andUnited Airlines Flight 175, both of which were en route fromBoston toLos Angeles, and intentionally crashed them into the two main towers of the World Trade Center. The towers collapsed less than two hours later.[10] 2,606 people, including 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area died in the attacks, as well as 147 civilians and the 10 hijackers aboard the two airliners. After the collapse of the World Trade Center, hospital workers and law enforcement officers began referring to the World Trade Center site as "Ground Zero".[11]
Thecollapse of the towers spread dust across New York City and left hundreds of thousands of tons of debris at the site.[12] To organize the cleanup and search for survivors and for human remains, theNew York City Fire Department divided the disaster site into four sectors, each headed by its own chief.[13] Cleanup workers trucked most of the building materials and debris from Ground Zero toFresh Kills Landfill inStaten Island. Some people, such as those affiliated with World Trade Center Families for Proper Burial, were worried that human remains might also have been inadvertently transported to the landfill.[14]
Thousands of immigrant laborers, including many undocumented workers, were employed by contractors and subcontractors to help remove debris, clean surrounding buildings, and sort materials from the site. According to journalistKarla Cornejo Villavicencio, these workers often performed hazardous tasks without adequate protective equipment or health insurance. Many developed serious health problems related to dust and chemical exposure. Despite their contributions to the cleanup effort, undocumented workers have rarely been officially acknowledged or included in public commemorations of the recovery.[15]
According to NIST, when WTC 1 (the North Tower) collapsed, falling debris struck 7 World Trade Center and ignited fires on multiple floors. The uncontrolled fires ultimately led to the progressive collapse of the structure.[16]
Shortly after the attacks, the surrounding buildings were fitted with red mesh to prevent further damage. In November 2001, the remaining portions ofBuilding 4 were leveled.
In December 2001, a temporary viewing platform at Fulton Street, between Church Street and Broadway, was opened to the public.[17] That month, the last standing perimeter columns from the North Tower and the last remaining portions ofBuilding 6 were removed. Early estimates suggested that debris removal would take a year, but cleanup ended in May 2002, under budget and without a single serious injury.[18][19] TheWinter Garden Atrium was reopened to the public on September 17, 2002, the first major structure to be completely restored following the attacks.[20]
Starting March 11, 2002, eighty-eight searchlights were installed and arranged to form two beams of light shooting straight up into the sky. This was called theTribute in Light, and was originally lit every day at dusk until April 14, 2002. After that, the lights were lit on the second anniversary of the attack and have been lit on each subsequent September 11 since then.[21] In February 2005, the New York City Medical Examiner's office ended its process of identifying human remains at the site.[14]
In August 2008, New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company.[22] The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside theShanksville firehouse near the crash site ofUnited Airlines Flight 93.[23]
Portions of the South Tower had also damaged the nearbyDeutsche Bank Building, which soon became filled with toxic dust. By 2002,Deutsche Bank determined that its building was unsalvageable and it was scheduled for demolition.[24] In January 2011, the demolition of the Deutsche Bank Building was completed.[25]
In July 2010, a team ofarchaeologists at the site discovered the remains of a 32-foot (9.8 m)-long boat over 200 years old; it was probably made in the 18th century and dumped there along with wooden beams and trash in about 1810 to make up the land.[26] The boat had been weighted to make it sink as part of foundations for a newpier. Samples of its wood have been taken fordendrochronology.[needs update]
While the PANYNJ is often identified as the owner of the WTC site, the ownership situation was complicated after the September 11 attacks. The Port Authority did own a "significant" internal portion of the site of 16 acres (6.5 ha) but has acknowledged "ambiguities over ownership of miscellaneous strips of property at the World Trade Center site" going back to the 1960s. It was unclear who owned 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of the site comprising land where streets had been before the World Trade Center was built.[27] In subsequent deals, the Port Authority gave some land to Larry Silverstein, including the land under 2 and 3 WTC in 2008.[28]
Soon after the September 11 attacks,MayorRudy Giuliani,GovernorGeorge Pataki, and PresidentGeorge W. Bush vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center site. On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."[29]
In a later address beforeCongress, the president declared, "As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild New York City."[30] The immediate response from World Trade Center leaseholderLarry Silverstein was that "it would be the tragedy of tragedies not to rebuild this part of New York. It would give the terrorists the victory they seek."[31] However, by 2011, only one building,7 World Trade Center, had been rebuilt. The buildings that have been rebuilt as of June 2018 include 7 World Trade Center,One World Trade Center,4 World Trade Center, and3 World Trade Center. The original twin towers took less than three years from start of construction to be finished and five years from the beginning planning stages. However, given the complexity and highly political nature of the rebuilding efforts, they are often cited as an example of a successful public-private collaboration and are taught as a case study in successful negotiations.[32]
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Governor Pataki established theLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001, as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.[33] The LMDC coordinatesfederal assistance in the rebuilding process, and works with the PANYNJ, Larry Silverstein, andStudio Daniel Libeskind, the master plan architect for the site's redesign. The corporation also handles communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks.[34] A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governs the LMDC.[35]
The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leased the World Trade Center's office space in July 2001. But the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan.[36]
In the months following the attacks,architects andurban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[37] In January 2002, New York Cityart dealerMax Protetch solicited 50 concepts andrenderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in hisChelseaart gallery.[38]
In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selectedBeyer Blinder Belle as planner for the redesign of the World Trade Center site.[39]
On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site.[40] All six designs were voted "poor" by the roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, so the LDMC announced a new, international, open-design study.[41]
In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site.[42] The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions – a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations – announced seven semifinalists. The following seven architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center:
Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist.[43]
The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at theWinter Garden of theWorld Financial Center. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the competition.[44]
Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC ChairJohn Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for the site.[45]
On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month. Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINK design. Earlier the same day, however,Roland Betts, a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision.[45] On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign.
Libeskind's original proposal, which is titledMemory Foundations, underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.[46] Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects. While not all of Liebeskind's ideas were incorporated into the final design, his design and the public support it garnered did solidify the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes. As a result, Liebeskind's lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding.[47] The first step in this process, completed in 2003, was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial.[48] The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus.[49]
An episode ofCBS's60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower,One World Trade Center (previously known as the Freedom Tower)'s having undergone three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved. InvestorLarry Silverstein said the Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, and billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, even though Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground". During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said: "I am the most frustrated person in the world...I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime".[50] However, it was noted that in early 2011, all five office towers of the World Trade Center had begun construction.
The social center of the old World Trade Center included a spectacular restaurant on the 107th Floor, calledWindows on the World, and its Greatest Bar in the World; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[51][52] This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personalityKevin Zraly.[53] Despite numerous assurances that these local landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,[54] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC attractions, which has outraged some observers.[55]
As of September 2023[update], the current structures on the site include:
| Name | Image | Date construction started | Date of completion | Height | Current status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One World Trade Center | .jpg) | April 27, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-04-27) | November 3, 2014; 11 years ago (2014-11-03) | 1,776 feet (541 m) | Completed |
| 2 World Trade Center |  | November 10, 2008; 17 years ago (2008-11-10) | Unknown | 1,348 feet (411 m) | Base completed; Tower on hold |
| 3 World Trade Center | .jpg) | November 10, 2010; 15 years ago (2010-11-10) | June 11, 2018; 7 years ago (2018-06-11) | 1,079 feet (329 m) | Completed |
| 4 World Trade Center | .jpg) | January 22, 2008; 17 years ago (2008-01-22) | November 13, 2013; 12 years ago (2013-11-13) | 978 feet (298 m) | Completed |
| 5 World Trade Center | Unknown | 902 feet (275 m) | Approved | ||
| 7 World Trade Center | .jpg) | May 7, 2002; 23 years ago (2002-05-07) | May 23, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-05-23) | 745 feet (227 m) | Completed |
| National September 11 Memorial | .jpg) | March 13, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-03-13) | September 11, 2011; 14 years ago (2011-09-11) | Completed | |
| National September 11 Museum |  | March 13, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-03-13) | May 21, 2014; 11 years ago (2014-05-21) | Completed | |
| World Trade Center Transportation Hub |  | April 26, 2010; 15 years ago (2010-04-26) | March 3, 2016; 9 years ago (2016-03-03) | Completed | |
| Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center |  | August 31, 2017; 8 years ago (2017-08-31) | September 13, 2023; 2 years ago (2023-09-13) | Completed | |
| Vehicular Security Center |  | November 10, 2011; 14 years ago (2011-11-10) | 2017; 8 years ago (2017) | Completed | |
| Liberty Park |  | November 20, 2013; 12 years ago (2013-11-20) | June 29, 2016; 9 years ago (2016-06-29) | Completed | |
| St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church |  | October 18, 2014; 11 years ago (2014-10-18) | December 6, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-12-06) | Completed | |
| Fiterman Hall | _26_-_BMCC_Fiterman_Hall.jpg) | March 2008; 17 years ago (2008-03) | August 27, 2012; 13 years ago (2012-08-27) | Completed |
One World Trade Center (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind's design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original World Trade Center's North Tower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which theUnited States Declaration of Independence was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architectDavid Childs.[56] Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.[57] The design was finalized in 2004, but was revised extensively after theNYPD raised security concerns, which delayed the start of the construction by two years.[58] In 2006, the Port Authority took over from Silverstein Properties. The project's developerTishman Construction Corporation was the construction manager at the time.[59] Construction began in April 2006. Digging the foundation and installing tower-foundation steel columns, concrete, and rebar took twice as long as it normally would due to the existence of thesubway line under West Broadway nearby.[60] The building reached grade level by 2010, progressed at a pace of one floor a week, topped out in August 2012, and was structurally completed in May 2013.[61] The building opened on November 3, 2014, and the first 170 employees of anchor tenant Conde Nast began their work there.[62][63]
Danish architectBjarke Ingels designedTwo World Trade Center, also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The building's gardens integrateTribeca with the Financial District at the World Trade Center.[64][65] As part of a 2010 lease deal to finance 4 WTC, there were plans to build 2 and 3 World Trade Center to ground level.[66][67] Construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013.[64][65] The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built until tenants for Tower 2 can be found.[68][69]
Richard Rogers Partnership designedThree World Trade Center, or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.[70][71] Groundbreaking occurred in fall 2008, and in May 2009, the Port Authority proposed reducing the tower to four stories.[72] In 2012, with Silverstein still unable to find tenants, construction on the above-ground levels was delayed indefinitely, with plans for only 7 stories.[73] However, work progressed on below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium, which was completed by October 2013.[70][71] Anchor tenant Group M was finally signed in late 2013,[74] but finance negotiations between Silverstein Properties and the Port Authority dragged, until an agreement was reached in June 2014. Construction resumed in August 2014,[75] and the building opened on June 11, 2018.[76]
Maki and Associates designedFour World Trade Center, also known as 150 Greenwich Street.[77][78] Construction started in 2008, and the steel skeleton was mostly complete by 2012.[79] The building opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.[80] The first tenants to move in were two government agencies,[81] and as of July 2015[update], the building is 62% leased.[82]
Five World Trade Center was designed byKohn Pedersen Fox and will stand where theDeutsche Bank Building once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced thatJP Morgan Chase will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;[83][84] however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition ofBear Stearns had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.[85] Construction began on September 9, 2011.[86] Although the foundation was completed, construction on the main structure never commenced.[86]
7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower.[87] Construction of the new7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and the building opened on May 23, 2006, achievingLEED gold status and being the first tower in the complex to reopen.[88] The building is52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.[89][90]
A memorial calledReflecting Absence honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the1993 World Trade Center bombing.[91] The memorial, designed by Peter Walker andIsraeli-American architectMichael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. Theslurry wall, which holds back theHudson River in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.[92] Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in theWorld Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in January 2004.[93]
On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced thatGehry Partners LLP andSnøhetta, an architectural firm from Norway, would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in the same area as the memorial.[94][95] The Snøhetta-designed museum[96] will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, theInternational Freedom Center.[97] The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run501(c) nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum.[98]
Construction of the memorial was completed by early 2011.[99][100] The memorial opened on September 11, 2011, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the attacks.[101][102] The museum was initially scheduled to open on September 11, 2012, one year after the opening of the memorial.[103][104] However, construction was halted in December 2011 due to financial disputes between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Foundation, deciding on who should be responsible for infrastructure costs. Those disputes were resolved and construction resumed on September 10, 2012.[105][106] Further delays were caused whenHurricane Sandy significantly damaged the site in November 2012.[107] The museum was completed and opened to families of the victims on May 15, 2014 and opened to the general public on May 21, 2014.[108]
In early December 2013, Australian retail corporationWestfield announced that it will invest US$800 million for complete control ofthe retail space at the rebuilt center. Westfield purchased thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey's 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World Trade Center site, increasing its total investment to more than US$1.4 billion.[109]
Westfield World Trade Center opened with its first group of stores on August 16, 2016.[110][111] It has roughly 365,000 square feet (33,900 m2) of retail space, which once again makes it the largest shopping mall in Manhattan. Although the new mall is only spread over roughly one-half of the original mall's footprint (due to the new space required for the below-grade National September 11 Memorial & Museum), the mall is double-level, whereas the original mall was a single level. Three additional levels will exist above grade on the lower floors of2 and 3 World Trade Center, while 4 World Trade Center currently houses four above-grade levels. The World Trade Center station's headhouse, the Oculus, also houses a large amount of retail space.[112]
Santiago Calatrava designed theWorld Trade Center Transportation Hub (its main asset being thePATH station) to replace the oldWorld Trade Center station.[113] The Transport Hub connects the PATH station to theWTC Cortlandt station (1 train), theBattery Park City Ferry Terminal, theBrookfield Place, andOne World Trade Center on the west; and the2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, E, J, N, R, W, and Z trains through theFulton Center on the east. The new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, is air-cooled via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from theHudson River.[114] The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion, a statistic that has seen much controversy given its greatly inflated cost.[115][116][117]
A temporary PATH station opened in 2003 and construction on the permanent station was supposed to begin in fall 2004; however, the NYPD raised security concerns on the entire site. Among the revisions effecting the Transportation Hub was doubling the number of support columns.[58] In the original plan, the construction of the 9/11 Memorial and Museum was only supposed to have begun after the Transportation Hub had been completed because the roof of the Transportation Hub provided the foundation on which the Memorial rested upon and the walls of the Museum.[118] Due to the two-year delay and pressure by the victims' families to have the Memorial completed by the 10th anniversary, it was decided to concentrate on building the Memorial and holding off construction of the Transportation Hub,[119][120] which increased costs.[121][120] Construction finally began on the Transportation Hub in 2010.[122] The hub formally opened on March 3, 2016, several years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget.[123][124]
The Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center (also known as 6 World Trade Center) was announced originally as The World Trade Center's Performing Arts Center in 2004, with the building to be designed byGehry Partners LLP andSnøhetta.[125] Construction was to begin in December 2014 when the removal of the temporary PATH station commenced.[126] However, the original plans were shelved in September 2014.[127] After a design was chosen in 2015, it was announced thatJoshua Prince-Ramus was awarded the contract to design the building.[128] In June 2016, the center was renamed after billionaire businessmanRonald Perelman, who donated $75 million to the center,[129] and on September 8, 2016, a design was revealed for the new center.[130] The underground parking garage started construction in 2017, followed by the building in 2018.[131] The center opened on September 13, 2023.[132][133]
The Performing Arts Center includes 129,000 square feet (12,000 m2) across three floors.[134][135] The public floor is located at street level and houses a restaurant/bar to provide refreshments during show intermissions. The second floor consists of rehearsal and dressing rooms for theater actors, and the third floor has three theaters[136] with between 99 and 450 seats.[133] All three theaters are designed so that the walls will be able to rotate and expand to provide extra space for a single theater if needed. The theaters can fit approximately 1,200 people combined.[136]
Liberty Park, a new elevated park, was built on top of a parking complex named theVehicular Security Center at the southwest corner of the site. Construction began in 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center was completed.[137] About $50 million was allocated to the park's construction by thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey in December 2013.[138] The park opened on June 29, 2016.[139][140] On August 16, 2017, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculptureThe Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center.[141]
TheSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was originally supposed to be relocated,[142] but the most recent plans call for the church to be built in Liberty Park.[143] On July 23, 2008, thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey reached a deal with the leaders of the church for the Port Authority to acquire the 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) lot that the church occupied for $20 million, and relocate the church.[142][144] Officials reneged in 2009,[144][145] leading the Greek Orthodox Diocese of America to sue the Port Authority for failing to rebuild the church.[146] On October 14, 2011, an agreement for the reconstruction of the church was signed that ended all legal action.[147] The ground blessing ceremony and symbolic laying of thecornerstone took place in October 2014, with construction expected to be completed within two years.[148] However, in December 2017, construction was halted due to unpaid expenses.[149] Work restarted in August 2020.[150] The church fully opened for regular services on December 6, 2022, theFeast of Saint Nicholas.[151]
The 1-acre (0.4 ha) park, measuring 300 feet (91 m) long and located at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m), has a capacity of 750 people. Agreen wall is located on the Liberty Street facade. A walkway from the pedestrian bridge curves along the park; egresses include three stairways, the pedestrian bridge, and a straight ramp down toGreenwich Street. Of these exits, a wide staircase is located parallel to Greenwich Street and directly behind the church. There are wood benches and a smallamphitheater-like elevated space at theWest Street end of the park. Finally, there is an observation balcony along much of Liberty Street and another slightly curved balcony at the church's foot.[152]
The originalFiterman Hall opened as an office building in 1959 and occupied a block bounded by Greenwich Street, Barclay Street, West Broadway, and Park Place.[153] It was donated to BMCC in 1993 by Miles and Shirley Fiterman, for whom the building was subsequently named.[154][155] In 2000, the State of New York Dormitory Authority, which owned the building, began a massive renovation to better adapt the building for classroom use.[156] During theSeptember 11 attacks in 2001, Fiterman Hall's structure was severely damaged by debris from the collapse of7 World Trade Center. The renovation was never completed, and the building was condemned and demolished in 2008.[156] After a series of delays, a new building designed by the architectural firmPei Cobb Freed & Partners[157]broke ground in December 2009[158] and was completed in 2012.[156][159]
The World Trade Center site used theZIP code 10048 before the September 11 attacks, and there were eightletter carriers assigned to the buildings to deliver mail to the buildings' tenants.[160] All of the Postal Service employees survived the attacks.[161] In the months following the attacks, over 80,000 pieces of mail continued to arrive each day addressed to the World Trade Center, including some items loosely addressed to such recipients as "The Search Dogs" or "The Rescuers".[162] By 2003, 3,600 items of mail per day were still being sent to 10048.[163] These items were processed at theJames A. Farley General Post Office, the main facility for New York City, located across fromPenn Station inMidtown Manhattan.[164] Mail there was held for pick-up bymessenger, forwarded to the intended recipient, returned to its sender, or destroyed.[165]
Following the attacks, theUnited States Postal Service provided free mail-forwarding service to the WTC's former occupants for three years, rather than the usual one-year period.[165] By the end of 2006, the number of items sent to 10048 had decreased to around 300 items daily,[165] mostly sent from businesses and organizations that had not yet updated theirbulk mailing lists.[166]
The90 Church Street Station Post Office building is located adjacent to the new World Trade Center and the PATH station, and serves the ZIP code of 10007, which is assigned to the surrounding Tribeca neighborhood. The new World Trade Center does not use the ZIP code 10048; rather, it has been integrated within the existing 10007 ZIP code.[167] The 10048 ZIP code was used again after the attacks for a pictorialcancellation commemorating the anniversary of the attacks.[168]
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