.jpg) | |
| Tournament information | |
|---|---|
| Sport | Baseball |
| Month played | Late October–early November |
| Established | 1903 |
| Administrator | Major League Baseball |
| Format | Best-of-seven series |
| Teams | 2 |
| Defending champions | Los Angeles Dodgers (9th title) |
| Most championships | New York Yankees (27 titles) |
| Broadcast |
|
| Most recent tournament | |
| 2025 World Series | |
| Part of a series on the |
| Major League Baseball postseason |
|---|
| Wild Card Series |
| Division Series |
| League Championship Series |
| World Series |
| Teams |
TheWorld Series is the annual championship series ofMajor League Baseball (MLB). It has been contested since1903 between the champion teams of theAmerican League (AL) and theNational League (NL). The winning team, determined through abest-of-seven playoff (except in 1903 and from 1919–1921, when a best-of-nine format was used), is awarded theCommissioner's Trophy.[1]
The series is traditionally played in October, although before expansion of the regular-season schedule from 154 to 162 games the event occasionally started in late September (most recently in1955) and the entire1918 series took place early in that month due to theWorld War I"Work or Fight" order forcing an early end to that year's regular season,[2] while some more recent editions have been contested into November due to in-season delays and expansion of earlierpostseason rounds. Because the series is played in thefall or autumn season in North America, it is often referred to as theFall Classic.[3][4]
Before the AL and NL were split into divisions in 1969, the team with the best regular-season win–loss record in each league won that league'spennant and advanced to the World Series, barring a tie necessitating apennant playoff. Since 1969 each league has conducted aLeague Championship Series (ALCS andNLCS) preceding the World Series to determine which of its teams will advance, while those series have been preceded in turn byDivision Series (ALDS andNLDS) since 1995, andWild Card games or series in each league since 2012. Until 2002,home-field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the AL and NL. From 2003 to 2016, home-field advantage was given to the league that won that year'sAll-Star Game. Starting in 2017, home-field advantage was awarded to the league champion team with the better regular-season win–loss record regardless of that team's seeding in earlier postseason rounds (i.e. a Wild Card team in one league will be given home-field advantage over a division winner in the other league if it had the better record or wins the tie-breaking procedure).
The World Series has been contested 121 times through2025, with the AL team winning 68 times and the NL team 53.
Before 1882, when theAmerican Association was formed as a second major league, theNational Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875) and then theNational League (founded 1876) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States. All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season, without a postseason series being played. From 1884 to 1890, the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion. These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series, with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand. The number of games played ranged from as few as three in1884 (Providence defeated New York three games to zero), to a high of fifteen in1887 (Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five). Both the1885 and1890 Series ended in ties, each team having won three games with one tie game.[5]
The series was promoted and referred to as "The Championship of the United States",[6][7] "World's Championship Series", or "World's Series" for short.In his bookKrakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883,Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for theNew York World newspaper,[8] but this view is disputed.[9]
The 19th-century competitions are not officially recognized as part of World Series history byMajor League Baseball, which considers 19th-century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era.[10] As late as approximately 1960, some sources treated the 19th-century series on an equal basis with the post-19th-century series.[11] After about 1930, however, many authorities date the modern World Series to 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately.[12](For example, the 1929World Almanac and Book of Facts lists "Baseball World's Championships 1884–1928" in a single table,[13] while the 1943 edition lists "Baseball World's Championships 1903–1942".[14])
Following the collapse of theAmerican Association after the 1891 season, the National League was again the only major league. The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff betweensplit season champions. This scheme was abandoned after one season.[15] Beginning in 1893—and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969—the pennant was awarded to the first-place club in the standings at the end of the season. For four seasons, 1894–1897, the league champions played the runners-up in the postseason championship series called theTemple Cup.[16][17] A second attempt at this format was theChronicle-Telegraph Cup series, which was played only once, in 1900.[18]
In 1901, theAmerican League was formed as a second major league.[19] No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy (in 1902, the top teams instead opted tocompete in afootball championship).
After two years of bitter competition and player raiding, the National and American Leagues made peace and, as part of the accord, several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games following the 1903 season. These series were arranged by the participating clubs, as the 1880s World's Series matches had been. One of them, abest-of-nine affair matching that year's pennant winners – thePittsburgh Pirates of the NL andBoston Americans (later known as theRed Sox) of the AL – has come to be regarded as the1903 World Series. It had been arranged well in advance by the two club owners, as both teams were league leaders by large margins.[20]
Boston upset Pittsburgh by five games to three, winning with pitching depth behindCy Young andBill Dinneen and with the support of the band ofRoyal Rooters.[21]
The1904 Series, if it had been held, would have been between the AL'sBoston Americans (Boston Red Sox) and the NL'sNew York Giants (now theSan Francisco Giants). At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played.[22] Thus the Giants' ownerJohn T. Brush refused to allow his team to participate in such an event, citing the "inferiority" of the upstart American League.John McGraw, the Giants' manager, even went so far as to say that his Giants were already "world champions" since they were the champions of the "only real major league".[23]
At the time of the announcement, their new cross-town rivals, theNew York Highlanders (now theNew York Yankees), were leading the AL, and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management. Boston won on the last day of the season, and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World's Championship Series in 1904, but it was not binding, and Brush stuck to his original decision. In addition to political reasons, Brush also cited a number of legitimate grievances, including the lack of rules under which revenue would be split, where games would be played, and how they would be operated and staffed.[23]
During the winter of 1904–1905, however, feeling the sting of press criticism, Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the "Brush Rules", under which the series were played subsequently. One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only. This was to discourage teams fromfixing early games in order to prolong the series and make more money. Receipts for later games was split among the two clubs and the National Commission, the governing body for the sport, which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue. Most importantly, the now-official and compulsory World Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself, not by the participating clubs.
With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control, McGraw'sGiants made it to the1905 Series and beat thePhiladelphia Athletics four games to one. Since then the Series has been held every year except 1994, when it was canceled by aplayers' strike. The name of the event, initially known as the World's Championship Series, was gradually shortened in common usage to "World's Series" and, by the 1930s, to "World Series".
The list of postseason rules evolved over time. From1919 to1921, the best-of-nine format first used in 1903 was employed. In1925, Brooklyn ownerCharles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2–3–2 home game pattern first used in1924. Previously, the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs. The 2–3–2 pattern has been used ever since except for the1943 and1945 World Series, which used a 3–4 pattern to comply with World War II travel restrictions; in1944, the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home ballpark.
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Gambling and game-fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning; star pitcherJim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 when the National League was just two years old. Baseball's gambling problems came to a head in 1919, when eight players of theChicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the1919 World Series.
TheSox had won the Series in1917 and were heavy favorites to beat theCincinnati Reds in 1919, but first basemanChick Gandil had other plans. Gandil, in collaboration with gambler Joseph "Sport" Sullivan, approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series: starting pitchersEddie Cicotte andLefty Williams, shortstopSwede Risberg, left fielderShoeless Joe Jackson, center fielderHappy Felsch, and utility infielderFred McMullin. Third basemanBuck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate, hitting .324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field.
The Sox, who were promised $100,000 for cooperating, proceeded to lose thebest-of-nine series in eight games, pitching poorly, hitting poorly and making many errors. Though he took the money, Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series (he was the best hitter in the series, including having hit the series' only home run, but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost).
During the Series, writer and humoristRing Lardner had facetiously called the event the "World's Serious". The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport. After rumors circulated for nearly a year, the players were suspended in September 1920. The "Black Sox" were eventually acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial.
Meanwhile, to deal with the fallout from the scandal baseball owners had agreed to reform the discredited National Commission. However, when they offered esteemed federal judgeKenesaw Mountain Landis a role on the reformed Commission, he quickly made clear he would only accept an appointment as thesoleCommissioner of Baseball with virtually unchecked authority over the game. The owners agreed. Immediately after and notwithstanding the acquittals, Landis banned all of the players involved (including Weaver) for life. The White Sox would not win a World Series again until2005.
The events of the 1919 Series, segueing into the"live ball" era, marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams. The two most prolific World Series winners to date, theNew York Yankees and theSt. Louis Cardinals, did not win their first championship until the 1920s; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 (theBoston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, andChicago Cubs) failed to win another World Series for the rest of the 20th century. The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Cubs won the World Series in 2016, over a century after its 1908 championship. They did not appear in the World Series from 1945 until 2016, the longest drought of any MLB club.
The New York Yankees purchasedBabe Ruth's contract from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season, appeared in their firstWorld Series two years later in1921, and became frequent participants thereafter. The 1921 World Series was the first to be broadcast on radio.[24] Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964, the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships, winning 20. The team's dynasty reached its apex between 1949 and 1964 when the Yankees reached the World Series 14 times in 16 years, helped by anagreement with theKansas City Athletics, after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954–1955 offseason, whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees, until ended by new Athletics' owner Charles O. Finley.
During that span, the Yankees played in all World Series except1954 and1959, winning nine of them. From 1949 to 1953, the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row; from 1936 to 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row. There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series: 1972 to 1974 by theOakland Athletics, and 1998 to 2000 by the Yankees.
In an 18-year span from 1947 to 1964, except for 1948 and 1959, the World Series was played in New York City, featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time. The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season, leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962. In 1947, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, and 1956, both teams in the World Series were from New York, with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants.
In 1958, theBrooklyn Dodgers andNew York Giants took their long-time rivalry to the west coast,moving toLos Angeles andSan Francisco, respectively, bringing Major League Baseball west ofSt. Louis andKansas City.
The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast, defeating theChicago White Sox in1959. The1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise, losing to the Yankees. The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s: a 1963 win over theYankees, a 1965 win over theMinnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to theBaltimore Orioles.
Prior to 1969, the National League and the American League each crowned its champion (the "pennant winner") based on the best win–loss record at the end of the regular season.
A structured playoff series began in 1969 when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, East and West. The two division winners within each league played each other in a best-of-fiveLeague Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series. In 1985, the format changed to best-of-seven.
TheNational League Championship Series (NLCS) andAmerican League Championship Series (ALCS), since the expansion to best-of-seven, are always played in a 2–3–2 format: Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home-field advantage, and Games 3, 4, and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not.
Night games were played in the major leagues beginning with theCincinnati Reds in 1935, but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter. In the fifth and final game of the1949 World Series, a Series game was finished under the lights for the first time due to encroaching darkness in the ninth inning. The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the1971 World Series atThree Rivers Stadium.[25]
Afterward, World Series games were frequently scheduled at night, when television audiences were larger. Game 6 of the1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime,[26] indoors at theMetrodome in Minnesota. The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the1984 series in Detroit'sTiger Stadium. The start time of this game (Game 5) was 4:45 PM, making it the last outdoor World Series game to be started during daylight hours, but the game concluded after sunset and the final innings were technically played at night. The last World Series game to be played outdoors entirely during daylight hours was the previous day's game, Game 4, which started at 1:45 PM.
During this seven-year period, only three teams won the World Series: theOakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974,Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976, andNew York Yankees in 1977 and 1978. This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession. This period was book-ended by World Championships for thePittsburgh Pirates, in 1971 and 1979, who defeated theBaltimore Orioles both times.
The less successful side during this era also featured repeats. The Orioles themselves made multiple World Series appearances, including three consecutive: 1969, losing to the "amazing" seven-year-old franchiseNew York Mets, 1970, beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade, and their 1971 and 1979 defeats by Pittsburgh. TheLos Angeles Dodgers lost to Oakland in 1974, and made back-to-back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978, both losses to the Yankees.
Game 6 of the1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played. It found theBoston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning inFenway Park, defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game. The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes, nail-biting turns of events, and a game-winningwalk-off home run byCarlton Fisk, resulting in a 7–6 Red Sox victory.
The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973, when the American League adopted thedesignated hitter (DH) rule, allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the (usually) weak-hitting pitcher. The National League did not adopt the DH rule. This presented a problem for the World Series, whose two contestants would now be playing their regular-season games under different rules. From 1973 to 1975, the World Series did not include a DH.
Starting in 1976, the DH rule was used in the World Series held in even-numbered years. TheCincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games, using the same nine-man lineup in each contest.Dan Driessen was the Reds' DH during the series, thereby becoming the National League's first designated hitter. From 1986 to 2019, and in 2021, the DH was used only in World Series games played at American League parks, and pitchers were required to bat in games played at National League parks. In 2020, and starting in 2022, the DH rule was used in all World Series games, regardless of home team.
The1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history (after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers) to lead a season wire-to-wire, from opening day through their World Series victory.[27] In the process, Tigers skipperSparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues, having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with theCincinnati Reds.
The1985 Kansas City Royals won the series four games to three over the St. Louis Cardinals. The key turning point of the series was a Kansas City win in Game Six aided by a controversial call byDon Denkinger at first base. Kansas City later won Game Seven 11–0 to take the series.
The series is best remembered for its Game 6, which saw the Mets rally from a two-run deficit in the bottom of the 10th inning, despite having two outs and no one on base. The Red Sox, who held a 3–2 series lead, were twice one strike away from securing the championship, but failed to close out the inning as the Mets tie on a Bob Stanley wild pitch & win off an error by Boston first baseman Bill Buckner. Due to the Mets claiming the series in Game 7, the Game 6 collapse entered baseball lore as part of the Curse of the Bambino superstition used to explain the Red Sox's championship drought after the 1918 World Series.
The 1987 Minnesota Twins became the first team in the history of the World Series to win the championship by winning all 4 games they hosted when they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals. They repeated this 4 years later in 1991 when they defeated the Atlanta Braves.
The1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers'Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 1. The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104-win Oakland Athletics, who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS. Baseball's top relief pitcher,Dennis Eckersley, closed out all four games in the ALCS, and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4–3 in the ninth.
After getting the first two outs, Eckersley walkedMike Davis of the Dodgers, who were playing without Gibson, their best position player and the NL MVP. Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series. Yet, despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp, Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium (and all watching on TV) by pinch-hitting. After two quick strikes and then working the count full, Gibson hit a home run to right, inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game,Vin Scully (on TV) andJack Buck (on radio).
On NBC, after Gibson limped around the bases, Scully famously exclaimed, "The impossible has happened!" and on radio, Buck equally famously exclaimed, "I don't believe what I just saw!" Gibson's home run set the tone for the series, as the Dodgers went on to beat the A's 4 games to 1. The severity of Gibson's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games.[28]
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When the1989 World Series began, it was notable chiefly for being the first-ever World Series matchup between the twoSan Francisco Bay Area teams, theSan Francisco Giants andOakland Athletics. Oakland won the first two games at home, and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday, October 17.ABC's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time, approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled. At 5:04, while broadcastersAl Michaels andTim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up, theLoma Prieta earthquake occurred (having a surface-wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz, California).
The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people. Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say "I'll tell you what, we're having an earth--" before the feed fromCandlestick Park was lost.[29] Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake. Television coverage later resumed, using backup generators, with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster. Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake, CommissionerFay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed. Fans, workers, and the teams evacuated a blacked-out (although still sunlit) Candlestick. Game 3 was finally played on October 27, and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four-game sweep.
The1991 World Series saw the Minnesota Twins defeating the Atlanta Braves four games to three to win the championship. ESPN selected it as the "Greatest of All Time" in their "World Series 100th Anniversary" countdown, with five of its games being decided by a single run, four games decided in the final at-bat and three games going into extra innings. The series was also notable for both participants having finished last in their divisions the year prior; no last place team before had ever finished first, let alone reached the World Series, the following year.
The series-deciding seventh game was a scoreless tie (0–0) through the regular nine innings, and went into extra innings; Minnesota won by a score of 1–0 in the 10th inning, after their starting pitcher,Jack Morris, pitched a complete 10 inning shutout 7th game. (Morris was named Most Valuable Player for the Series.)[30]
World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in1992, with theToronto Blue Jays defeating theAtlanta Braves in six games. The World Series returned to Canada in1993, with theBlue Jays victorious again, this time against thePhiladelphia Phillies in six games. No other Series featured a team from outside of the United States until 2025 when the Blue Jays qualified for their third World Series. Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles.
The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by awalk-off home run and the first concluded by a come-from-behind homer, afterJoe Carter's three-run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8–6 Toronto win in Game 6. Blue Jays radio announcerTom Cheek's exclamation of "Touch 'em all, Joe! You'll never hit a bigger home run in your life!" as Carter rounded the bases remains one of the most famous calls in baseball history. The first Series to end with a homer was the1960 World Series, whenBill Mazeroski hit a ninth-inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for thePittsburgh Pirates over theNew York Yankees.
In 1994, each league was restructured into three divisions, with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best-of-five playoff round (the "division series"), theNational League Division Series (NLDS) andAmerican League Division Series (ALDS). The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team unless they are in the same division, in which case, the team with the second-best record plays against the wild card winner.
The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other. The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best-of-seven NLCS and ALCS. Due to a players' strike, however, the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995. Beginning in 1998, home-field advantage was given to the team with the better regular-season record, with the exception that the Wild Card team cannot get home-field advantage.
After the boycott of1904, the World Series was played every year until 1994 despiteWorld War I, theglobal influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, theGreat Depression of the 1930s, America's involvement inWorld War II, and even anearthquake in the host cities of the1989 World Series. A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season, including the playoffs.
As the labor talks began, baseball franchise owners demanded asalary cap in order to limit payrolls (while tying revenue-sharing to it), the elimination ofsalary arbitration, and other various demands, which would have included using replacement players to cross picket lines.[31] TheMajor League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) refused to agree to limit payrolls, noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts while working with a de factocommissioner inBud Selig (who was the chairman of the Executive Council for the league), who had replacedFay Vincent when he was forced out in 1992 (Selig did not become a full-time commissioner until 1998).
The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31, 1993, and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement. Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed, but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one. On August 12, 1994, the players went on strike. After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks, Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14. TheWorld Series was not played for the first time in 90 years. TheMontreal Expos, now theWashington Nationals, were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage, with a record of 74–40.
The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995, with owners beginningspring training with replacement players. However, the MLBPA returned to work on April 2, 1995, after a federal judge,Sonia Sotomayor, ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices.[32] The season started on April 25 and the1995 World Series was played as scheduled, with theAtlanta Braves beating theCleveland Indians four games to two.
In1996, theYankees beat the defending World Series championAtlanta Braves, four games to two, for the club's 23rd World Series title and its first since 1978, winning four straight games after losing the first two at home, joining the 1985 Royals and 1986 Mets as World Series teams to accomplish this feat. The only year the Yankees did not win a World Series from 1996 through 2000 was in1997 when the expansionFlorida Marlins, playing in just their fifth season, defeated theCleveland Indians in Game 7 on aCraig Counsell walk-off hit.
The Yankees returned to the World Series in1998 and1999, sweeping both series against thePadres andBraves, respectively.
The2000 New York Yankees faced the Mets in the first World Series played entirely in New York since 1956. The Yankees defeated the Mets four games to one to win their 26th World Series Championship. Shortstop Derek Jeter won the World Series' Most Valuable Player award after winning the Most Valuable Player award in the All-Star Game in the same year.
The2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November, due to the week-long delay in the regular season after theSeptember 11 attacks. Game 4 had begun on October 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of November 1, the first time the Series had been played in November. Yankee shortstopDerek Jeter won the game with a 10th inningwalk-off home run and was dubbed "Mr. November" by elements of the media[33][34] echoing the media's designation ofReggie Jackson as "Mr. October" for his slugging achievements during the1977 World Series. In Game 7, the Yankees led in the ninth inning before the Diamondbacks staged a comeback against closerMariano Rivera, capped off by awalk-off, bases-loadedbloop single byLuis Gonzalez to clinch Arizona's championship victory. This was the third World Series to end in a bases-loaded, walk-off hit, following1991 and1997, and to this date, the last Series to end on a walk-off of any kind. It has since been considered one of the greatest World Series of all time.[35][36]
TheBoston Red Sox broke their 86-year drought, known as theCurse of the Bambino, defeating the Yankees in the2004 ALCS after losing the first three games, and then sweeping theSt. Louis Cardinals in the2004 World Series. TheChicago White Sox broke their 88-year drought, known as theCurse of the Black Sox, with their sweep of theHouston Astros in the2005 World Series. The White Sox dominated the2005 Major League Baseball postseason going 11-1, tied with the 1999 New York Yankees playoff run. In the ALCS, the White Sox starting rotation threw 4 straight complete games against theLos Angeles Angels, which is the only time this has been accomplished in ALCS history. With the2006 World Series victory by the Cardinals, Tony La Russa became the second manager to win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues. Other notable World Series victories of the decade include theAnaheim Angels in2002, their first ever, and thePhiladelphia Phillies in2008.
Prior to 2003,home-field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL. After the2002 Major League Baseball All-Star Game ended in a tie, MLB decided to award home-field advantage in the World Series to the winner of theAll-Star Game. Originally implemented as a two-year trial from 2003 to 2004, the practice was extended.
The American League had won every All-Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home-field advantage from 2002, when it also had home-field advantage based on the alternating schedule, through 2009. From 2003 to 2010, the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times, but none of them had gone the full seven games. Since then, the2011,2014,2016,2017,2019, and2025 World Series have gone the full seven games.
This rule was subject to debate, with various writers feeling that home-field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants, not on an exhibition game played several months earlier.[37][38] Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the2014 All-Star Game, whenSt. Louis Cardinals pitcherAdam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gaveDerek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in theNew York Yankees' shortstop's final All-Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season.[39][40]
AsBob Ryan ofThe Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule:
So now we have a game that's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 in the World Series. It's not a game if pitchers throw one inning. It's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game. It's not a game if every franchise, no matter how wretched, has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count, tell the managers to channel their innerConnie Mack and go for it.[41]
However, in ten of the past twelve seasons, home-field advantage has not decided World Series games: Between 2014 and 2021, and again since 2023, the home team did not win the deciding game of a World Series on their own home field, although the2020 edition, played on a neutral site due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, was won by the designated home team (in this case the team that batted second), theLos Angeles Dodgers, so technically speaking it was the first Series won by the home team since 2013. The2022 edition was won in 6 games by the eventual designated home team, theHouston Astros, making them the first such team since 2013 to actually win the deciding game of a World Series on their own home field, in this caseMinute Maid Park. The following year, theTexas Rangers won the2023 Series on the road, atChase Field, home of the opponents, theArizona Diamondbacks, who would have home-field advantage for the deciding game of the 2023 Series. The following year theLos Angeles Dodgers won the2024 Series on the road inYankee Stadium, home of opponents theNew York Yankees, who had home-field advantage for the deciding game of their 2024 series. And in 2025, theDodgers repeated asWorld Series champions with a come-from-behind 11-inning Game 7 victory over theToronto Blue Jays on the road atRogers Centre.
TheSan Francisco Giants won the World Series in2010,2012, and2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons.
TheTexas Rangers, who lost in the 2010 World Series, were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in2011, but theSt. Louis Cardinals'David Freese, the eventual Series MVP, drove in both the tying and winning runs late in Game 6 to force a Game 7. The Cardinals last the final game, 6-2, clinching their 11th World Series championship.
In 2012, the Wild Card game was added. This game, one from each league, was played between the best two teams in the league, aside from the division winner. TheSan Francisco Giants swept theDetroit Tigers inthat year's World Series.
In 2013, theBoston Red Sox won their first World Series of the 2010s by defeating theSt. Louis Cardinals in six games. They won the final game atFenway Park, clinching the championship at home for the first time since 1918.
TheKansas City Royals reached the World Series in2014, which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985. At the time, it was the longest postseason drought in baseball. They lost in seven games to theSan Francisco Giants. The following season, theRoyals finished with the American League's best record and won a second consecutive American League pennant. They defeated theNew York Mets in theWorld Series in five games, capturing their first title in 30 years. The 2015 contest was the first time that twoexpansion clubs met in the series.
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In2016, theChicago Cubs ended their108-year long drought without a World Series title by defeating theCleveland Indians in seven games, rallying from a 3–1 Series deficit in the process. That extended Cleveland'sWorld Series title drought to 68 years and counting – the Indians last won the Series in1948 – now the longest title drought in the major leagues.[42] At the series' conclusion, numerous outlets listed Game 7 as an instant classic, and the entire Series as one of the greatest of all time.[43][44][45][46]
Beginning in 2017, home-field advantage in the World Series was awarded to the league champion team with the better regular-season win–loss record.[47] If both league champions have the same record, the tie-breaker is a head-to-head record, and if that does not resolve it, the second tie-breaker is the best divisional record. This change became the last championship series in the three majorNorth American professional sports leagues to be awarded home advantage from the teams with the better regular season record since theNBA Finals inbasketball and theStanley Cup Finals inice hockey.
TheHouston Astros won the2017 World Series in seven games in L.A. against theLos Angeles Dodgers on November 1, 2017, winning their first World Series since their creation in 1962.[48] That title came under controversy two years later in the aftermath ofHouston Astros sign stealing scandal, which implicated the team in engaging in an elaborate scheme involving the use of technology to steal the pitching signs of opposing teams during the 2017 and 2018 seasons.
TheBoston Red Sox won the2018 World Series, defeating theLos Angeles Dodgers in five games for their fourth title since 2004.[49] Game 3 of the series, the only game Boston lost, was an 18-inning game, which was the longest in World Series history.
In2019, theWashington Nationals defeated theHouston Astros in seven games. It was the first seven-game World Series in which the road team won every game. The Nationals achieved a couple of historical milestones: becoming the first team to win the World Series without winning a home game[50] and bringing the title back to the capital for the first time since 1924.[51]
With the Nationals' appearance in the World Series in 2019, theSeattle Mariners are left as the only active MLB franchise to never appear in the World Series.
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In2020, theLos Angeles Dodgers defeated theTampa Bay Rays in six games to win their first World Series since 1988, and their seventh championship in franchise history, during a season that was shortened to 60 games by theCOVID-19 pandemic. Starting with the Division Series, all postseason games were played at neutral venues, with the World Series being held atGlobe Life Field, the home stadium of theTexas Rangers.
TheHouston Astros received home-field advantage in both the2021 World Series and the2022 World Series. In 2021, they lost to theAtlanta Braves in six games, withJorge Soler winningMVP Honors. In 2022, they won over thePhiladelphia Phillies in six games, where rookieJeremy Peña was awarded MVP, Houston managerDusty Baker won his first World Series in his 25 years of being a manager and also became the oldest manager to win a World Series game.[52] Four pitchers pitched a combined no-hitter in Game 4, the first no-hitter thrown in the World Series sinceDon Larsen's perfect game in 1956 and only the second ever in the history of the World Series.
In2023, two teams returned: theTexas Rangers after twelve years and theArizona Diamondbacks after twenty-two years. The Rangers, who had home-field advantage for the opening two games, went on to defeat the Diamondbacks in five games to achieve their first World Series championship in franchise history. Corey Seager won theMVP Honor for the second time (his first was with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2020), sharing withReggie Jackson to win MVP Honors with two different teams.
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In2024, theNew York Yankees returned for the first time since their2009 championship, meeting theLos Angeles Dodgers in a matchup that had not happened since1981. The Dodgers, with home field advantage, took the first 2 games atDodger Stadium, and the first game atYankee Stadium to take a 3–0 lead. The Yankees won Game 4, and then held a 5–0 lead in Game 5, but lost 7–6, giving the Dodgers their second title in five years and first since2020.Freddie Freeman was awarded theWorld Series MVP trophy after hitting home runs in each of the first four games, including a walk-off grand slam in Game 1.
In2025, the Fall Classic was a close contest for both Los Angeles and Toronto as each club matched the other's dominant performances. Toronto won Game 1 with a high-scoring 11–4 victory while the Dodgers won Game 2 with several late runs. The Dodgers won Game 3 in 18 innings, capped off by Freddie Freeman'swalk-off home run. Toronto took advantage of the Dodgers’ strugglingbullpen in Games 4 and 5, with the Blue Jays assuming a 3–2 series lead. However, the Dodgers prevailed in a low-scoring Game 6 to send the series into a winner-take-allGame 7. Toronto held control for a majority of the final game, but DodgersMiguel Rojas hit a crucial game-tying home-run, and kept the Jays from scoring in the ninth. In the 11th,Will Smith hit a go-aheadhome run for the Dodgers, thenYoshinobu Yamamoto (pitching on zero day's rest after starting Game 6) withstood a late Blue Jays rally to end the game and the series, 4–3 in favor of Los Angeles. The 2025 World Series has been cited as among the greatest World Series of all time.[54][55]
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American League (AL) teams have won 68 of the 120 World Series played (56.7%). TheNew York Yankees have won the World Series the most times with 27 championships, accounting for 22.5% of all series played and 39.7% of the wins by American League teams. The Yankees have also been the American League's representative in the World Series the most times, with 41 total appearances. TheSt. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series, second-most among all 30 teams and most among National League franchises, accounting for 9.2% of all series played and 21.2% of the 52 National League victories. However, theBrooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have been the National League's representative in the World Series the most times, with 22 total appearances. After the Dodgers defeated the Yankees in the 2024 World Series, the Dodgers and the Yankees tied for the most losses by any team, with 14 World Series losses each; The Dodgers have the most losses in the National League, while the Yankees' 14 losses are the most among American League teams.
The Yankees and the Dodgers have faced off against each other the most times, with twelve total contests between the two franchises. The Yankees won eight of those twelve contests, although the Dodgers defeated the Yankees in their last two World Series match-ups in 1981 and 2024.
When the first modern World Series was played in 1903, there were eight teams in each league. These 16 franchises, all of which are still in existence, have each won at least two World Series titles.
The number of teams was unchanged until 1961, with fourteenexpansion teams joining MLB since then, all of which except the Seattle Mariners have appeared in at least one World Series. Of the 28 Series in which at least one expansion team has played, including three Series (2015, 2019, and 2023) in which both teams were expansion teams, expansion teams have won 13 of them, which is 46.4% of all series in which an expansion team played and 10.9% of all 119 series played since 1903. In 2015, the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets.[56]
When the World Series was first broadcast on television in1947, it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations: New York City (WNBT);Philadelphia (WPTZ);Schenectady/Albany, New York (WRGB);Washington, D.C. (WNBW) and surrounding suburbs/environs. In1948,[57] games inBoston were only seen in theNortheast. Meanwhile, games inCleveland were only seen in theMidwest andPittsburgh. The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation.[58][59]
In all, the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities: Cleveland,Chicago,Detroit,Milwaukee,St. Louis, andToledo. By1949, World Series games could be seen east of theMississippi River.[60] The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation.[61]
By1950, World Series games could be seen in most of the country,[62][63][64] but not all.1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televisedcoast[65] tocoast.[57][66][67]1955 marked the first time that the World Series wastelevised in color.[68][69]
| Network | Number broadcast | Years broadcast | Future scheduled telecasts[**] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABC | 11 | 1948[****],1949[****],1950[****],1977,1979,1981,1983,1985,1987,1989,1995[*****] (Games 1, 4–5) | |
| CBS[*] | 8 | 1947[***] (Games 3–4),1948[****],1949[****],1950[****],1990,1991,1992,1993 | [*] |
| DuMont[*] | 3 | 1947[***] (Games 2, 6–7),1948[****],1949[****] | [*] |
| Fox | 26 | 1996,1998,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025 | 2026,2027,2028 |
| NBC[*] | 39 | 1947[***] (Games 1, 5),1948[****],1949[****],1950[****],1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1978,1980,1982,1984,1986,1988,1995[*****] (Games 2–3, 6),1997,1999 | [*] |
^ *: Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball.
^ **: Per the currentbroadcast agreement, the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2028.[70]
^ ***: Gillette,[71] which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly1947 to1965 (prior to1966, the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with theCommissioner of Baseball andNBC), paid for airtime on DuMont'sowned-and-operated Pittsburgh affiliate,WDTV (now KDKA-TV) to air the World Series. In the meantime, Gillette alsobought airtime onABC,CBS, andNBC. More to the point, in some cities, the World Series was broadcast on three stations at once.
^ ****: World Series telecasts from1948 to1950 were open to all channels with a network affiliation.
^ *****: NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire1995 World Series; however, due to the cancellation of the1994 Series (which had been slated forABC, who last televised a World Series in1989), coverage ended up being split between the two networks. Game 5 would be the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC (had there been a Game 7, ABC would've televised it) until the2020 American League Wild Card Series game betweenHouston andMinnesota. This was the only World Series to be produced under the "Baseball Network" umbrella (arevenue sharingjoint venture between Major League Baseball, ABC, and NBC). In July 1995, both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six-year-long venture. NBC would next cover the1997 (NBC's first entirely since1988) and1999 World Series over the course of a five-year-long contract, in whichFox would cover the World Series in even-numbered years (1996,1998, and2000).
The Internet television serviceYouTube TV became the firstpresenting sponsor of the World Series, signing a partnership deal that ran from 2017 to 2019.[72][73]
In 2022, credit card providerCapital One signed a multi-year agreement to become the new presenting sponsor of the World Series.[74][75]
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Despite its name, the World Series remains solely the championship of the Major League Baseball teams in the United States and Canada, although MLB, its players, and North American media sometimes erroneously refer to World Series winners as "world champions of baseball".[76]
The United States, Canada, andMexico (Liga Méxicana de Béisbol, established 1925) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century.[citation needed] The firstJapanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920. The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s (after World War II). Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time.
By the 1990s, baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries. Reaching North America's high-salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world, which gives a strong international flavor to the Series. Many talented players from Latin America, the Caribbean, thePacific Rim, and elsewhere now play in the majors. One notable exception is Cuban citizens, because of thepolitical tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959. Yet a number of Cuba's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half-century to play in the American professional leagues.
Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues. They become free agents only after nine years playing service in theNippon Professional Baseball (Japan's premier baseball league), although their Japanese teams may at any time "post" them for bids from MLB teams, which commonly happens at the player's request.
Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country, similar to national teams in other sports. TheWorld Baseball Classic, sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport's world governing body, theWorld Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), uses a format similar to theFIFAWorld Cup to promote competition between nations every four years. The WBSC has since added thePremier12, a tournament also involving national teams; the first event was held in 2015, and is planned to be held every four years (in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle).
The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November, allowing both events to feature top-level players from all nations. The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport's international governing body, theInternational Baseball Federation, also sponsored aBaseball World Cup to crown a world champion. However, because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer, during the playing season of almost all top-level leagues, its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation.
TheCaribbean Series features competition among the league champions fromLatin America. It is held in February, after thewinter leagues have completed their seasons.
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The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans.
Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks, but one surprising twist is that home-field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All-Star Game, as first reported by The Associated Press. Instead, the pennant winner with the better regular-season record will get home-field advantage in the Fall Classic.
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