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World League for Sexual Reform

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical LGBTQ organization
Li Shiu Tong (also known as Tao Li) and Magnus Hirschfeld at the 1932 WLSR conference in Brno

TheWorld League for Sexual Reform was a League for coordinating policy reforms related to greater openness around sex.[1] The initial groundwork for the organisation, including a congress inBerlin which was later counted as the organisation's first, was orchestrated byMagnus Hirschfeld in 1921. It officially came into being at a congress inCopenhagen in 1928.[2][3]

Platform

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The organization advocated a ten-point platform which included:

  1. Economic, political, and sexual equality of men and women
  2. Secularization and reform of laws on marriage and divorce
  3. Birth control to make birth voluntary and responsible
  4. Eugenic birth selection
  5. Protection of unmarried mothers and "illegitimate children"
  6. Rational understanding ofintersex people and homosexuals.
  7. Comprehensivesex education
  8. Reforms to eliminate the dangers ofprostitution
  9. Treating sexual abnormalities medically, rather than "as crimes, vices or sins"
  10. Legalization of sexual acts between consenting adults, while criminalizing sexual acts without consent, or acts upon minors and the mentally disabled. Distinguishing crime from vice.[4][5]

History

[edit]

From September 15 to September 21, 1921, Magnus Hirschfeld organised the First International Congress for Sexual Reform on the Basis of Sexual Science in Berlin, which formed the original groundwork for the League. The World League for Sexual Reform officially came into existence on July 3, 1928, at its congress inCopenhagen.[2] Representatives came from many countries: England, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Lithuania, Egypt, Liberia, Argentina, Chile, the British Indies, and Malaysia.[5]

Ralf Dose has written an overview of the League.[6] Congresses were held in Copenhagen (1928),London (1929),Vienna (1930), andBrno (1932). Congress speakers included: Hirschfeld,Norman Haire,Vera Brittain,Dora Russell,[7]Charles Vickery Drysdale (from theMalthusian League),Stella Browne,Ernst Gräfenberg,Marie Stopes,M. D. Eder (a pioneer psychiatrist),Laurence Housman,George Ives,Eden Paul,Alexandra Kollontai,Max Hodann,Felix Abraham [de] (who with DrLudwig Levy-Lenz performed the world's first sex-change operation in 1931 at Hirschfeld'sInstitut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin),Bernard Shaw,Bertrand Russell,Ethel Mannin,[7]Harry Benjamin, Peter Schmidt,William J. Robinson (an American contraception crusader) andJack Flügel, a Freudian psychologist who assistedNorman Haire andDora Russell organize the Congress and also led the Men's Dress Reform Party.[8] Although not a speaker,Albert Einstein was in contact with the Congress.[9]

Magnus Hirschfeld, the British physicianHavelock Ellis and Swiss psychiatristAuguste Forel were elected the first presidents of the World League. From 1930, Norman Haire and Dane Jonathan Leunbach replaced the elderly and largely inactive Ellis and Forel, but they remained Honorary Presidents.[6]

In 1928Francis Turville-Petre, British archaeologist and friend ofChristopher Isherwood, stayed at Hirschfeld's institute inWeimarBerlin. Whilst based in Berlin, Turville-Petre was an active member of theScientific-Humanitarian Committee, which campaigned forgay legal reform and tolerance, and attended the Second Congress inCopenhagen in 1928.

In 1929 Hirschfeld presided over the third international congress held atWigmore Hall, London.[10]Harley Streetsexologist,Norman Haire as secretary andDora Russell as treasurer,[11] jointly organized the event.[12] Hirschfeld's speech praised British scientists as "distinguished pioneers in eugenics".[10] A number of British feminists attended the 1929 conference, includingNaomi Mitchison (whose paper was "Some Comment on the Use of Contraceptives by Intelligent Persons"),Dora Russell ("Marriage and Freedom"), Janet Chance, a pioneer of abortion-law reform ("A Marriage Education Centre in London"),Vera Brittain, a writer and pacifist ("The Failure of Monogamy") andStella Browne ("The Right to Abortion").[13]

By 1930, the League claimed to have 182 individuals as members. It also claimed 190,000 members overall, many of them belonging to affiliated organisations. Groups which constituted portions of its worldwide membership included the German National League for Birth Control and Sexual Hygiene, Scientific-Humanitarian Committee,British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, and the League for the Protection of Motherhood and Sex Reform.[2]

In 1932, the fourth international conference of the WLSR was organized and hosted byHugo Iltis in Brno. Plans for a fifth conference in Moscow were scrubbed because of the political stresses caused by the growing power ofHitler andStalin.[14]

Many of the WLSR's books and records were destroyed by the Nazis during a raid in Berlin on the institute in May 1933.[14][15] The League ceased to exist in 1935.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Archive for Sexology".Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved28 May 2018.
  2. ^abcdDose, Ralf; Selwyn, Pamela Eve (January 2003)."The World League for Sexual Reform: Some possible approaches".Journal of the History of Sexuality.12 (1).University of Texas Press:1–15.doi:10.1353/sex.2003.0057.S2CID 142887092 – viaProject MUSE.
  3. ^Gigliotti, Simone; Earl, Hilary, eds. (2020).A Companion to the Holocaust. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–79.doi:10.1002/9781118970492.ISBN 978-1-118-97049-2.OCLC 1137736276.S2CID 242907960.
  4. ^Weltliga für Sexualreform."Principal Points of the League's Platform". Archived fromthe original on November 22, 2011.
  5. ^abTamagne, Florence (2007).A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris 1919-1939. Algora Publishing. pp. 82–83.ISBN 978-0-87586-357-3.
  6. ^abRalf Dose, "The World League for Sexual Reform: Some Possible Approaches",Journal for the History of Sexuality 12:1, pp. 1–15.
  7. ^abJonathan Croall,Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel. Taylor & Francis, 1983ISBN 0710093004, (p. 173).
  8. ^Barbara Burman, "Better and Brighter Clothes; The Men's Dress Reform Party, 1929–1940".Journal of Design History, vol 8, no 4, 1995, pp. 275–290.
  9. ^Alice Calaprice,The Ultimate Quotable Einstein. Princeton University Press, 2011, (p. 413)ISBN 0691138176.
  10. ^abThe Times,League For Sexual Reform International Congress Opened, 9 September 1929.
  11. ^"News - The University of Sydney".Sydney.edu.au. Retrieved22 September 2017.
  12. ^Ivan Crozier,"All the World's a Stage": Dora Russell, Norman Haire, and the 1929 London World League for Sexual Reform Congress,Journal for the History of Sexuality 12:1 (Jan. 2003).
  13. ^Lesley A. Hall,The Life and Times of Stella Browne: Feminist and Free Spirit. I. B. Tauris, 2011,ISBN 1848855834, (p. 153, 173–74).
  14. ^abBritta McEwen,Sexual Knowledge: Feeling, Fact, and Social Reform in Vienna, 1900–1934. Berghahn Books, 2012,ISBN 0857453386, (pp. 175–177, 193).
  15. ^Alison Blunt andJane Wills,Dissident Geographies: An Introduction to Radical Ideas and Practice. Pearson Education, 2000ISBN 0582294894, (pp. 140–141).
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